Index
References are to document numbers.
- Aaron, David:
- Gutierrez, Julio, views on, 236
- Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, meeting with, 11
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 126, 139, 462, 469
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 43, 95, 99, 100, 226, 236, 247, 263, 319, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410, 419, 449, 493, 496
- U.S.-Central America relations, 463, 467, 468, 483, 491
- U.S.-Cuba relations, 321
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11, 43, 45, 50, 54
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 116, 125, 126, 135, 139, 141, 145, 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 174, 175, 177, 186, 194, 201, 205, 226, 233, 236, 237, 240, 247, 249, 254, 256, 263, 302, 312, 313, 317, 319, 321, 322
- Agency for International Development (USAID), 383:
- Alfaro Rodriguez, Jose Miguel, 290
- Allen, Lew, Jr.:
- Alvarez Montalban, Emilio, 258
- American Convention on Human Rights (1969), 76, 78, 346
- Andean Pact:
- Andino, Mario Antonio, 397
- ANEP. See Salvadoran Business Group
- Armacost, Michael “Mike”:
- Armed Forces of National Resistance (El Salvador) (FARN), 374, 400
- Arms sales:
- Astacio Lopez, Julio Ernesto:
- Baltadano, Danilo, 308
- Baltadano, Emilio Pallais, 85:
- “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), member of, 85
- Bass, Kenneth, 43, 412:
- Belize (see also
Belize independence; Belize territorial dispute; U.S.-Belize relations):
- Guatemala, relations with, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 16, 24, 26, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, 42, 51, 55, 56
- Territorial dispute with Guatemala, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 16, 24, 26, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, 42, 51, 55, 56
- United Kingdom, relations with, 2, 8, 22, 37, 38, 55
- Venezuela, relations with, 6, 8, 26, 51
- Belize independence:
- Belize territorial dispute:
- Bowdler-Ridley meetings, 40
- British-Guatemalan joint communiqué (July 1977), 7
- Brzezinski memoranda, 10
- Bushnell memoranda, 22
- Carter-Laugerud meetings, 11
- Department of State, 4
- Guatemala-UK relations, 11, 12, 13, 14, 58
- Habib-Price meetings, 8
- Habib-Ridley meetings, 34
- Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, 10, 11, 21
- Linowitz, Sol, 18, 19, 24
- Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, 36
- Mendoza Palomo, Luis René, 53
- Mexico, 5, 17, 18, 21
- Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 25
- National Security Council, 2, 10, 19, 23
- Ortiz-Lucas meetings, 36
- Owen-Price meetings, 15
- Pastor memoranda, 19, 23
- Price, George, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 40, 58
- Rowlands-Molina meetings, 16
- Rowlands-Price meetings, 15, 18
- Todman memoranda, 4
- Todman, Terence, 20, 21, 26
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, 15, 17
- United Nations, 8, 13, 56
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 27, 36, 56
- Vance-Molina meetings, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 25
- Vance-Price meetings, 17, 26
- Vance-Rowlands meetings, 6, 14, 16, 18, 19, 24
- Bell, Griffin, 286:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 286
- Bennett, Douglas, 412, 475:
- Bennett, John, 30:
- Guatemala, views on, 30
- Binns, Jack:
- Bittner, Edward, 462:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, 462
- Blatchford, Joseph, 378, 382
- Borge Martinez, Tomas:
- Boster, Davis:
- Bowdler/Rogers mission to El Salvador (December 1980):
- Bowdler, William, 260:
- Belize independence, 38, 57
- Broad Opposition Front, meeting with, 118
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, 450
- Calero, Adolfo, meeting with, 143, 150
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, meeting with, 161, 241, 268, 280, 290, 333, 337, 338
- Caribbean policy, 487
- Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 450
- Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 444
- Christopher, Warren, meeting with, 214
- Escobar Bethancourt, Romulo, meeting with, 260
- FSLN Provisional Government, meeting with, 234, 255
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 262, 268, 273, 276
- Military training, 423
- Mission to El Salvador (December 1980), 447, 448, 449, 450
- Murphy, John, meeting with, 142
- Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, member of, 111, 112, 115, 118, 124, 127, 133, 134, 137, 138, 146, 147, 148, 151, 158, 186
- Niehaus, Bernd, meeting with, 337
- Perez, Carlos Andres, meeting with, 268
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 139
- Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 136
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), views on, 406, 417
- Ridley, Nicholas, meeting with, 38, 40
- Robelo Callejas, Alfonso, meeting with, 143, 280
- Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, meeting with, 381
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, meeting with, 234, 255
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting with, 137, 146, 147, 153, 155, 170, 171, 174, 176, 178, 179
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 226, 406, 410, 412, 419, 449, 493
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, 231, 232, 260
- Trip to El Salvador (January 1980), 406, 407
- U.S.-Central America relations, 482
- U.S.-Cuba relations, 323, 324
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 382, 406, 407, 417, 423, 430, 448
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 38, 40, 41, 44, 54, 109
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 112, 121, 122, 124, 127, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 142, 150, 153, 155, 156, 166, 168, 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 186, 195, 210, 267, 323, 324
- Weissman, Marvin, meeting with, 255
- Wilson, Charles, meeting with, 142
- Bowie, Robert:
- BPR. See Popular Revolutionary Block (El Salvador)
- Broad Opposition Front (FAO, Frente Amplio):
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 118
- G-12, relations with, 122, 123
- Government of National Reconstruction
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), role in, 224, 266
- Jiménez Reyes, Ramón Emilio, meeting with, 117, 118
- Liberal Party of Nicaragua counterproposal (December 1978), 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189
- Liberal Party of Nicaragua, relations with, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, 137, 166, 167, 176, 191
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 126
- Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group
- Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), 140, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 161, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 176, 194
- Obiols, Alfredo Gomez, meeting with, 117, 118
- Ortega Saavedra, Daniel member of, 234
- Proposal for provisional government (October 1978), 117, 118, 121, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
- Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 118
- Robelo Callejas, Alfonso, relations with, 155, 163
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, relations with, 168, 175, 189, 224
- “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), associated with, 85
- Brown, George, 462:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 462
- Brown, Harold, 475:
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, 104
- Carter, Jimmy, correspondence with, 375
- Covert actions, 409
- Military assistance and sales, 423, 459, 460
- Military training, 423
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 475
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 218, 223, 226, 227, 282, 283, 396
- U.S.-Central America relations, 471, 472
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 409, 423, 437, 457, 459
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew:
- Allen, Lew, Jr., meeting with, 104
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 450
- Brown, Harold, meeting with, 104
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, meeting with, 343
- Caribbean policy, 483, 485, 486, 487, 488
- Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, meeting with, 32, 33, 38, 39
- Central America
- Christopher, Warren, meeting with, 104
- Covert actions, 44
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 297
- Gutierrez, Julio, meeting with, 233
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 183
- Military assistance
- Military assistance and sales, 33, 459
- Monterroso, Dorotea, meeting with, 39
- Pastor, Robert, meeting with, 104
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 79, 126, 127, 139, 178, 194, 462, 469, 475
- Policy Review Memorandum, 465
- Post-Somoza planning, 279, 282, 307
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), views on, 403, 408
- Rogers, William “Bill,” meeting with, 450
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 43, 44, 218, 223, 226, 227, 263, 264, 270, 271, 282, 283, 285, 286, 319, 396, 406, 407, 412, 419, 449, 473
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, 258
- Turner, Stansfield, meeting with, 104
- U.S.-Central America relations, 377, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, 472, 474, 476, 479, 480, 483, 484, 487, 488, 491, 495, 496
- U.S.-Cuba relations, 323, 324
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 378, 382, 387, 394, 395, 401, 402, 409, 411, 412, 414, 418, 423, 439, 441, 443, 447, 448, 450, 451, 452, 495, 496
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 32, 45, 47, 50, 54, 418
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 69, 77, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101, 104, 124, 125, 126, 127, 135, 139, 140, 141, 145, 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 174, 177, 178, 183, 192, 195, 198, 200, 205, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 233, 237, 240, 252, 254, 256, 257, 264, 271, 279, 283, 294, 307, 310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 320, 323, 324, 326, 478, 495, 496
- Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 104
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR):
- Bushnell, John:
- Calero, Adolfo:
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo:
- Binns, Jack, meeting with, 337
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 161, 241, 268, 280, 290, 333, 337, 338
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, 343
- Carter, Jimmy
- Costa Rica-Nicaragua relations, 88, 89, 90, 96, 101, 113, 115, 331, 332
- FSLN Provisional Government, views on, 241, 243
- Human rights, 342
- McNeil, Francis, meeting with, 339, 345
- Public Law 480 (1954), 342
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), views on, 333
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, views on, 241, 243, 331, 332, 341
- Transition Formula for Nicaragua, 264, 265
- U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 101, 115, 336, 340, 341
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 256, 257, 258, 264, 268, 280, 284, 331, 332
- Weissman, Marvin, meeting with, 268, 290, 331
- Cardenal, Ramiro, 149
- Caribbean Development Bank, 488
- Caribbean policy:
- Bowdler, William, 487
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 483, 485, 486, 487, 488
- Central Intelligence Agency and, 487
- Christopher, Warren, 487
- Democratization, 487, 488
- Department of State, 482
- Economic aid, 488
- Habib, Philip, 487
- Military assistance and sales, 488
- National Security Council and, 483, 485, 486, 488
- Owen, Henry, 488
- Pastor memoranda, 488
- People-to-people contacts, 488
- Turner, Stansfield, 487
- U.S.-Belize relations related to, 8
- Vance, Cyrus, 482, 487
- Carlucci, Frank:
- Carrington, Peter, 37
- Carter administration
- Carter, Jimmy:
- Agency for International Development, 346, 383, 487
- Belize territorial dispute, 10
- Bowdler/Rogers mission to El Salvador (December 1980), 450
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 450
- Brown, Harold, correspondence with, 375
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo
- Caribbean policy, 8, 482, 486, 487, 488
- Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 445
- Covert actions, 305, 325, 355, 395, 396, 398, 409, 410, 442, 454, 489, 490
- Democratization, 379, 395
- Duarte, José Napoleón, meeting with, 445
- Foreign aid and assistance, 480, 484, 485
- Foreign economic assistance, 480
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 297, 308
- Government transition, 445, 461
- Humanitarian assistance, 298, 316
- Human rights, 59, 61, 71, 72, 76, 85, 101, 102, 138, 330, 342, 350, 364, 366, 370, 375, 422, 486
- Kennedy, Edward “Ted,” correspondence with, 261
- Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, meeting with, 11
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 138, 183, 192, 201
- Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto, meeting with, 346
- Military assistance and sales, 421, 458, 459, 460
- Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, 11
- Oduber, Daniel, meeting with, 330
- Panama Canal Treaty (1977), 192, 208, 330, 346, 366
- Paz Garcia, Policarpo
- Perez, Carlos Andres, correspondence with, 69, 71
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 79, 194, 350, 375, 379
- Policy Review Memorandum, 465
- Post-Somoza planning, 258, 263, 274, 279, 307
- Public Law 480 (1954), 342, 343
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), correspondence with, 399
- Rogers, William “Bill,” meeting with, 450
- Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto
- Salvadoran refugees, 363
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, correspondence with, 103, 413
- U.S.-Central America relations, 470, 480, 482, 486, 487, 488, 495
- U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 340, 342
- U.S.-Cuba relations, 321, 323
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 403, 405, 407, 408, 413, 416, 421, 426, 428, 433, 434, 445, 450, 453, 455, 457, 459, 460, 494, 495
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11
- U.S.-Honduras relations, 350, 352, 365, 413
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 89, 94, 105, 127, 138, 140, 183, 184, 192, 194, 195, 199, 200, 201, 212, 218, 222, 223, 227, 250, 257, 264, 271, 279, 283, 307, 310, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 326, 471, 484, 494, 495
- U.S.-Panama relations, 103, 105, 106, 208, 258
- Young, Andrew, views on, 330
- Carter meetings:
- Carter, Rosalynn, 301
- Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo:
- Castro, Fidel:
- Castro, Raul, 324
- Catholic Church:
- Cavazos, Richard, 462:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 462
- Central America (see
also
U.S.-Central America relations):
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew
- Catholic Church, relations with, 406
- Central Intelligence Agency, 46, 50, 92, 160, 177, 206, 209, 271, 286, 311, 312, 313, 314, 326, 377, 384, 407, 408, 409, 456, 483, 496
- Communism, 39, 44, 50, 51, 352, 353, 407, 461
- Nutting, Wallace, 412
- Pastor memoranda
- Policy Review Committee
- Sandinista National Liberation Front role in, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332
- Special Coordination Committee
- Central American Defense Council (CONDECA):
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):
- Caribbean policy, and, 487
- Central America, 46, 50, 92, 160, 177, 206, 209, 271, 286, 311, 312, 313, 314, 326, 377, 384, 407, 408, 409, 456, 483, 496
- Covert actions, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 270, 286, 305, 355, 395, 396, 398, 409, 410, 411, 442, 454, 456, 489, 490, 492
- Cuba, 120, 483
- Cuban-Nicaraguan Defense Agreement, 312, 313
- El Salvador, 407
- FSLN National Directorate, 325
- Intelligence Memorandum prepared in, 82, 113, 160, 344
- Memorandum prepared in, 120
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), 407, 408, 409, 456
- Salvadoran insurgents, views on, 442, 496
- Salvadoran military coup, 384
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, 120, 206, 271, 316, 317, 325
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 92, 206, 209
- Special Coordination Committee, 325
- U.S.-Central America relations, 483, 489, 490, 491, 492
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 384, 404, 410, 412, 439, 442, 454, 456, 496
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 46, 50
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 92, 160, 177, 206, 209, 271, 286, 311, 312, 313, 314, 326, 483, 496
- Chamorro Barrios, Violeta:
- Chamorro Cardenal, Pedro Joaquin, 60, 64, 66, 67, 68, 73, 76, 78, 128, 134, 135, 137
- Chamorro, Xavier, 131
- Chapin, Frederick., 493:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, 493
- Chavez Mena, Fidel, 444, 446:
- Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 445
- Chavez, Rogelio, 373, 374, 380:
- Cheek, James:
- Chile, 120:
- Movement of the Revolutionary Left, 120
- Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador) (PDC):
- Duarte, José Napoleón member of, 387, 388, 403, 453
- Pastor, Robert views on, 476
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), relations with, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410, 417, 420, 427, 429, 432
- Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto views on, 385
- Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, relations with, 385, 387, 388, 429
- Salvadoran military coup, 388
- Christopher, Warren:
- Belize independence, 55, 56
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 214
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, 104
- Caribbean policy, 487
- Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, meeting with, 56
- Gutierrez, Julio, views on, 237
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 126, 127, 173, 194, 212, 462, 469, 475
- Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 228
- Ridley, Nicholas, meeting with, 55
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 95, 99, 226, 227, 236, 247, 263, 264, 270, 271, 283, 286, 412, 419, 449, 473
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, 258
- U.S.-Central America relations, 469
- U.S.-Cuba relations, 321
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 368, 433, 450
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 95, 99, 100, 101, 104, 122, 126, 127, 139, 175, 194, 214, 227, 229, 238, 288, 321
- Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 214
- CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
- Civiletti, Benjamin, 43:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, 43
- Claytor, W. Graham, 319, 396, 406, 407, 412, 419, 449
- CNA. See Salvadoran National Analysis Center
- Colom Argueta, Manuel, 35
- Colombia, 101, 108:
- Commission for Friendly Cooperation and
Conciliation, 111:
- Meetings, 111
- CONDECA. See Central American Defense Council
- COSEP. See Superior Council for Private Enterprise (Nicaragua)
- Costa Rica, 334,
338, 340,
342, 343
(see also
U.S.-Costa Rica relations):
- Arms sales, 335, 336, 337, 338, 341, 343, 344
- Cuba, relations with, 330, 335, 336, 339, 341, 343, 344, 345
- Cuban Operations Center, 333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342
- Economy, 340, 342, 343
- El Salvador, relations with, 335, 336, 337, 338, 343
- Human rights, 330
- International Monetary Fund, 343
- Lome Convention (February 1975) impact on, 330
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 99, 115, 122, 163, 213
- Nicaragua, relations with, 88, 101, 113, 148, 331, 332, 344
- Organization of American States, 96, 213, 331
- Public Law 480 (1954), 342, 343
- Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345
- Sandinista National Liberation Front,
332
- relations with, 113
- Soviet Union, relations with, 333
- Covert actions:
- Brown, Harold, 409
- Brzezinski memoranda
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 44, 492
- Department of Defense, 48, 410, 439
- National Security Council, 47, 50, 54, 395
- Pastor memoranda, 47, 50, 54, 395
- Special Coordination Committee, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 54, 270, 282, 286, 395, 396, 409
- U.S.-Central America relations, 489, 490, 492
- U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 492
- U.S.-Cuba relations, 325
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 395, 396, 398, 409, 410, 411, 439, 442, 454, 456, 490, 492
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 489, 490
- Vaky, Viron, 270, 282
- Coy, Edward, 449, 473:
- CRM. See Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (El Salvador)
- Cruz, Arturo, 329
- Cuba (see also
U.S.-Cuba relations):
- Arms sales, 343
- Belize independence, 38
- Central Intelligence Agency, 120, 483
- Costa Rica, relations with, 330, 335, 336, 339, 341, 343, 344, 345
- El Salvador, relations with, 120, 376, 377, 402, 428, 442
- Farabundo Marti National Liberation Movement, relations with, 461
- FSLN National Directorate, relations with, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), relations with, 309, 310
- Guatemala, relations with, 52, 377
- Honduras, relations with, 120, 351, 352, 355, 377
- Influence in Latin America, 37, 120, 343, 351, 352, 355, 376, 377, 393, 402, 486
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 135
- Nicaragua, relations with, 120, 304, 305, 312, 313, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 327, 328, 483
- Organization of American States, 321, 323
- Panama, relations with, 120
- Refugees, 334, 340
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), relations with, 428, 442
- Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, 335, 336, 345, 402
- Sandinista National Liberation Front
- United Nations membership, 32, 33
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 312, 313, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323
- Cuban Operations Center, 333, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342
- Cultural exchange, 462
- Cutter, Bowman:
- D’Aubuisson, Roberto, 414, 424, 432, 447:
- Department of State, viewed by, 432
- Davis, Jack, 406, 407, 419, 449
- Defense Intelligence Agency, 207
- Department of Defense (DOD):
- Covert actions, 48, 410, 439
- FSLN Provisional Government, views on, 237, 246
- Military planning, 319, 320, 324
- Military strength, 319
- Military training
- Mobile Training Teams, 423, 439, 453
- Salvadoran insurgents, views on, 442
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, views on, 237, 246
- U.S.-Central America relations, 491
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 375, 407, 410, 423, 433, 437, 439, 471
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 471
- U.S.-Honduras relations, 471
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 319, 471
- USS Forrestal, 318, 319, 320, 324
- Department of State:
- Belize independence, 38, 55, 57
- Belize territorial dispute, 4
- Caribbean policy, 482
- Covert actions, and, 44, 46
- Cuban-Nicaraguan Defense Agreement, 313
- D’Aubuisson, Roberto viewed by, 432
- Foreign economic assistance, 479, 480
- FSLN National Directorate, views on, 322
- FSLN Provisional Government, views on, 237, 243, 246, 247, 248, 250, 256
- Honduras, views on, 348
- Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, 365
- Human rights, 35, 42, 72, 364, 367, 368, 370, 373, 380
- International Development Cooperation Agency, 340
- International military education and training, 306, 428
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 124
- Military assistance and sales, 28, 421, 461
- Mobile Training Teams, 420, 421, 424, 426, 427, 428, 453
- Policy Review Memorandum, 464, 466
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), views on, 403, 415, 420, 422, 424, 427, 436
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, views on, 237, 243, 246, 247, 248, 250, 256, 322
- U.S.-Belize relations, 4, 38, 55, 57
- U.S.-Central America relations, 464, 466, 477, 478, 480, 481, 482
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 364, 368, 385, 391, 393, 394, 395, 401, 407, 413, 417, 420, 421, 422, 427, 428, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 440, 461, 475, 494
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 28, 29, 42
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 68, 83, 89, 138, 140, 144, 173, 197, 201, 210, 250, 323, 326, 470, 478, 494
- Derian, Patricia, 56
- D’Escoto Brokman, Miguel:
- Devine, Frank James:
- Astacio Lopez, Julio Ernesto, meeting with, 367, 373, 374
- Human rights, 368, 373
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), meeting with, 397, 399
- Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, meeting with, 371, 372, 381
- Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, meeting with, 386
- Transfer of military equipment, 394
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 366
- DOD. See Department of Defense
- Dominican Republic, 108, 143, 210:
- Dreyfuss, John, 49
- Duarte, José Napoleón:
- Duncan, Charles:
- Echeverria Brealey, Juan Jose “Johnny,” 342, 343, 344
- Economic aid:
- Caribbean policy, 488
- Muskie, Edmund, 453
- Special Coordination Committee, 411, 412, 419
- U.S.-Central America relations, 479, 480, 481, 484, 485, 488
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 379, 401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 411, 412, 419, 422, 424, 446, 448, 449, 453, 455, 477, 479, 480, 481
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 479, 480, 481, 485
- Economic Support Fund (ESF), 446, 479, 480, 481, 485:
- Ecuador, 120:
- Socialist Revolutionary Party, 120
- EGP. See Guerrilla Army of the Poor under Guatemala
- Ehrlich, Morales, 431, 432, 435
- Ehrlich, Thomas:
- Einaudi, Luigi, 53
- El Salvador (see also
U.S.-El Salvador relations):
- Andean Pact, 406, 407, 408, 477
- Armed Forces of National Resistance (El Salvador), 374, 400
- Castro, Fidel, relations with, 407
- Catholic Church, relations with, 364, 366, 371, 385, 386, 404
- Central Intelligence Agency, 407
- Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador), 371, 372, 376, 377, 378, 381, 385, 387, 393, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410, 411, 417, 418, 419, 420, 424, 425, 427, 429, 432, 447, 448, 449, 452, 454, 456, 472, 476
- Costa Rica, relations with, 335, 336, 337, 338, 343
- Cuba, relations with, 120, 376, 377, 402, 428, 442
- Domestic politics, 366, 371, 372, 374, 376, 377, 378, 381, 385, 387, 393, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410, 411, 417, 418, 419, 420, 424, 425, 427, 429, 432, 446, 447, 449
- Farabundo Marti National Liberation Movement, 460, 461
- Frente Amplio Nacional, 427, 446
- FSLN military assistance, 303
- Honduras
- Humanitarian assistance, 397
- Human rights, 364, 376, 385, 392, 424
- International Committee of the Red Cross, 379, 383
- Latin American Economic System, 477
- Marxism, 376, 400, 461, 477, 494
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 90, 99, 101, 108
- Military coup, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 393, 415, 417, 418, 419, 426, 440, 487
- Military High Command (El Salvador), 389, 420, 424, 427, 432, 434, 435
- National Democratic Organization (El Salvador), 381, 386, 390, 391, 392, 411
- Nicaragua, relations with, 211, 314, 328, 329, 369, 376, 494
- Orthodox Nonviolent Communists (El Salvador), 424
- Panama, relations with, 406, 411, 413
- Panama Canal Treaty (1977), views on, 366
- Popular Liberation Forces, 120, 364, 374, 400, 424
- Popular Revolutionary Army (El Salvador), 374, 400, 424
- Popular Revolutionary Block (El Salvador), 374, 376, 390
- Refugees, 363
- Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (El Salvador), 431
- Revolutionary Democratic Front (El Salvador), 432, 446, 447
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), 333, 391, 392, 393, 395, 397, 400, 403, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 412, 414, 415, 417, 419, 422, 424, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 434, 436, 438, 442, 443, 447, 448, 454, 456, 461, 493
- Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, 393, 413, 429, 469
- Salvadoran Business Group, 420, 427
- Salvadoran Communist Party, 407
- Socialist Party (El Salvador), 424, 469, 472
- Terrorism, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371, 376
- Unified Popular Action Front (El Salvador), 333, 392, 397, 400
- Venezuela, relations with, 411, 412
- White Warriors Union (El Salvador), 364, 411
- ERP. See Popular Revolutionary Army (El Salvador)
- ESA. See Anti-Communist Secret Army under Guatemala
- Escobar Bethancourt, Romulo, 260
- ESF. See Economic Support Fund
- FAN. See Frente Amplio Nacional
- FAO. See Broad Opposition Front
- FAPU. See Unified Popular Action Front (El Salvador)
- Farabundo Marti National Liberation Movement (FMLN, Frente Farabundo Marti para la Liberacion Nacional), 460, 461
- FARN. See Armed Forces of National Resistance (El Salvador)
- FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation
- FDR. See Revolutionary Democratic Front (El Salvador)
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 430, 448, 449, 450
- Federal Maritime Commission, 3, 5:
- Feinberg, Richard, 85:
- Fernandez Holman, Ernesto, 258:
- Post-Somoza role, 258
- Fiallos, Mariano Francisco, 258:
- Post-Somoza role, 258
- Flores, Carlos, 360:
- Liberal Party (Honduras), 360
- FMLN. See Farabundo Marti National Liberation Movement
- FMS. See Foreign Military Sales
- Foreign economic assistance, 479, 480
- Foreign Military Sales (FMS), 351:
- FPL. See Popular Liberation Forces. See Popular Liberation Forces under El Salvador
- Frente Amplio Nacional (FAN, Frente Amplio Nacional), 427
- FSLN. See Sandinista National Liberation Front
- FSLN military assistance:
- El Salvador, 303
- FSLN National Directorate:
- Central Intelligence Agency, 325
- Cuba, relations with, 318, 319, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328
- Department of State views on, 322
- Domestic politics, 315, 319, 322, 324, 325
- Marxism, associated with, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325
- Potential coup, 317, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324
- Revolutionary Democratic Front (El Salvador), views on, 327
- Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, 314, 316, 327, 328, 329
- Soviet Union, relations with, 318
- Terrorism, 326, 327
- FSLN/PG. See FSLN Provisional Government
- FSLN Provisional Government (FSLN/PG):
- G-12, 122, 123
- Garcia Merino, Jose Guillermo:
- GN. See National Guard (Nicaragua)
- GNR. See Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua)
- Gonzalez Revilla, Nicolas, 106
- Government of National Reconstruction:
- Broad Opposition Front
- Government of National Reconstruction
(Nicaragua) (GNR):
- Alfaro Rodriguez, Jose Miguel, 290
- Assumption of power, 278, 281, 283, 284, 287, 290, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297, 300
- Baltadano, Danilo member of, 308
- Borge Martinez, Tomas, 299, 305
- Bowdler, William, 262, 268, 273, 276
- Broad Opposition Front role in, 224, 266
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 297
- Carter, Jimmy, 297, 308
- Chamorro Barrios, Violeta member of, 215, 262
- Cuba, relations with, 309, 310
- D’Escoto Brokman, Miguel member of, 262, 266, 273, 308
- Government outlook, 309
- Government transition, 278, 281, 283, 284, 287, 290
- Humanitarian assistance, recipient of, 293, 294, 297, 298, 301, 308, 309, 310, 316
- Human rights, 268, 305, 307, 308, 327
- International military education and training, 306, 309
- Marxism, associated with, 305, 309, 310
- Military assistance and sales, 299, 300, 302
- Mondale, Walter, meeting with, 308
- National Guard (Nicaragua) role in, 266, 273, 276, 277, 278, 287, 289, 290, 291
- Non-alignment, related to, 308, 309
- Organization of American States, 268, 269, 273, 276
- Ortega Saavedra, Daniel role in, 215, 266, 268, 273, 296, 305, 308
- Pastora Gomez, Eden role in, 296, 305
- Perez, Carlos Andres views on, 268
- Ramirez, Sergio member of, 262, 266, 273, 276, 278, 308, 311, 329
- Robelo Callejas, Alfonso member of, 215, 262, 266, 273, 284, 308
- Sandinista National Liberation Front role in, 266, 267, 273, 303, 305, 494
- Soviet Union, relations with, 311
- Vance, Cyrus views on, 297, 310
- Weissman, Marvin, meeting with, 266, 273
- Gregg, Donald, 285, 286:
- GRN. See Revolutionary Government of Nicaragua
- Grove, Brandon:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 126
- Grove, Brandon H., Jr., 126
- Guatemala (see also
U.S.-Guatemala relations):
- Anti-Communist Secret Army, 50
- Armed forces, 29
- Attack at Panzos (May 29, 1978), 28, 29, 30, 32, 35
- Belize, relations with, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 16, 24, 26, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, 42, 51, 55, 56
- Belize territorial dispute, 3, 4, 5, 11, 25, 27, 40, 53, 57
- Central America, role in, 39
- Central American Defense Council, member of, 242
- Church-state relations, 53
- Clash at Spanish Embassy (January 31, 1980), 418
- Communism, 44, 50
- Cuba, relations with, 52, 377
- Economic affairs
- Economy, 30, 52
- Guerrilla Army of the Poor, 30, 35, 120, 209
- Honduras, relations with, 410
- Human rights, 1, 3, 9, 28, 29, 35, 36, 42, 49, 56, 57
- Killings of leftists, 50
- Literacy campaign, 53
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 90, 99, 108, 109, 135
- Military assistance and sales, and, 32, 42
- Military coup
- Nicaragua, relations with, 30, 31, 33, 53, 196, 197, 211, 242
- Panama, relations with, 11
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, relations with, 30, 31
- United Kingdom, relations with, 11, 12, 13, 14, 22, 37, 55, 58
- Guatemala-Belize relations:
- Guatemala-UK relations, 11, 12, 13, 14, 58
- Gutierrez, Jaime Abdul, 390, 392, 397, 431, 432, 435, 436, 438:
- Gutierrez, Julio:
- Habib, Philip:
- Harding, Bill, 40
- Hassan Morales, Moises:
- Heaton, Edward, 95:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 95
- Henze, Paul, 490:
- U.S.-Central America relations, 490
- Herrera Campins, Luis, 256:
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 256
- Honduras (see also
U.S.-Honduras relations):
- Central American Defense Council, member of, 242
- Civilian-Military junta, 347, 348, 349, 358
- Cuba, relations with, 120, 351, 352, 355, 377
- Department of State views on, 348
- Domestic politics, 347, 348, 350, 352, 353, 354, 356, 359, 360, 361
- El Salvador
- Guatemala, relations with, 410
- Honduran Communist Party, 352
- Honduran Innovation and Unity Party, 356, 359, 360
- Inter-American Development Bank, 346
- Liberal Party (Honduras), 356, 358, 359, 360, 361
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 90, 99
- National Party of Honduras, 356, 359
- Nicaragua, relations with, 101, 119, 232, 237, 242, 289, 308, 330, 346, 352, 353
- Political-military relations, 347, 358, 359, 360
- Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, 351, 353, 362, 363, 410
- Salvadoran refugees, 363
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, relations with, 119, 351
- Superior Defense Council (Honduras), 347, 348
- United Nations Human Rights Commission, 363
- World Bank, 346
- Humanitarian assistance:
- Human rights:
- Astacio Lopez, Julio Ernesto, 367, 373, 380
- Brzezinski memoranda, 342, 352
- Bushnell memoranda, 68
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, 342
- Carter-Oduber meetings, 330
- Carter-Paz correspondence, 357
- Carter-Paz meetings, 353
- Carter-Perez correspondence, 71
- Carter-Romero meetings, 366
- Department of State, 35, 42, 72, 364, 367, 368, 370, 373, 380
- Devine, Frank James, 368, 373
- Economic aid, related to, 350, 352, 357, 422
- El Salvador, 364, 376, 385, 392, 424
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 268, 305, 307, 308, 327
- Guatemala, 1, 3, 9, 28, 29, 35, 36, 42, 49, 56, 57
- Iraheta, Jose Eduardo, 380
- Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, 35, 36, 49, 50, 52
- Military assistance and sales, and, 28, 29, 32, 42, 349, 387, 433, 434, 435
- Oduber, Daniel, 330
- Pastor memoranda, 32, 45, 86, 198
- Perez, Carlos Andres, 71
- Policy Review Committee, 375, 462, 475
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), 397, 399, 401, 403
- Reyes, Jose Eduardo, 380
- Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, 422
- Solaun-Somoza meetings, 65, 74, 76, 78, 102
- Theberge-Somoza meetings, 60
- U.S.-Central America relations, 472
- U.S. Congress and, 61
- U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 330
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 78, 91, 102, 117, 121, 125, 137, 140, 144, 161, 172, 193, 198, 201, 283, 391
- Vaky memoranda, 368
- Vance memoranda, 138, 201, 401
- Vance-Somoza meetings, 59
- Wilson, Charles, 142
- Human rights in Nicaragua:
- IBRD. See International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- ICRC. See International Committee of the Red Cross
- IDB. See International Development Bank
- IDCA. See International Development Cooperation Agency
- IMF. See International Monetary Fund
- Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua) (PLI, Partido Liberal Independiente), 143, 154
- INR. See Bureau of Intelligence and Research
- Intelligence Memoranda:
- Intelligence operations:
- Inter-American Human Rights Commission:
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 268
- Report on Nicaragua, 127, 137, 144, 161, 172, 177, 180, 181, 183, 190, 192, 193, 194, 198, 275
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 74, 76, 78, 102, 137, 172
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 78, 91, 102, 121, 125, 137, 144, 161, 172, 193, 198, 283
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 379
- International Commission of Friendly Cooperation and Coordination, 158, 182, 184, 187:
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 370, 379, 383
- International Development Bank (IDB):
- International Development Cooperation Agency (IDCA), 485
- International military education and training, 302, 306
- International Monetary Fund (IMF), 128, 131, 134, 142, 308, 343, 401, 407
- Iraheta, Jose Eduardo:
- Israel, 121, 131
- Jamaica. See U.S.-Jamaica relations
- Jaramillo, Mari Luci, 119, 360, 361:
- Paz Garcia, Policarpo, meeting with, 347
- Jarquin, Edmundo, 281
- Jayne, Randy, 412, 419, 473:
- JCS. See Joint Chiefs of Staff
- Jiménez Reyes, Ramón Emilio:
- Johnson, James, 95:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, 95
- Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 320
- Jones, David:
- Jordan, Hamilton, 414
- Jorden, William:
- JRG. See Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador)
- Kennedy, Edward “Ted”:
- Knoche, Enno, 462:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 462
- Koch, Edward, 61
- Komer, Robert, 43:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, 43
- Kramer, Franklin, 404, 406, 407, 410, 412, 449, 493
- Lacayo Debayle, René, 66
- Lake, W. Anthony, 86, 88, 89
- Latin American Economic System (SELA), 477
- Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, 10, 11, 21:
- Lewis, Gabriel, 414
- Liberal Party (Honduras), 356, 358, 359, 360, 361:
- Liberal Party of Nicaragua (PLN, Partido Liberal Nacional):
- Broad Opposition Front, relations with, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, 137, 166, 167, 176, 191
- International Commission for Friendly Cooperation and Conciliation, 182
- Liberal Party of Nicaragua counterproposal (December 1978), 171, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 153, 182, 184, 187, 191, 196
- Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, meeting with, 123, 132, 163, 169
- Plebiscite proposal, 156, 157, 166, 167, 171, 172, 173, 191
- Linowitz, Sol:
- Lome Convention (February 1975), 330
- Lopez Portillo, Jose, 89:
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 89
- Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo:
- Assessment of Guatemalan media, 35
- Attack on Spanish Embassy, 418
- Belize territorial dispute, 36
- Boster, Davis, meeting with, 27
- Colom Argueta, Manuel, views on, 35
- Dreyfuss, John, meeting with, 49
- Human rights, 35, 36, 49, 50, 52
- Killings of leftists, 50, 52
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 198
- Nutting, Wallace, meeting with, 49
- Ortiz, Francis, meeting with, 35, 36
- Pastor, Robert views on, 45, 50
- Sinn, Melvin, meeting with, 52
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting with, 242
- Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 197
- Luers, William Henry:
- Majano Ramos, Adolfo Arnoldo, 420, 424, 428, 430, 431, 432, 435, 438
- Manley, Michael, 487
- Maritime claims, 3, 5, 16, 38
- Mark, David, 43:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 43
- Marxism:
- El Salvador, 376, 400, 461, 477, 494
- FSLN National Directorate associated with, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua) associated with, 305, 309, 310
- Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto views on, 376
- Sandinista National Liberation Front associated with, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325
- Matthews, Wade:
- Mayorga, Ramon, 391, 397
- McAuliffe, Dennis:
- McCall, Richard, 57:
- Belize independence, 57
- McGiffert, David, 473:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 473
- McIntyre, James, 485
- McMahon, John, 43, 412:
- McNeil, Francis:
- MDN. See Nicaraguan Democratic Movement
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua:
- Brzezinski memoranda, 183
- Colombia, 101, 108
- Department of State, 124
- International Commission of Friendly Cooperation and Coordination, 158, 184, 187
- Liberal Party of Nicaragua, 153, 182, 184, 187, 191, 196
- Lopez Portillo, Jose, 89
- Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, 198
- Perez, Carlos Andres, 89, 131
- Tarnoff memoranda, 124
- Tarnoff, Peter, 124
- Mejia, Federico, 285, 287, 289, 291, 293, 295:
- departure from Nicaragua
- Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto, 346, 348:
- Mendoza Palomo, Luis René:
- Mexico:
- Meyer, E.C., 319:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 319
- Military assistance:
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew
- Military assistance and sales:
- Brown, Harold, 423, 459, 460
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 33, 459
- Caribbean policy, 488
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 299, 300, 302
- Muskie, Edmund, 459
- U.S.-Central America relations, 488
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 419, 421, 426, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 1, 3, 28, 29, 33
- U.S.-Honduras relations, 349, 351, 411, 412, 469, 488
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 62
- Vaky memoranda, 29
- Vaky, Viron, 28, 394
- Vance memoranda, 421
- Military coup:
- Guatemala
- Military High Command (El Salvador):
- Military training (see also Mobile Training Teams):
- MIR. See Movement of the Revolutionary Left under Chile
- Mobile Training Teams (MTT):
- Cheek, James, 425
- Department of Defense, 423, 439, 453
- Department of State, 420, 421, 424, 426, 427, 428, 453
- National Security Council, 455, 457
- Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, 425
- Special Coordination Committee, 425, 448
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 401, 403, 406, 411, 412, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 433, 439, 442, 446, 448, 453, 455, 457
- Vance, Cyrus, 426
- Moho River, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 27
- Mohr, Alberto Fuentes, 35, 36
- Mojica, Inocente Otto, 275, 276, 277
- Molina-Orantes, Adolfo:
- Belize territorial dispute, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 25
- Bushnell, John, meeting with, 25
- Carter, Jimmy, meeting with, 11
- Carter meetings, 11
- Guatemala-Belize relations, 3, 5, 6, 12, 13
- Habib, Philip, meeting with, 5, 6, 7, 13
- Matthews, Wade, meeting with, 21
- Owen, David, meeting with, 13
- Todman, Terence, meeting with, 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 21
- Vance, Cyrus, meeting with, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 25
- Mondale, Walter:
- Monkey River, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 27
- Monterroso, Dorotea, 39
- Moss, Ambler:
- MTT. See Mobile Training Teams
- Murphy, Daniel, 43, 286:
- Murphy, John:
- Muskie, Edmund:
- NAM. See Non-Aligned Movement
- National Democratic Organization (El Salvador) (ORDEN), 381
- National Guard (Nicaragua) (GN):
- government collapse, 292, 293
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), role in, 266, 273, 276, 277, 278, 287, 289, 290, 291
- Mejia, Federico, 285, 287, 289, 291, 293, 295
- Mojica, Inocente Otto, 275, 276, 277
- Post-Somoza role, 249, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 264, 265, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 283, 290, 291, 295, 308
- Sanchez, Heberto, 277, 283
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, relations with, 60, 249, 252, 253, 255, 256, 260, 264, 265, 276, 291, 292
- Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio role in, 251, 259
- Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco, 275, 278, 287, 288, 289
- National Party of Honduras (PNH):
- National Plebiscite Authority (NPA), 184, 187, 188, 192, 193
- National Security Council (NSC):
- Belize territorial dispute, 2, 10, 19, 23
- Caribbean policy, and, 483, 485, 486, 488
- Castro, Fidel, views on, 467
- Covert actions, 47, 50, 54, 395
- El Salvador, views on, 467, 468
- Foreign economic assistance, 479, 480
- FSLN Provisional Government, views on, 246, 247, 256
- Guatemala, views on, 467, 468
- Honduras, views on, 467, 468
- Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, 365
- Mobile Training Teams, 455, 457
- Nicaragua, views on, 467
- Policy Review Memorandum, 464, 465
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), views on, 401, 418
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, views on, 246, 247, 256
- U.S.-Belize relations, 2, 10, 19, 23
- U.S.-Central America relations, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476, 479, 480, 481, 483, 485, 486, 488, 491, 495
- U.S.-Costa Rica relations, 491
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 45, 369, 378, 382, 387, 395, 401, 407, 411, 414, 418, 423, 430, 433, 434, 440, 441, 443, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 455, 457, 467, 468
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 31, 32, 45, 47, 50, 54, 418, 467, 468, 491
- U.S.-Honduras relations, 467, 468, 491
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 69, 77, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 116, 125, 127, 135, 140, 141, 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 174, 177, 183, 186, 192, 194, 195, 198, 200, 201, 205, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 233, 237, 240, 254, 256, 257, 264, 271, 279, 283, 294, 307, 310, 312, 313, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 467, 468, 478, 491
- U.S.-Panama relations, 491
- U.S.-Venezuelan relations, 69
- Newsom, David:
- NG. See Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group
- Nicaragua (see also
U.S.-Nicaragua relations):
- American evacuations, 214, 216
- Broad Opposition Front, 80, 110, 112, 114, 121, 122, 127, 128, 148, 162, 170, 179, 190, 203, 226, 408
- Castro, Fidel, relations with, 322, 323
- Catholic Church, relations with, 60, 63, 64, 75, 203, 309
- Central American Common Market, 141, 190
- Costa Rica, relations with, 88, 101, 113, 148, 331, 332, 344
- Cuba, relations with, 120, 304, 305, 312, 313, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 327, 328, 483
- Domestic politics, 63, 64, 87, 95, 315, 318
- El Salvador, relations with, 211, 314, 328, 329, 369, 376, 494
- Formation of provisional government, 214, 215, 257, 258
- Government of National Reconstruction, 261, 273, 284
- Guatemala, relations with, 30, 31, 33, 53, 196, 197, 211, 242
- Honduras, relations with, 101, 119, 232, 237, 242, 289, 308, 330, 346, 352, 353
- Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua), 143, 154
- Influence in Latin America, 376, 393
- Israel, relations with, 121, 131
- Labor, 64, 65
- La Prensa, 123, 203
- Liberal Party of Nicaragua, 110, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, 132, 140, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 196
- Mexico, relations with, 95
- National Guard (Nicaragua), 62, 66, 218, 224, 225, 226, 233, 236, 238, 242, 247, 249, 251, 267, 275, 277, 283, 291, 292, 308, 319
- Nicaraguan Conservative Party, 203, 376
- Nicaraguan National Patriotic Front, 203
- Operations against FSLN, 59, 60, 66, 67
- Organization of American States, and, 223, 226, 227, 231, 234, 241, 242, 251, 253, 255, 257
- Panama, relations with, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113, 208
- Panama Canal Treaty (1977), views on, 208
- Perez, Carlos Andres views on, 68
- Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, 493, 494, 495, 496
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, 59, 60, 63, 66, 67
- Social Christian Party Faction, 203
- Social services, 73
- Soviet Union, relations with, 318
- Terrorism, associated with, 316, 327
- “The Twelve” (Nicaragua), 63, 76, 80, 85, 95, 98, 116, 131, 194
- United People’s Movement (Nicaragua), 203
- Venezuela, relations with, 84, 98, 101, 111, 223, 226, 237
- Violence, 216, 418
- Nicaragua interim government of national reconciliation proposal (June 1979):
- Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group (NG):
- Broad Opposition Front
- Liberal Party of Nicaragua counterproposal (December 1978), 180, 181, 184, 185
- Liberal Party of Nicaragua, meeting with, 123, 132, 163, 169
- Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 169, 176, 177
- Obando y Bravo, Miguel, meeting with, 112, 114
- Padilla, Pedro member of, 188
- Rivas, Rafael Cordova, meeting with, 117, 118, 152
- Robelo Callejas, Alfonso, meeting with, 118, 154, 169, 188
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting with, 123, 130, 133, 145, 146, 147, 152, 162, 189
- Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN, Movimiento Democrático Nicaragüense), 80, 92, 143, 152, 154, 163, 215
- Nicaraguan Relief and Reconstruction Coordination Committee, 301
- Niehaus, Bernd:
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 377
- Nooter, Robert, 469, 473:
- NPA. See National Plebiscite Authority
- NSC. See National Security Council
- Nutting, Wallace, 49, 412:
- Central America, 412
- OAS. See Organization of American States
- Obando y Bravo, Miguel:
- Obiols, Alfredo Gomez:
- Oduber, Daniel:
- Office of Management and Budget, 480
- O’Malley, Edward, 449:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 449
- ORDEN. See National Democratic Organization (El Salvador)
- Organization of American States (OAS):
- Andean Pact, 210, 212, 213, 214, 217, 220, 223, 226, 253, 279, 283, 284, 406
- Central American Defense Council, relations with, 242
- Costa Rica, 96, 213, 331
- Costa Rica-Nicaragua conflict, 331
- Cuba, 321, 323
- Election reform, 379, 381, 383
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 268, 269, 273, 276
- Guatemala-Belize relations, 4, 6, 14, 38
- Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, 362, 365
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 88, 91, 93, 95, 96, 100, 196, 198, 210, 213
- Meeting of Foreign Ministers, 210, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218, 224, 470
- Membership, 5
- Nicaragua and, 223, 226, 227, 231, 234, 241, 242, 251, 253, 255, 257
- Nicaragua interim government of national reconciliation proposal (June 1979), 223, 226, 227, 231, 234, 241, 242, 251, 253, 255, 257
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 74, 91, 96, 107, 210, 212, 213, 218, 220, 222, 224, 227, 241, 244, 251
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 362, 365, 366, 379, 381, 383, 406, 419
- U.S.-Honduras relations, 362, 363, 365
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 69, 74, 76, 91, 95, 96, 141, 144, 210, 211, 214, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 241, 251, 257, 268, 274, 279, 321, 323, 470
- Vance, Cyrus, 5
- Venezuela, 91
- Ortega Saavedra, Daniel:
- Ortega Saavedra, Humberto, 327, 328, 329
- Ortiz, Francis:
- Owen, David, 13
- Owen, Henry:
- Padilla, Pedro, 188
- Pallais, Luis:
- Panama (see also U.S.-Panama relations):
- Panama Canal Treaty (1977), 192, 208, 330, 346, 366
- Panzos, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35
- Pastora Gomez, Eden, 296, 305
- Pastor, Robert:
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, 104
- Calero, Adolfo, meeting with, 155
- Cardenal, Ramiro, meeting with, 149
- Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, meeting with, 33, 39
- Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 445
- Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador), views on, 476
- Duarte, José Napoleón, meeting with, 445
- Garcia Merino, Jose Guillermo, meeting with, 440
- Gonzalez Revilla, Nicolas, meeting with, 106
- Jordan, Hamilton, meeting with, 414
- Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, meeting with, 11
- Lewis, Gabriel, meeting with, 414
- Linowitz, Sol viewed by, 19
- Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, views on, 45, 50
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 79, 125, 126, 139, 177, 194, 462, 469
- Reboso, Manolo, meeting with, 204
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), views on, 417, 418, 491
- Salvadoran military coup, 384
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, 282, 404, 472, 496
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, 208, 258
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 394, 445, 474
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11, 50, 54, 474
- U.S.-Honduras relations, 474
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 77, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 116, 125, 135, 170, 199, 217
- White, Robert views on, 440
- Paz Garcia, Policarpo:
- PDC. See Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador)
- Perez, Carlos Andres:
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 268
- Carter, Jimmy, correspondence with, 69, 71
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), views on, 268
- Guatemala-Belize relations, 26
- Human rights, 71
- Luers, William Henry, meeting with, 131
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 89, 131
- Nicaragua, views on, 68
- Post-Somoza planning, 261, 262
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, relations with, 98, 100, 241
- Solaun, Mauricio, meeting with, 198
- Transition Formula for Nicaragua, 264, 265
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 69, 101, 241, 243, 256, 257, 258, 261, 264
- Weissman, Marvin, meeting with, 268
- Peru, 226
- Pezzullo, Lawrence:
- Borge Martinez, Tomas, meeting with, 298
- Chamorro Barrios, Violeta, 300
- Cruz, Arturo, meeting with, 329
- Hassan Morales, Moises, meeting with, 300
- Jarquin, Edmundo, meeting with, 281
- Mejia, Federico, meeting with, 287
- Ortega Saavedra, Daniel, meeting with, 300, 311
- Ortega Saavedra, Humberto, meeting with, 327, 328, 329
- Pallais, Luis, meeting with, 259
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 469
- Quintana, Julio, meeting with, 235, 244, 251, 259, 295
- Ramirez, Sergio, meeting with, 300, 311, 327, 328, 329
- Rivas Gasteazoro, Noel, meeting with, 281
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, meeting with, 235, 244, 251, 259, 269, 272, 275, 295
- Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio, meeting with, 251, 259
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 226, 493
- Tirado, Victor, meeting with, 311
- Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco, meeting with, 287, 289, 295
- U.S.-Central America relations, 487
- Wheelock Roman, Jaime, meeting with, 328
- PLI. See Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua)
- PLN. See Liberal Party of Nicaragua
- PNH. See National Party of Honduras
- Policy Review Committee meeting:
- Policy Review Committee (PRC):
- Arms sales, 462
- Central America
- Cultural exchange, 462
- Human rights, 375, 462, 475
- Meetings, 79, 126, 127, 139, 177, 178, 194, 212, 375, 388, 462, 469, 475
- Organization of American States, 462
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, views on, 469
- U.S.-Central America relations, 388, 468, 469, 470, 471, 475, 476
- U.S.-Cuba relations, 469, 475
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 375, 379, 387, 388, 469, 475
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 469, 475
- U.S.-Honduras relations, 350, 469, 475
- U.S.-Latin America relations, 462
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 79, 86, 125, 126, 127, 139, 173, 177, 178, 193, 194, 212, 469
- Policy Review Memorandum:
- Pope John Paul II, 406
- Popular Liberation Forces (FPL, Fuerzas Populares de Liberación), 364
- Popular Revolutionary Army (El Salvador) (ERP, Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo), 374, 400
- Popular Revolutionary Block (El Salvador) (BPR), 376
- Porth, Rodriquez, 373, 380
- PRC. See Policy Review Committee
- Preparations to attack Nicaragua:
- Presidential Review Memoranda:
- NSC-17, 2
- Price, George:
- Proletarian Tendency (TP, Tendencia Proletaria), 116
- PSRE. See Socialist Revolutionary Party under Ecuador
- Public Law 480 (1954):
- Pustay, John, 43, 282, 283, 285, 396, 404, 406, 407, 410, 419, 449, 473, 475, 493:
- Quintana, Julio:
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 136
- Broad Opposition Front, meeting with, 118
- Christopher, Warren, meeting with, 228
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 136, 171, 191, 213
- Murphy, John, meeting with, 235
- Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, meeting with, 133, 146, 147, 162, 189
- Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 235, 244, 251, 259, 295
- Ramirez, Sergio:
- Reboso, Manolo, 204
- Resor, Stanley, 95:
- Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (El Salvador) (CRM), 431
- Revolutionary Democratic Front (El Salvador) (FDR):
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador) (JRG):
- Andino, Mario Antonio member of, 397
- Bowdler, William views on, 406, 417
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew views on, 403, 408
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo views on, 333
- Catholic Church, relations with, 447, 448, 449, 450
- Central Intelligence Agency, 407, 408, 409, 456
- Cheek, James views on, 417, 420
- Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador), relations with, 404, 405, 406, 407, 410, 417, 420, 427, 429, 432
- Cuba, relations with, 428, 442
- Duarte, José Napoleón member of, 435, 436, 438, 450, 451, 453, 457, 458, 494
- Economic reform, 420, 422, 424, 425
- Ehrlich, Morales member of, 431, 432, 435
- Farabundo Marti National Liberation Movement, conflict with, 460, 461
- Garcia Merino, Jose Guillermo member of, 404, 435, 440
- Gutierrez, Jaime Abdul member of, 390, 392, 397, 431, 432, 435, 436, 438
- Human rights, 397, 399, 401, 403
- Killing of American nuns (December 1980), 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 461
- Land reform, 420, 422, 424, 425, 427
- Majano Ramos, Adolfo Arnoldo member of, 420, 424, 428, 430, 431, 432, 435, 438
- Mayorga, Ramon member of, 391, 397
- Military High Command (El Salvador), relations with, 434, 435
- Pastor, Robert views on, 417, 418, 491
- Political reforms, 419, 422, 424
- Ungo Revelo, Guillermo Manuel member of, 397
- Vance, Cyrus views on, 403, 406
- White, Robert views on, 428, 435, 438, 447, 491
- Revolutionary Government of Nicaragua (GRN), 311:
- Reyes, Ismael, 245:
- Transitional Executive Committee, 245
- Reyes, Jose Eduardo, 374, 380:
- Ridley, Nicholas:
- Rivas Gasteazoro, Noel, 281
- Rivas, Rafael Cordova, 117, 118, 152
- Rivera Lopez, Mario, 356
- Robelo Callejas, Alfonso:
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 143, 280
- Broad Opposition Front, relations with, 155, 163
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), member of, 215, 262, 266, 273, 284, 308
- Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, meeting with, 118, 154, 169, 188
- Nicaraguan Democratic Movement, member of, 92, 143, 152, 154, 215
- Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), 143, 154, 155
- Provisional Nicaraguan government, member of
- Robertson, W.D., 95:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 95
- Roeber, Martin:
- Rogers, William “Bill”:
- Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto:
- Agency for International Development, 383
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 381
- Carter, Jimmy
- Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador), views on, 385
- Devine, Frank James, meeting with, 371, 372, 381
- Election reform, 378, 379, 380, 381, 385, 387
- Human rights, 367, 368, 370, 380
- Marxism, views on, 376
- Romero, Oscar Arnulfo views on, 386
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio
- Romero, Oscar Arnulfo:
- Rowlands, Edward:
- Salaman, Marcel, 260
- SALT II (1979), 479
- Salvadoran Business Group (ANEP), 420, 427
- Salvadoran high-level commission:
- Salvadoran insurgents:
- Central Intelligence Agency views on, 442, 496
- Costa Rica, relations with, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 345
- Cuba, relations with, 335, 336, 345, 402
- Department of Defense views on, 442
- FSLN National Directorate, relations with, 314, 316, 327, 328, 329
- Honduras, relations with, 351, 353, 362, 363, 410
- Nicaragua, relations with, 493, 494, 495, 496
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, relations with, 314, 316, 327, 328, 329
- Salvadoran National Analysis Center (CNA), 410
- Sanchez, Heberto:
- Sanders, Edward, 43, 48, 406, 407
- Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN,
Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional):
- Arms sales, recipient of, 260, 469
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 234, 255
- Brown memoranda, 471
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo views on, 331, 332, 341
- Castro, Fidel, relations with, 120
- Central America, role in, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332
- Central Intelligence Agency, 120, 206, 271, 316, 317, 325
- Communism, associated with, 60
- Costa Rica, 332
- relations with, 113
- Coup
- Cuba
- Department of Defense views on, 237, 246
- Department of State views on, 237, 243, 246, 247, 248, 250, 256, 322
- Diplomatic recognition, 283
- Domestic politics, 315, 319, 322, 324, 325
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), role in, 266, 267, 273, 303, 305, 494
- Honduras, relations with, 119, 351
- Humanitarian assistance, recipient of, 283, 285
- International military education and training, 306
- Marxism, associated with, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325
- Military capabilities, 160, 217, 226, 245, 269
- Military strength
- Mojica, Inocente Otto, relations with, 275
- Moss, Ambler, meeting with, 234
- National Guard (Nicaragua), relations with, 60, 249, 252, 253, 255, 256, 260, 264, 265, 276, 291, 292
- National Security Council views on, 246, 247, 256
- Nicaragua, 59, 60, 63, 66, 67
- Oduber, Daniel, relations with, 226
- Pastor memoranda, 116
- Perez, Carlos Andres, relations with, 98, 100, 241
- Peru, relations with, 226
- Potential coup, 317, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324
- Provisional Government, 227, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 247, 249, 255, 256, 260, 264, 283
- Revolutionary Democratic Front (El Salvador), views on, 327
- Salvadoran insurgents, relations with, 314, 316, 327, 328, 329
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 84, 94, 107, 137, 203, 205, 206, 213, 216, 217, 272
- Soviet Union, relations with, 318
- Terrorism, 326, 327
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, relations with, 98, 100, 113, 220, 222, 231, 239, 240, 241, 256, 257, 258, 260
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 63, 66, 68, 73, 75, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 95, 99, 110, 116, 122, 128, 129, 135, 145, 193, 203, 205, 206, 213, 215, 217, 226, 227, 239, 255, 292, 309, 314, 315, 317, 494
- Venezuela, relations with, 101, 226
- SCC. See Special Coordination Committee
- Schuller, Gordon:
- Schweitzer, Robert, 410:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 410
- SELA. See Latin American Economic System
- Sevilla Sacasa, Guillermo, 62, 66
- Sinn, Melvin, 52
- Skinner-Klee, Jorge, 25
- Slocombe, Walter, 475:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 475
- Sloss, Leon, 462:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 462
- Smith, William Y., 126, 462, 469:
- Solaun, Mauricio:
- Solomon, Anthony Morton, 462:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 462
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio:
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 137, 146, 147, 153, 155, 170, 171, 174, 176, 178, 179
- Broad Opposition Front, relations with, 168, 175, 189, 224
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research views on, 75
- Carter, Jimmy
- Central Intelligence Agency, 92, 206, 209
- Defense Intelligence Agency, 207
- Domestic politics, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 73, 83, 84, 165, 203
- FAO 1978 proposal on provisional government, response to, 127, 128, 129, 139, 146, 190
- Government transition, 288, 289
- Guatemala, relations with, 30, 31
- Gutierrez, Julio, views on, 226
- Human rights, 59, 60, 61, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 83, 102, 112, 137
- Intelligence Report, 75
- Inter-American Human Rights Commission, 74, 76, 78, 102, 137, 172
- Jorden, William, meeting with, 107, 108, 110
- Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, meeting with, 242
- McAuliffe, Dennis, meeting with, 170, 171, 174
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 102, 107, 109, 110, 114, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 132, 134, 137, 138, 140, 143, 145, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158, 159, 162, 163, 167, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, 186, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205
- Murphy, John and, 161, 235
- Nicaragua Mediation Negotiating Group, meeting with, 111, 112, 123, 130, 133, 135, 137, 145, 146, 147, 152, 162, 189
- Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), 139, 140, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 164, 167, 168, 171, 176, 177, 189, 192, 194, 195
- Organization of American States, 74, 91, 96, 107, 210, 212, 213, 218, 220, 222, 224, 227, 241, 244, 251
- Pallais, Luis, meeting with, 230
- Paz Garcia, Policarpo, meeting with, 242
- Pezzullo, Lawrence, meeting with, 235, 244, 251, 259, 269, 272, 275, 295
- Policy Review Committee views on, 469
- Political opposition, relations with, 95, 97, 102, 110
- Post-presidency plans, 73, 165
- Resignation from office, 242, 244, 251, 259, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 288, 289, 295
- Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto
- Sanchez, Heberto, views on, 277, 283
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, 84, 94, 107, 137, 203, 205, 206, 213, 216, 217, 272
- Solaun, Mauricio, meeting with, 65, 67, 74, 76, 78, 84, 91, 102
- Theberge, James, meeting with, 60, 61
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar views on, 256, 257
- Transitional Executive Committee, 226, 227, 232
- Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco, relations with, 289, 295
- Vance, Cyrus
- Willingness to end presidency
- Wilson, Charles views on, 142, 161
- Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio, 251, 259
- Soviet Union:
- Special Coordination Committee (SCC):
- Central America
- Central Intelligence Agency, 325
- Covert actions, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 54, 270, 282, 286, 395, 396, 409
- Economic aid, 411, 412, 419
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 218
- Meetings, 43, 48, 95, 99, 175, 218, 223, 226, 227, 236, 247, 263, 264, 270, 271, 282, 283, 285, 286, 319, 396, 404, 406, 407, 410, 412, 419, 425, 449, 473, 490, 493, 496
- Mobile Training Teams, 425, 448
- Post-Somoza planning, 263, 264, 270, 283, 285
- U.S.-Central America relations, 406, 472, 473, 474, 490, 493, 496
- U.S.-Cuba relations, 323, 325
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 395, 396, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 419, 425, 441, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 459, 472, 493, 496
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54
- U.S.-Honduras relations, 410, 411, 412, 413
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 86, 95, 97, 99, 100, 174, 175, 218, 223, 226, 227, 236, 247, 248, 249, 254, 256, 263, 264, 270, 271, 282, 283, 285, 286, 319, 320, 323, 325, 473, 493, 496
- Stewart, William, 219
- Stoddard, Philip, 493:
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 493
- Suazo Cordoba, Roberto, 356, 358, 359, 360:
- Superior Council for Private Enterprise (Nicaragua) (COSEP), 157, 158, 190, 193, 255, 315
- Szulc, Tad, 98:
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, relations with, 98
- Tarnoff, Peter:
- Theberge, James, 60, 61
- “The Twelve” (Nicaragua):
- Thornton, Thomas:
- Tirado, Victor, 311
- Todman, Terence:
- Belize territorial dispute, 20, 21, 26
- Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, meeting with, 11, 21
- Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 21
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 462
- Price, George, meeting with, 8, 20, 26
- Rowlands, Edward, meeting with, 4, 14, 18
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 64, 65, 66
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar:
- Belize territorial dispute, 15, 17
- Bowdler, William, meeting with, 231, 232, 260
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, 258
- Carter, Jimmy
- Christopher, Warren, meeting with, 258
- Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, relations with, 11
- Moss, Ambler, meeting with, 208, 260
- Pastor, Robert, meeting with, 208, 258
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, relations with, 98, 100, 113, 220, 222, 231, 239, 240, 241, 256, 257, 258, 260
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, views on, 256, 257
- Transition Formula for Nicaragua, 257, 260, 265
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 414
- Vaky, Viron, meeting with, 258
- TP. See Proletarian Tendency
- Transfer of military equipment:
- Devine, Frank James, 394
- Transitional Executive Committee:
- Reyes, Ismael, 245
- Turbay Ayala, Julio Cesar, 298
- Turner, Stansfield:
- UGB. See White Warriors Union (El Salvador)
- UK. See United Kingdom
- UN. See United Nations
- Ungo Revelo, Guillermo Manuel, 397
- UNHRC. See United Nations Human Rights Commission
- Unified Popular Action Front (El Salvador) (FAPU), 333, 392, 397, 400
- United Kingdom (UK) (see also U.S.-United Kingdom relations):
- United Nations Human Rights Commission (UNHRC), 42, 363
- United Nations (UN):
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 366
- Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco:
- Uribe Vargas, Diego, 298
- USAID. See Agency for International Development
- U.S.-Belize relations:
- U.S.-Central America relations:
- Aaron, David, 463, 467, 468, 483, 491
- Agency for International Development, 480, 487
- Andean Pact, 487
- Bowdler, William, 482
- Brown, Harold, 471, 472
- Brzezinski memoranda, 470, 480, 481, 485, 486, 495
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 377, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, 472, 474, 476, 479, 480, 483, 484, 487, 488, 491, 495, 496
- Carter, Jimmy, 470, 480, 482, 486, 487, 488, 495
- Central American Chiefs of Mission Conference (May 17–18, 1979), 466, 467, 491
- Central Intelligence Agency, 483, 489, 490, 491, 492
- Christopher, Warren, 469
- Covert actions, 489, 490, 492
- Department of Defense, 491
- Department of State, 464, 466, 477, 478, 480, 481, 482
- Economic aid, 479, 480, 481, 484, 485, 488
- Economic Support Fund, 479, 480, 481, 485
- Ehrlich, Thomas, 485
- General strategy, 463, 467, 468, 470, 477
- Habib, Philip, 487
- Henze, Paul, 490
- Human rights, 472
- International Development Cooperation Agency, 485
- McIntyre, James, 485
- Military assistance and sales, 488
- Moss, Ambler, 487
- National Security Council, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476, 479, 480, 481, 483, 485, 486, 488, 491, 495
- Office of Management and Budget, 480
- Owen, Henry, 467, 468, 478, 479, 480, 488
- Owen memoranda, 480, 484
- Pastor memoranda, 377, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 472, 474, 476, 478, 479, 483, 488, 491, 495, 496
- People-to-people contacts, 488
- Pezzullo, Lawrence, 487
- Policy Review Committee, 388, 468, 469, 470, 471, 475, 476
- Policy Review Memorandum, 464, 465
- PRM/NSC-46, “Review of U.S. Policies Toward Central America,” 465, 467, 468, 469
- Special Coordination Committee, 406, 472, 473, 474, 490, 493, 496
- U.S. Congress, 480
- Vaky, Viron, 463, 465, 473, 487
- Vance, Cyrus, 481, 485, 487
- Vance memoranda, 477, 480, 482
- U.S. Congress:
- U.S.-Costa Rica relations:
- Agriculture, 330
- Bowdler-Carazo meetings, 333, 337, 338
- Brzezinski memoranda, 340, 342
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 492
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, 101, 115, 336, 340, 341
- Carter-Carazo meetings, 343
- Carter-Oduber meetings, 330
- Central Intelligence Agency, 344
- Covert actions, 492
- Development aid, 340, 342
- Foreign Military Sales, 330
- Human rights, 330
- International Development Cooperation Agency, 340
- McNeil, Francis, 339, 345
- National Security Council, 491
- Pastor memoranda, 491
- Refugees, 334, 343
- Trade relations, 330, 343
- Vesco, Robert, 330
- U.S.-Cuba relations:
- Aaron, David, 321
- Bowdler, William, 323, 324
- Brzezinski memoranda, 323
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 323, 324
- Bushnell, John, 321
- Christopher, Warren, 321
- Covert actions, 325
- Department of State, 319, 321, 323
- Military planning, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324
- Muskie, Edmund, 323
- Muskie memoranda, 323
- Nicaragua, 319, 320, 321, 323
- Pastor memoranda, 321, 324
- Policy Review Committee, 469, 475
- Special Coordination Committee, 323, 325
- Tarnoff, Peter, 321, 323
- United Nations, 321
- U.S.-El Salvador relations:
- Aaron, David, 366, 395, 404, 405, 406, 407, 409, 410, 411, 419, 430, 448, 449, 451, 453, 459
- Aaron memoranda, 451
- Agency for International Development, 383, 397, 400, 403
- Assassination of Oscar Romero, 429, 430
- Bowdler/Rogers mission to El Salvador (December 1980), 447, 448, 449, 450
- Bowdler-Romero meetings, 381
- Bowdler, William, 382, 406, 407, 417, 423, 430, 448
- Brown, Harold, 409, 423, 437, 457, 459
- Brown memoranda, 439, 460
- Brzezinski memoranda, 365, 401, 403, 405, 407, 408, 413, 416, 428, 433, 434, 453, 455, 457, 459, 495
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 378, 382, 387, 394, 395, 401, 402, 409, 411, 412, 414, 418, 423, 439, 441, 443, 447, 448, 450, 451, 452, 495, 496
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 492
- Carlucci, Frank, 409
- Carter-Romero correspondence, 416
- Carter-Romero meetings, 366
- Central Intelligence Agency, 384, 404, 410, 412, 439, 442, 454, 456, 496
- Cheek, James, 414, 425, 430
- Christopher memoranda, 433
- Christopher, Warren, 368, 433, 450
- Counterterrorism, 410
- Covert actions, 395, 396, 398, 409, 410, 411, 439, 442, 454, 456, 490, 492
- Democratization, 383, 395, 396, 432
- Department of Defense, 375, 407, 410, 423, 433, 437, 439, 471
- Devine, Frank James, 366
- Devine-Romero meetings, 371, 372
- Economic aid, 379, 401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 411, 412, 419, 422, 424, 446, 448, 449, 453, 455, 477, 479, 480, 481
- Economic Support Fund, 446, 479, 480, 481
- Election reform, 377, 378, 379, 383, 387, 399, 475
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, 430, 448, 449, 450
- Foreign Military Sales, 379, 394, 406, 407, 411, 412, 420, 423, 427, 428, 433, 453, 458, 488, 494
- Henze memoranda, 395
- High-level bilateral dialogue, 367, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 380
- Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, 362, 365, 366
- Human rights, 364, 366, 367, 368, 370, 373, 374, 380, 392, 393, 397, 399, 422, 433, 446, 458, 472
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 366, 367, 458
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 379
- International Development Bank, 372, 397, 453
- International military education and training, 379, 406, 407, 424, 428, 455, 494
- International Monetary Fund, 401, 407
- Kramer memoranda, 437
- Military assistance and sales, 419, 421, 426, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461
- Military training, 379, 394, 403, 406, 407, 411, 412, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, 428, 455, 494
- Mobile Training Teams, 401, 403, 406, 411, 412, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 433, 439, 442, 446, 448, 453, 455, 457
- Mondale memoranda, 402
- Mondale, Walter, 402, 403
- Muskie, Edmund, 444, 451, 452, 453, 459, 494
- Muskie memoranda, 453, 494
- National Security Council, 45, 369, 378, 382, 387, 395, 401, 407, 411, 414, 418, 423, 430, 433, 434, 440, 441, 443, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 455, 457, 467, 468
- Organization of American States, 362, 365, 366, 379, 381, 383, 406, 419
- Owen, Henry, 401, 411, 419
- Pastor memoranda, 45, 369, 378, 382, 387, 395, 401, 409, 411, 414, 418, 423, 430, 441, 443, 447, 448, 452, 474, 491, 496
- Pastor, Robert, 394, 445, 474
- Policy Review Committee, 375, 379, 387, 388, 469, 475
- Policy Review Memorandum, 369
- Public Law 480 (1954), 411, 419, 449, 453
- Reyes, Jose Eduardo, 370, 371
- Rogers, William “Bill,” 448
- Salvadoran military coup, 384, 388, 389, 390, 393
- Special Coordination Committee, 395, 396, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 419, 425, 441, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 459, 472, 493, 496
- Tarnoff memoranda, 434
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, 414
- Transfer of military equipment, 394, 401, 403, 405, 406, 411, 433, 434, 435, 437, 439, 443, 445, 446, 447, 452, 457, 493, 494, 495
- Turner, Stansfield, 442
- U.S. Congress, 414
- Vaky memoranda, 368
- Vaky, Viron, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 376, 382, 385, 387, 394, 473
- Vance, Cyrus, 401, 403, 421, 423
- Vance memoranda, 403, 421, 426, 477
- Vance-Romero correspondence, 422
- White, Robert, 428, 435, 447, 450, 461
- U.S.-Guatemala relations:
- Aaron, David, 11, 43, 45, 50, 54
- Arms sales, 9
- Belize independence, 42, 51, 55, 57
- Belize territorial dispute, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 27, 36, 56
- Boster, Davis, 9, 11
- Bowdler, William, 38, 40, 41, 44, 54, 109
- Brzezinski-Castillo meetings, 32, 33, 39
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 32, 45, 47, 50, 54, 418
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 44
- Carter-Laugerud meetings, 11
- Christopher-Castillo meetings, 56
- Cohen memoranda, 28
- Covert actions, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 489, 490
- Department of Defense, 471
- Department of State, 28, 29, 42
- Dreyfuss-Nutting mission, 49, 50, 54
- Einaudi assessment, 53
- Einaudi-Mendoza meetings, 53
- Federal Maritime Commission, 3, 5
- Human rights, 1, 3, 9, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 49, 56, 57, 472
- Inter-American Development Bank, 35
- International military education and training, 29
- Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, 31, 42
- Maritime claims, 3, 5, 16, 38
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 33, 196
- Military assistance
- Military assistance and sales, 1, 3, 28, 29, 33
- National Security Council, 31, 32, 45, 47, 50, 54, 418, 467, 468, 491
- Ortiz-Lucas meetings, 35, 36
- Pastor memoranda, 31, 32, 45, 47, 50, 54, 418, 474, 491
- Policy Review Committee, 469, 475
- Presidential Review Memoranda, 2
- Regional security, 42
- Sinn-Lucas meetings, 52
- Special Coordination Committee, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 54
- Todman, Terence, 11
- Transfer of military equipment, 28
- United Nations Human Rights Commission, 42
- Vaky memoranda, 28, 29
- Vance-Castillo meetings, 32
- Vance, Cyrus, 11
- Vance memoranda, 477
- Vance-Molina meetings, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 25
- Vance-Rowlands meetings, 6, 24
- U.S.-Honduras relations:
- Agency for International Development, 346, 350, 351, 353
- American Convention on Human Rights (1969), 346
- Brzezinski memoranda, 352, 365, 413
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 492
- Carter-Melgar meetings, 346
- Carter-Paz meetings, 353
- Commander in Chief, Southern Command, 349
- Covert actions, 355, 410, 442, 489, 490, 492
- Department of Defense, 471
- Development aid, 346, 350, 353, 357
- Economic aid, 411, 479, 480, 481, 485
- Economic Support Fund, 479, 480, 481, 485
- Election reform, 354, 356, 357, 359
- Foreign Military Sales, 349, 351, 411, 469, 488
- Honduras-El Salvador border dispute, 362
- Human rights, 350, 355, 472
- International Development Bank, 350
- International military education and training, 349, 350, 411, 412
- McAuliffe, Dennis, 349
- Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto, 347, 348
- Military assistance and sales, 349, 351, 411, 412, 469, 488
- Military training, 351, 411, 412, 469
- National Security Council, 467, 468, 491
- Organization of American States, 362, 363, 365
- Pastor memoranda, 474, 491
- Pastor, Robert, 474
- Policy Review Committee, 350, 469, 475
- Public Law 480 (1954), 351, 411
- Special Coordination Committee, 410, 411, 412, 413
- Vance memoranda, 477
- U.S.-Jamaica relations, 487
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 217:
- 1978 Jorden Mission to Central America, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 107, 108
- Aaron, David, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 116, 125, 126, 135, 139, 141, 145, 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 174, 175, 177, 186, 194, 201, 205, 226, 233, 236, 237, 240, 247, 249, 254, 256, 263, 302, 312, 313, 317, 319, 321, 322
- Aaron memoranda, 97, 100, 201, 237, 240, 254, 322
- Agency for International Development, 68, 73, 88, 94, 126, 137, 138, 140, 142, 155, 175, 178, 193, 194, 308, 309
- American Convention on Human Rights (1969), 76, 78
- Amnesty law, 165
- Armacost, Michael “Mike,” 88, 95
- Armed forces
- Bowdler-Carazo meetings, 241, 280, 290
- Bowdler memoranda, 190
- Bowdler-Robelo meetings, 280
- Bowdler-Torrijos meetings, 231, 232, 260
- Bowdler, William, 112, 121, 122, 124, 127, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 142, 150, 153, 155, 156, 166, 168, 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 186, 195, 210, 267, 323, 324
- Brown memoranda, 471
- Brzezinski-Gutierrez meetings, 233
- Brzezinski memoranda, 69, 89, 127, 140, 183, 218, 222, 223, 227, 233, 257, 264, 271, 279, 283, 307, 310, 316, 318, 320, 323, 326
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 69, 77, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 101, 104, 124, 125, 126, 127, 135, 139, 140, 141, 145, 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 174, 177, 178, 183, 192, 195, 198, 200, 205, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 233, 237, 240, 252, 254, 256, 257, 264, 271, 279, 283, 294, 307, 310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 320, 323, 324, 326, 478, 495, 496
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 75, 492
- Bushnell, John, 68, 321
- Bushnell memoranda, 68
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, 256, 257, 258, 264, 268, 280, 284, 331, 332
- Carter, Jimmy, 89, 94, 264, 321, 471
- Carter memoranda
- Carter-Nicaraguan Junta meetings, 308
- Carter-Perez correspondence, 71
- Carter-Somoza correspondence, 76, 77, 78
- Carter-Torrijos meetings, 258
- Catholic priests, 60
- Christopher, Warren, 95, 99, 100, 101, 104, 122, 126, 127, 139, 175, 194, 214, 227, 229, 238, 288, 321
- Covert actions, 270, 286, 304, 305, 325, 490, 492
- Cuba, 312, 313, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323
- Cuban-Nicaraguan Defense Agreement, 312, 313, 319
- Defense Intelligence Agency, 207
- Department of Defense, 319, 471
- Department of State, 68, 83, 89, 138, 140, 144, 173, 197, 201, 210, 250, 323, 326, 470, 478, 494
- Economic aid, 479, 480, 481, 485
- Economic Support Fund, 479, 480, 481, 485
- Feinberg, Richard, 86
- Foreign Military Sales, 62, 121, 299, 484
- Gates memoranda, 199
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 239, 262, 263, 266, 273, 276, 278, 287, 290, 293, 297, 300, 302, 305, 308, 309, 311
- Government transition, 281, 283, 284, 285
- Herrera Campins, Luis, 256
- Humanitarian assistance, 301
- Human rights, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 78, 91, 102, 117, 121, 125, 137, 140, 144, 161, 172, 193, 198, 201, 283, 391
- Intelligence Assessment, 312, 313, 314, 326
- Inter-American Human Rights Commission, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 78, 91, 102, 121, 125, 137, 144, 161, 172, 193, 198, 283
- International Commission for Friendly Cooperation and Conciliation, 158, 182, 184, 187
- International military education and training, 302, 306, 309
- International Monetary Fund, 128, 131, 134, 142, 308
- Joint Chiefs of Staff, 320
- Jorden-Somoza meetings, 107, 108, 110, 210
- Lake, W. Anthony, 86, 88, 89
- Matthews memoranda, 83
- Matthews, Wade, 83
- McAuliffe, Dennis, 140, 156, 157, 167, 168, 170, 173, 178
- McMahon memoranda, 206
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 145, 146, 147, 151, 154, 156, 158, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 187, 188, 190, 192, 193, 196, 201, 202, 469
- Military assistance and sales, 62
- Military intervention
- Military planning, 320, 322, 324
- Mondale, Walter, 246
- Moss-Torrijos meetings, 260
- Murphy, John, 142, 194, 235, 237, 238
- Muskie, Edmund, 322, 323
- Muskie memoranda, 323, 494
- National Security Council, 69, 77, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 116, 125, 127, 135, 140, 141, 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 174, 177, 183, 186, 192, 194, 195, 198, 200, 201, 205, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 233, 237, 240, 254, 256, 257, 264, 271, 279, 283, 294, 307, 310, 312, 313, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 467, 468, 478, 491
- Newsom, David, 88, 89, 95
- Newsom memoranda, 229
- Nicaragua interim government of national reconciliation proposal (June 1979), 223, 225, 226, 227
- Nicaragua plebiscite proposal (1978), 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 161, 164, 167, 168, 171, 176, 177, 187, 194, 195
- Oduber, Daniel, 226
- Organization of American States meeting with Foreign Ministers (June 1979), 210, 212, 215
- Organization of American States, 69, 74, 76, 91, 95, 96, 141, 144, 210, 211, 214, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 241, 251, 257, 268, 274, 279, 321, 323, 470
- Owen, Henry, 478
- Pastor memoranda, 77, 86, 92, 93, 94, 98, 101, 116, 125, 135, 141, 145, 148, 149, 155, 159, 161, 164, 165, 170, 174, 177, 186, 192, 194, 195, 198, 200, 205, 217, 220, 221, 240, 256, 294, 312, 313, 317, 321, 324, 478, 491, 496
- Pastor, Robert, 77, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 116, 125, 135, 170, 199, 217
- Perez, Carlos Andres, 69, 101, 241, 243, 256, 257, 258, 261, 264
- Pezzullo-Borge meetings, 298
- Pezzullo, Lawrence, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, 240, 254, 271, 281, 300, 487, 491
- Pezzullo-Mejia meetings, 287
- Pezzullo-Ramirez meetings, 327, 328, 329
- Pezzullo-Somoza meetings, 235, 238, 244, 251, 259, 269, 272, 275, 295
- Pezzullo-Urcuyo meetings, 287, 289, 295
- Policy Review Committee, 79, 86, 125, 126, 127, 139, 173, 177, 178, 193, 194, 212, 469
- Policy Review Memorandum, 204
- Post-Somoza planning, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 243, 248, 249, 255, 256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270, 272, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 287, 288, 295
- Public Law 480 (1954), 309, 480
- Recognition of the GNR, 293, 294, 296, 297
- Resor, Stanley, 95
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, 63, 66, 68, 73, 75, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 95, 99, 110, 116, 122, 128, 129, 135, 145, 193, 203, 205, 206, 213, 215, 217, 226, 227, 239, 255, 292, 309, 314, 315, 317, 494
- Solaun-Somoza meetings, 65, 67, 74, 76, 78, 84, 91, 102
- Special Coordination Committee, 86, 95, 97, 99, 100, 174, 175, 218, 223, 226, 227, 236, 247, 248, 249, 254, 256, 263, 264, 270, 271, 282, 283, 285, 286, 319, 320, 323, 325, 473, 493, 496
- Tarnoff, Peter, 124, 321, 323
- Theberge-Somoza meetings, 60, 61
- Todman, Terence, 64, 65, 66
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, 240, 241, 243, 250, 256, 264
- Transitional Executive Committee, 227, 233, 237, 239, 243
- Turner memoranda, 95, 314
- Turner, Stansfield, 95, 314
- United Nations, 321
- United States relations with political opposition, 87, 97, 98, 109, 149, 150
- U.S. Congress, 316
- U.S. objectives, 70, 83, 88, 98, 202, 309
- Vaky memoranda, 144, 173, 197, 210
- Vaky, Viron, 77, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 99, 121, 122, 135, 139, 142, 144, 173, 174, 175, 193, 197, 200, 205, 210, 217, 226, 473
- Vance, Cyrus, 89, 139, 144, 190, 196, 200, 210, 271, 310
- Vance-Gutierrez meetings, 225, 226
- Vance memoranda, 89, 138, 140, 201, 250, 477
- Vance-Somoza correspondence, 274
- Vance-Somoza meetings, 59
- Weissman, Marvin, 255, 266
- Wickham, Jr., John, 95
- Wilson, Charles, 142, 194, 217
- U.S.-Panama relations:
- Bowdler-Torrijos meetings, 260
- Brzezinski memoranda, 208
- Carter-Torrijos correspondence, 103
- Carter-Torrijos meetings, 105, 106, 258
- International military education and training, 302
- Military cooperation, 302
- Moss-Torrijos meetings, 208, 260
- National Security Council, 491
- Pastor memoranda, 491
- Pastor-Revilla meetings, 106
- Pastor-Torrijos meetings, 208
- Post-Somoza planning, 257
- U.S.-Philippines relations, 426:
- Foreign Military Sales, 426
- U.S.-United Kingdom relations, 6, 7, 11, 55, 57:
- U.S.-Vatican relations, 413
- U.S.-Venezuelan relations:
- Vaky, Viron:
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew, meeting with, 104
- Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, meeting with, 33, 197
- Christopher, Warren, meeting with, 214
- Consalvi, Simon Alberto, meeting with, 101
- Covert actions, 270, 282
- Gutierrez, Julio, views on, 237
- Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, meeting with, 197
- Military assistance and sales, 28, 394
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 79, 126, 139, 173, 469, 475
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 95, 99, 226, 236, 247, 263, 270, 282, 283, 286, 473
- Torrijos Herrera, Omar, meeting with, 258
- Turbay Ayala, Julio Cesar, meeting with, 298
- Uribe Vargas, Diego, meeting with, 298
- U.S.-Central America relations, 463, 465, 473, 487
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 376, 382, 385, 387, 394, 473
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 77, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 99, 121, 122, 135, 139, 142, 144, 173, 174, 175, 193, 197, 200, 205, 210, 217, 226, 473
- Visit to El Salvador (July 1979), 376, 378
- Valdez, Abelardo, 469, 475:
- Vance, Cyrus:
- Belize independence, 37
- Belize territorial dispute, 10, 16, 22, 24, 25, 26
- Caribbean policy, 482, 487
- Carrington, Peter, correspondence with, 37
- Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo
- Government of National Reconstruction (Nicaragua), views on, 297, 310
- Guatemala-Belize relations, 3, 4, 37
- Gutierrez, Julio, meeting with, 225
- Humanitarian assistance, 301
- Human rights, 59
- Laugerud Garcia, Kjell Eugenio, meeting with, 11
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 138, 184, 201
- Mendoza Palomo, Luis René, meeting with, 25
- Military training, 423
- Mobile Training Teams, 426
- Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, meeting with, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 25
- Nicaragua interim government of national reconciliation proposal (June 1979), 223, 225
- Oduber, Daniel, meeting with, 330
- Organization of American States, 5
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 139, 178, 475
- Post-Somoza planning, 274
- Price, George, meeting with, 26
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), views on, 403, 406
- Ridley, Nicholas, meeting with, 38
- Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, correspondence with, 422
- Rowlands, Edward, meeting with, 6, 14, 16, 18, 24
- Skinner-Klee, Jorge, meeting with, 25
- Somoza Debayle, Anastasio
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 218, 223, 406, 407, 419
- U.S.-Central America relations, 481, 485, 487
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 401, 403, 421, 423
- U.S.-Guatemala relations, 11
- U.S.-Nicaragua relations, 89, 139, 144, 190, 196, 200, 210, 271, 310
- Venezuela (see also
U.S.-Venezuelan relations):
- Belize, relations with, 6, 8, 26, 51
- El Salvador, relations with, 411, 412
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 71
- Mediation efforts in Nicaragua, 91, 93, 95, 99, 131, 155, 198
- Nicaragua, relations with, 84, 98, 101, 111, 223, 226, 237
- Organization of American States, 91
- Sandinista National Liberation Front, relations with, 101, 226
- Vesco, Robert, 330
- Weil, Frank, 462:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 462
- Weissman, Marvin:
- Wheelock Roman, Jaime, 328
- White, John, 283,
286, 412,
419, 469:
- Policy Review Committee meeting, participant in, 469
- White, Robert:
- Chavez Mena, Fidel, meeting with, 444, 446
- Duarte, José Napoleón, meeting with, 435, 436, 438, 446
- Pastor, Robert, views on, 440
- Revolutionary Government Junta (El Salvador), views on, 428, 435, 438, 447, 491
- Special Coordination Committee meeting, participant in, 410, 412, 419
- U.S.-El Salvador relations, 428, 435, 447, 450, 461
- White Warriors Union (El Salvador) (UGB), 364
- Wickham, Jr., John, 95:
- Wilson, Charles:
- World Bank, 346
- Aaron, David: