Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

Aaron, David, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

Aguero, Ferdinand, Nicaraguan Leader of a faction of the Conservative Party

Aguilar Calderon, Carlos Francisco, Costa Rican Foreign Ministry Chief of Cabinet

Aguirre, Danilo, Editor at La Prensa (Nicaragua)

Albright, Madeleine, Congressional Relations Officer, Press and Congressional Liaison Office, National Security Council, from March 1978 until January 1981

Alfaro Rodriguez, Jose Miguel, Costa Rican 2nd Vice President

Allen, Lew, Jr., General, USAF; Director of the National Security Agency from August 1973 until July 1977; Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, from July 1, 1978, until June 30, 1982

Alvarez, Enrique, Revolutionary Democratic Front leader (El Salvador)

Alvarez, Gustavo, Colonel; Member of the Honduran Superior Defense Council

Alvarez Montalban, Emilio, Nicaraguan politician

Alvarez Ruiz, Donaldo, Guatemalan Minister of Government and Interior

Amador Khiel, Cesar, Member of the Frente Amplio

Amin, Hafizula, President of Afghanistan from September 16, 1979, until December 27, 1979

Anderson, David, Executive Secretariat staff member

Anderson, Kathy, Desk Officer for Honduras

Andino, Mario Antonio, Member of the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador

Andrews, George R., Staff member, U.S. Embassy Guatemala City

Arana Osorio, Carlos Manuel, President of Guatemala from 1970 until 1974

Arbenz, Jacobo, President of Guatemala from 1951 until 1954

Arias, Celeo, Member of the Liberal Party of Honduras

Arias, Juan Angel, Lieutenant Colonel; Honduran Secretary of State for Government and Justice

Arguedas, Carlos, Costa Rican Vice Minister of Government, Public Security Minister

Arguello, Montiel, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister

Armacost, Michael, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; East Asia and China Affairs, National Security Council, from January 1977 until July 1978

Astacio Lopez, Julio Ernesto, Salvadoran Vice President

Avalos Navarrete, Jose Ramon, Member of the Salvadoran Revolutionary Governing Junta from January 1980

Azcona, Jose, Honduran politician, Member of the Liberal Party’s Central Committee

Azofeifa, Willy, Official in Costa Rican Ministry of Public Security

Baker, Howard Henry, Senator (R-Tennessee)

Bayh, Birch, Senator (D-Indiana), Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

Baltorano, Emilio Pallais, Nicaraguan businessman; President of a human rights advocacy group

Baltadano, Danilo, Secretary to the Revolutionary Government of Nicaragua Junta

Barnebey, Malcom Richard “Dick”, Director of the Office of Andean Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State; Consul General-designate to Belize

Bartch, Carl, Chargé d’Affaires, U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa

Bartholomew, Reginald, USSR and East Europe Affairs, National Security Council, from November 1977 until April 1979; Assistant Secretary of State for Politico-Military Affairs from July 1, 1979, until January 20, 1981

Bass, Kenneth, III, Council for Intelligence Policy, Department of Justice

Batista, Fulgencio, President of Cuba from 1940 until 1944 and from 1952 until 1959

Batres, César, Adviser to Honduran President Melgar

Beckel, Robert G., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations

Bell, Griffin, Attorney General from January 21, 1977, until July 19, 1979

Bennett, Douglas, Administrator, Office of the Administrator, Agency for International Development

Bennett, John, Chargé d’Affaires, U.S. Embassy Guatemala City

Bergland, Robert, Secretary of Agriculture

Bermudez, Roger, Government of Nicaragua Press Secretary

Bertrand Galindo, Francisco, Salvadoran Ambassador to the United States from 1974 until 1977

Betancourt, Romulo, President of Venezuela from 1945 until 1948 and from 1959 until 1964

Benson, Lucy Wilson Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs from March 28, 1977, until January 5, 1980

Bittner, Edward, Staff member, Department of Treasury

Binns, Jack Robert, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in San José, from July 1979; U.S. Ambassador to Honduras from October 1980 until October 1981

Blacken, John Dale, Executive Secretary, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, from March 1980 until September 1978; Deputy Political Counselor in October 1978; Country Director, Office of Central American Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from March 1980 until July 1981

Blanco, Bonilla, Colonel, Member of the Honduran Superior Defense Council; Honduran Military Logistical Center

Blatchford, Joseph, Former Director of the Peace Corps; Committee on the Caribbean

Blessing, Miguel, Colonel, Nicaraguan National Guard

Bodan, Harry, Nicaraguan Vice Foreign Minister

Bodden, Hubert, Colonel; Member of the Honduran Superior Defense Council

Bonner, Raymond, New York Times journalist

Borge Martinez, Tomas, FSLN National Directorate Member; Nicaraguan Minister of Interior

Borgonovo Pohl, Mauricio, Foreign Minister of El Salvador until May 11, 1977

Boster, Davis E., U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala from October 13, 1976, until January 17, 1979

Bowdler, William G., U.S. Ambassador to South Africa from May 14, 1975, until April 19, 1978; thereafter Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research until December 17, 1979; Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from January 4, 1980, until January 16, 1981; member of the International Commission for Friendly Cooperation and Conciliation (Negotiating Group for Nicaragua)

Bowie, Robert, Deputy Director of the National Foreign Assessment Center, Central Intelligence Agency

Bray, Charles W., III, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from 1976 until 1977

Brement, Marshall, USSR and East Europe Affairs, National Security Council, from May 1979 until January 1981

Brewster, Kingman, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom from June 3, 1977

Brown, George S., General, USAF; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from July 1, 1974, until June 20, 1978

Brown, Harold, Secretary of Defense

Brown, Richard, Latin America and Caribbean Affairs, National Security Council, from December 1978 until May 1979; Deputy Director of the Office of Central American Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

Bucaro Garcia, Hugo Tulio, Colonel; Guatemalan Finance Minister

Bueso, Guillermo, President of the Honduran Central Bank

Bueso, Rosa, Colonel; Officer’s School; Member of the Honduran Superior Defense Council

Burnham, Forbes, Prime Minister of Guyana from 1966 until 1980

Bushnell, John, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs

Bustamente y Rivero, Jose Luis, Former President of Peru; Mediator for Honduras-El Salvador border dispute

Byrd, Robert Carlyle, Senator (D-West Virginia)

Calderon Berti, Humberto, Venezuelan Minister of Energy and Mines

Calderon Fournier, Rafael Angel, Costa Rican Foreign Minister

Calero, Adolpho, leader of the “Autentico” faction of the Conservative Party; representative of Coca-Cola

Callaghan, James, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from April 5, 1976, until May 4, 1979

Callejas Deshon, Alfonso, PLN Leader and former Vice President of Nicaragua

Callejas Romero, Rafael Leonardo, Honduran Minister of Planning and Natural Resources; Honduran Deputy Foreign Minister

Cancinos Barrios, David, Major General, Guatemalan Army Chief of Staff

Carazo Odio, Rodrigo, President of Costa Rica from 1978

Carbaugh, John, Adviser to Senator Jesse Helms

Cardozo, Hilarion, Venezuelan Organization of American States Representative

Carias, Gonzalo, Deputy Director of the Honduran Central Bank

Carlucci, Frank C., U.S. Ambassador to Portugal from January 24, 1975, until February 5, 1978; Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from February 10, 1978, until February 5, 1981

Carpio, Salvador Cayetano, Head of the Unified Revolutionary Directorate from June 1980 (El Salvador)

Carranza Rivera, Nicolás, Colonel; Salvadoran Under Secretary of Defense from October 1979

Carrick, R.J., United Kingdom Counselor

Carrington, Peter, British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from May 1979

Carter, Hodding, III, Department of State Spokesman

Carter, James “Chip,” Son of President Carter

Carter, Jimmy, President of the United States

Casanova, Eduardo Sandoval, Lt. Col., Salvadoran Ambassador to Guatemala

Casco, Mario Ivan, Honduran Secretary of State for Communications, Public Works, and Transport

Case, Clifford Philip, Senator (R-New Jersey)

Castaneda y Castaneda, Oscar Ruben, Colonel; Guatemalan Military Attaché

Castañeda y Alvarez de la Rosa, Jorge, Mexican Foreign Minister

Castellanos, Francisco, Colonel in Guatemalan Army, G–3

Castillo Valdez, Rafael Eduardo, Guatemalan Foreign Minister

Castro Ruz, Fidel, Premier of Cuba from February 16, 1959; First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from October 3, 1965; President of the Council of State and Minister from December 3, 1976

Cavazos, Richard, Major General, Department of Defense

Celeste, Richard F., Director of the Peace Corps from April 27, 1979, until January 20, 1981

Cesar, Alfredo, Executive Secretary of the Junta; Director of the International Reconstruction Fund (Nicaragua)

Chamorro Cardenal, Pedro Joaquin, Director of the opposition newspaper La Prensa

Chamorro, Jaime, Co-owner and Editor of La Prensa

Chamorro Barrios, Violeta, Member of Nicaraguan Provisional Junta

Chamorro, Xavier, Director of the opposition newspaper La Prensa after the assassination of his brother Pedro

Chapin, Frederic L., Consul General at the U.S. Embassy in Sao Paolo from 1972 until 1978

Chavez Mena, Fidel, Lawyer, Salvadoran Christian Democratic Party member, Salvadoran Foreign Minister

Chavez, Mendieta, Lt. Col., Nicaraguan National Guard

Chavez, Rogelio, Salvadoran Supreme Court President

Cheek, James “Jim”, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs

Christopher, Warren, Deputy Secretary of State from February 25, 1977, until January 16, 1981

Church, Frank, Senator (D-Idaho); Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

Civiletti, Benjamin R., Attorney General from August 16, 1979, until January 20, 1981

Claramount, Ernesto, Salvadoran General and Presidential Candidate

Claytor, W. Graham, Jr., Secretary of the United States Navy from February 14, 1977, until July 26, 1979; Acting Secretary of Transportation in 1979; Deputy Secretary of Defense from August 24, 1979, until January 16, 1981

Clift, Denis, Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs

Clough, Susan S., Personal Assistant and Secretary to President Carter

Cohen, Stephen, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs

Colom Argueta, Manuel, Leader of the Guatemalan United Front of the Revolution party

Consalvi, Simon Alberto, Venezuelan Foreign Minister from July 1977 until March 1979

Cortazzi, Hugh, U.K. Deputy Minister of the Foreign Office

Courtenay, Vernon Harrison, Belizean Minister of State; Ambassador to Caricom

Coussin Bogran, Luis A., Honduran Minister of Health

Coy, Edward W., Deputy Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean, Agency for International Development

Cruz, Arturo Jose, Nicaraguan Central Bank President

Cuadra, Isaias, Colonel, Nicaraguan National Guard

Cummings, Eldon, Colonel, USA; Commander of the U.S. Military Group in El Salvador

Cutler, Lloyd N., Counsel to the President from 1980 until 1981

Cutter, Bowman, Executive Associate Director of Budget, Office of Management and Budget

D’Aubuisson, Robert, Major; Salvadoran Vice Director of Intelligence

Dada Hirezi, Hector, Foreign Minister of El Salvador; Member of the Revolutionary Governing Junta until March 1980

Deal, Tim, International Economics Affairs, National Security Council, from January 1977 until April 1979 and from January 1980 until January 1981

Debayle, Luis Manuel, Uncle of Nicaraguan President Somoza, President of the Nicaraguan National Power Company

Denend, Leslie G., Global Issues, National Security Council, from July 1977 until June 1979; Special Assistant to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from January 1980 until January 1981

Denton, Hazel, member, National Security Council Staff

D’Escoto Brokman, Miguel, Father and member of the Political Committee of the Frente Amplio and the Group of Twelve; Foreign Minister of the Nicaraguan Provisional Government of National Reconstruction; Nicaraguan Foreign Minister

Derian, Patricia M., Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs from June 17, 1977, until January 19, 1981

Deshon, Alfonso Callejas, Former Vice President of Nicaragua

Diaz, Julian Lopez, Ranking Cuban Communist Party Intelligence official

Dion, Mark Jerrold, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, from February 1980 until February 1981

Discua, Adalberto, Honduran Minister of Labor and Social Security

Devine, Frank James, U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador from October 1977 until February 1980

Dodson, Christine, Deputy Staff Secretary of the National Security Council from January 1977 until May 1977; thereafter Staff Secretary until January 1981

Donovan, Hedley, Senior Advisor to the President from 1980 until 1981

Dreyfus, Enrique, Nicaraguan Superior Council for Private Enterprise President

Dreyfuss, John, Special Emissary and Team leader

Duarte, Jose Napoleon, President of the Revolutionary Governing Junta of El Salvador from December 1980

Duncan, Charles W., Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense from January 31, 1977, until July 29, 1979; Secretary of Energy from August 24, 1979, until January 20, 1981

Echeverria, Jose Rafael, Costa Rican Ambassador to the United Nations

Echeverria Brealey, Juan Jose “Johnny”, Costa Rican Minister of Government

Ehrlich, Thomas, Administrator-designate and Director of the International Development Cooperation Agency,

Einaudi, Luigi R., Staff Director, NSC Interdepartmental Groups, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State

Elio Espinar, Luis, Costa Rican businessman

Elvir Sierra, Cesar, Honduran Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

Enders, Thomas O., U.S. Ambassador to Canada from February 17, 1976, until September 14, 1979; United States Representative to the European Communities from November 6, 1979, until May 27, 1981

Erb, Guy, International Economics Affairs, National Security Council, from November 1977 until January 1980

Escobar Bethancourt, Romulo, Panamanian diplomat

Estep, Hunter L., Director of the Office of Research and Analysis for American Republics, South America Division, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State

Evans, Rowland “Rollie”, Journalist

Facio Segreda, Gonzalo J., Costa Rican Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1970 until 1978

Fallows, James M., Speechwriter for President Carter

Fascell, Dante Bruco, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Florida)

Feinberg, Richard, Member of the Policy and Planning Staff, Department of State

Fernandez, Armando, Nicaraguan National Guard Chief of Staff

Fernandez Holman, Ernesto, Manager of Banco de America

Ferre, Maurice, Mayor of Miami

Fiallos, Mariano Francisco, Nicaragua National University Rector; Chief, North American Division, Nicaraguan Foreign Ministry

Figueres Ferrer, Jose, “Pepe,” 32nd, 34th, and 38th President of Costa Rica,

Flanegin, Robert L., Director, Office of Narcotic Control, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State

Fletcher, Edward N., Colonel, Defense Attaché in Guatemala

Flores, Carlos, Liberal Party of Honduras

Flores, Ulises, Salvadoran right-wing politician

Fraser, Donald McKay, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Minnesota); Chair of the Subcommittee on International Organizations

Fulbright, James William, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Arkansas) from 1943 until 1945; Senator (D-Arkansas) from 1945 until 1974

Gamero, Manuel, Editor of the Honduran newspaper El Tiempo

Garcia Merino, Jose Guillermo, Colonel; Salvadoran Minister of Defense and Public Security from October 1979

Garcia Bedoya, Carlos, Peruvian Ambassador from 1976 until 1979; Foreign Minister of Peru in 1979

Gates, Robert M., Special Assistant to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from April 1979 until December 1979

Gelb, Leslie H., Assistant Secretary of State for Politico-Military Affairs from February 23, 1977, until June 30, 1979

Genie, Samuel, General; Nicaraguan Chief of Intelligence in 1977; Minister of Finance from 1977 until 1979

Gerardi, Juan, Bishop of Quiche Diocese, Guatemala

Gilligan, John J., Administrator of the Agency for International Development from March 30, 1977, until March 31, 1979

Giron Lemus, Roberto, Guatemalan Secretary of Public Relations

Goldberg, Arthur J., U.S. Ambassador at Large and U.S. Representative to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe; Chairman of the U.S. Delegation from September 23, 1977, until July 27, 1978

Goldwater, Barry, Senator (R-Arizona); Vice Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

Gomez Vides, Alejandro, Salvadoran Sub-Secretary of Foreign Affairs

Gonzalez, Raymond Emmanuel, U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador from July 31, 1978

Gonzalez Revilla, Nicolas, Panamanian Minister of Foreign Relations, Democratic Revolutionary Party Secretary General

Gonzalez, Rodrigo “Rory”, Colonel, Panamanian Deputy Commander of National Guard

Graham, Richard “Dick”, Alternate Director of the Office of Central American Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from December 1976; International Relations Officer from September 1979; Director of the Office of Human Rights from June 1980

Gregg, Donald, Intelligence Coordinator, National Security Council, from May 1979 until January 1981; East Asia and China Affairs, National Security Council, from January 1980 until January 1981

Grove, Brandon H., Acting Inspector General of the Department of State and the Foreign Service from May 1978 until July 1978; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs

Guerra y Guerra, Rene, Salvadoran Lieutenant Colonel

Guerra, Carlos Enrique, Costa Rican owner of an air transport company

Guerrero, Orlando, Brigadier General, Nicaraguan National Guard

Gutierrez, Jaime Abdul, Colonel; Vice President of the Revolutionary Governing Junta of El Salvador; Commander of the Armed Forces

Gutierrez, Julio, General, Nicaraguan Ambassador to Japan

Guzman, Antonio, President of the Dominican Republic

Guzman, Ralph, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from October 1978

Habib, Philip C., Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from July 1, 1976, until April 1, 1978; Secretary of State ad interim from January 20, 1977, until January 23, 1977

Hall, George E., U.K. Assistant Under Secretary of State

Hammer, Michael, American Institute for Free Labor Development official

Harding, Bill, Latin America Director, U.K. Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Harrison, Lawrence E., Agency for International Development Mission Director in Nicaragua from September 1979

Hassan Morales, Moises, Member of Nicaraguan Provisional Junta

Healey, Timothy, President of Georgetown University

Heaton, Edward, Defense Intelligence Agency Analyst

Heavner, Theodore “Ted”, Director, Office of Operations and Policy, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from August 1977

Helms, Jesse, Senator (R-North Carolina)

Hemenway, Brewster R., Director, Office of Central American Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from January 1979 until July 1980

Hennessey, James, U.K. Governor of Belize

Henze, Paul, Intelligence Coordinator, National Security Council, from January 1977 until December 1980

Hernandez Sanchez, Plutarco, Sandinista National Liberation Front leader

Herrera, Diaz, Lt. Colonel, Panamanian Executive Secretary of the National Guard, Torrijos’ cousin

Herrera Campins, Luis, President of Venezuela

Hervas, Anthony, Interpreter, Department of State

Hollings, Ernest Frederick, Senator (D-South Carolina)

Holman, Carlos, Director of La Prensa

Howard, Richard B., Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, from February 1979 until February 1980

Huntington, Samuel P., National Security Planning, National Security Council, from February 1977 until August 1978

Hutcheson, Richard “Rick”, III, White House Staff Secretary

Huyser, Robert E., General, USAF; Deputy Commander in Chief, U.S. European Command, from September 1, 1975 until 1979

Inderfurth, Karl “Rick”, F., Special Assistant to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from January 1977 until April 1979

Iraheta, Jose Eduardo, Colonel, Salvadoran Sub-Secretary of Defense

Irving, Frederick, Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs from April 28, 1976, until March 26, 1977; Ambassador to Jamaica

Jamieson, Don, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs from September 14, 1976, until June 3, 1979

Jaramillo, Mari Luci, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras from 1977 until 1980; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs

Jayne, Randy, Defense Coordinator, National Security Council, from January 1977 until May 1977; Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs, Office of Management and Budget

Jimenez Castro, Francisco Salomon, President of the Honduran Supreme Court

Jimenez Reyes, Ramon Emilio, Vice Admiral, Dominican Republic Foreign Minister; Chairman of the Commission for Friendly Cooperation and Conciliation (Negotiating Group for Nicaragua)

Jerez, Alvaro, Nicaraguan Democratic Movement official; member of Frente Amplio representing Robelo

Johnson, Donald Crandall, International Relations Officer, National Security Council, from August 1976

Johnson, James H., Brigadier General, USA; Deputy Director, Current Operations, Joint Chiefs of Staff

Jones, David C., General, USAF; Chief of Staff, United States Air Force from July 1, 1974, until June 20, 1978; Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, from June 21, 1978, until June 18, 1982

Jordan, Hamilton, Assistant to the President from 1977 until 1979; thereafter White House Chief of Staff until May 1980

Jorden, William J., U.S. Ambassador to Panama from April 17, 1974, until August 25, 1978

Kennedy, Edward, Senator (D-Massachusetts)

Kimmitt, Robert, Legal Counsel, National Security Council, from August 1978 until January 1981

Knoche, Enno Henry, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from July 7, 1976, until August 1, 1977

Koch, Edward Irving “Ed”, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-New York); Member of the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations

Komer, Robert W., Under Secretary of Defense for Policy from October 24, 1979, until January 20, 1981

Kramer, Frank, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs

Kreisberg, Paul H., Deputy Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, from April 1977

Kreps, Juanita, Secretary of Commerce from January 23, 1977, until October 31, 1979

Kux, Dennis, Counselor of Political Affairs in Ankara from August 1978; Foreign Affairs Coordinating Officer from July 1980; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State from October 1980

Lacayo Debayle, Rene, Nicaraguan businessman and first cousin of Somoza; Nicaraguan Ambassador to the United States

Lake, W. Anthony, Director of Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, from January 21, 1977, until January 20, 1981

Lamport-Rodil, Jorge, Guatemalan Ambassador to the United States in 1978

Landau, George W., U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay from October 13, 1972, until October 14, 1977; U.S. Ambassador to Chile from October 15, 1977

Lanusse, Alejandro A., General; President of Argentina from 1971 until 1973

Larga Espada Baez, Fulcencio, Lt. Col., Chief of Staff of the Nicaraguan National Guard

Larios, Bernardo, Lt. Col., FSLN Air Force Commander, ex-Nicaraguan National Guard officer

Laugerud García, Kjell Eugenio, President of Guatemala until July 1978

Laugerud, Helen Losi, Wife of Guatemalan President Laugerud

Lazarus, Roberto, U.S. Ambassador of Honduras from 1977 until 1978

Lefko, Len L., staff member, International Communication Agency

Lemus, Giron, Guatemalan Secretary of Public Relations

Lewis, Gabriel, former Panamanian Ambassador to the United States

Lievano Aguirre, Indalecio, Columbian Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1974 until 1978

Lindo, Dean, Belizean politician (United Democratic Party of Belize)

Linowitz, Sol Myron, President’s Personal Representative on Panama Canal Treaties

Lleras Camargo, Alberto, President of Colombia from 1958 until 1962

Long, Clarence, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Maryland); Chairman of the Foreign Operations Subcommittee

Lopez Contreras, Carlos, Honduran Vice Foreign Minister

Lopez Portillo, Jose, President of Mexico from December 1976 until November 1982

Lozano, Ignacio E., U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador from August 31, 1976, until June 1, 1977

Lubensky, Earl Henry, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, from July 1976 until March 1977

Lucas Garcia, Fernando Romeo, Major General, President of Guatemala from July 1978 until March 1982

Lucey, Patrick Joseph, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico from 1977 until 1979

Luers, William Henry, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs; U.S. Ambassador to Venezuela from October 9, 1978

Lugar, Richard Green, Senator (R-Indiana)

Macdonald, Donald G., Assistant Administrator for Program Management, Agency for International Development, from June 1977

Mack, James, International Relations Officer, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from September 1979

Majano Ramos, Adolfo Arnoldo, Colonel; Member of the Salvadoran ruling Junta from October 15, 1979

Maldonado, Abundio, Guatemalan Ambassador to the United States in 1977

Manley, Michael, Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2, 1972, until November 1, 1980; Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1972 until 1977

Mansfield, Michael Joseph, U.S. Ambassador to Japan from May 1977

Marin, Munoz, Colonel, Costa Rican Civil Guard Chief

Marks, Lee, Principal Deputy Legal Advisor, Department of State, from October 1977

Martinez, Nelson, Propaganda/Press/Radio section of the Tercerio Faction Sandinista National Liberation Front

Martinez, Praxedes, Director of Honduran Central Bank

Martinez Zepeda, Alvaro Ernesto, Salvadoran Minister of Foreign Relations from July 1977

Matheny John, Office of the Vice President

Matthews, Wade Hampton Bynum, Director of the Office of Central American Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from May 1977 until August 1979; Principal Officer in Guayaquil from July 1980

Mayorga Quiroz, Roman, Rector of the Salvadoran Jose Simeon Canas Central American University; Member of the Revolutionary Governing Junta of El Salvador;

McAfee, William, Deputy Director for Intelligence and Research Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from August 1973; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence Coordination from March 1980; Director of the Office of Intelligence Liaison from October 1980

McAuliffe, Dennis P., General, USA; Commander in Chief, Southern Command, from July 1975 until 1979

McCall, Richard Lee, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs from June 10, 1980, until January 21, 1981

McEntee, Peter Donovan, Governor of Belize

McGee, Gale W., United States Permanent Representative to the Organization of American States from March 30, 1977, until May 27, 1981

McGiffert, David E., Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Affairs from April 4, 1977 until January 20, 1981

McIntyre, James T., Deputy Director of the Office of Management and the Budget in 1977; Director from March 24, 1978, until January 20, 1981

McMahon, John, Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency

McNeil, Francis “Frank” J., U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica from 1980

Medrano, Luis, Nicaraguan Secretary General of the AIFLD-Affiliated Confederation of Labor Unification

Mein, John Gordon, U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala from 1965 until 1968.

Mejia, Federico, Colonel, Commander of the Nicaraguan National Guard after Somoza’s departure

Melendez, Carlos Eduardo, Colonel, Salvadoran Chief of Armed Forces General Staff

Melgar Castro, Juan Alberto, Brigadier General; President of Honduras until August 1978

Mendieta Herdocia, Constantino Alberto, Lieutenant Colonel, Nicaraguan National Guard

Mendosa, Valentín de Jesús, Honduran Secretary of State for Finance and Public Credit

Mendoza Palomo, Luis Rene, Brigadier General, Chief of Staff of the Guatemalan Army

Menges, Constantine, Consultant to the National Security Council

Meyer, Edward C., General, USA; Chief of Staff, United States Army, from June 22, 1979, until June 21, 1983

Midence Soto, Ricardo, Honduran Ambassador to the United States

Middleton, Jim, White House Staff

Mikulski, Barbara, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Maryland); member of Congressional Delegation to Honduras

Miller, G. William, Chairman of the Federal Reserve from March 1978 until August 1979; thereafter Secretary of the Treasury until January 20, 1981

Millington, Joe, U.K. First Secretary, British Embassy

Mohr, Alberto Fuentes, Leader of the Guatemalan Social Democratic Party.

Mojica, Inocente Otto, Colonel, Nicaraguan National Guard

Molina-Orantes, Adolfo, Guatemalan Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1974 until 1978

Molina, Roque, Salvadoran Colonel

Molina, Arturo Armando, President of El Salvador from 1972 until 1977

Moncada Lau, Nestor, Deputy Chief of Security Services, Nicaraguan Government of National Reconstruction

Mondale, Walter F., Vice President of the United States

Montalvan Batres, Hector, Colonel, Guatemalan Army and adviser to Lucas

Montealegre, Eduardo, Nicaraguan banker

Montealegre, Enrique, Costa Rican Minister of Public Security

Montenegro, Orlando, National District Minister and delegate to the Frente Amplio-Liberal Party of Nicaragua talks under Negotiating Group auspices

Monterroso, Felipe Doroteo, General; Guatemalan Ambassador from 1979 until 1981

Mora, Antonio, Nicaraguan Minister of Government

Morales Bermudez, Francisco, President of Peru from 1975 until 1980

Morales Erlich, Jose Antonio, Secretary General of the Salvadoran Christian Democrats; Member of the Revolutionary Governing Junta; Director of Agrarian Reform

Moran, Francisco, Salvadoran Treasury Police Commander

Moreno, Alberto, Lieutenant Colonel in Nicaraguan National Guard

Morris, Diana, Office of Research and Analysis for American Republics, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State

Moss, Ambler Holmes, U.S. Ambassador to Panama from 1978

Murphy, John, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-New York); Chairman of the House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee

Muskie, Edmund S., Senator (D-Maine) from January 3, 1959, until May 7, 1980; Chairman of the Budget Committee from 1973 until 1980; Secretary of State from May 8, 1980, until January 20, 1981

Nalle, Beauveau B., Principal Officer, U.S. Consulate in Belize, from April 1978 until January 1981

Newlin, Michael H., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Political and Multilateral Affairs from January 1980; Acting Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs from April 1980

Newsom, David D., U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia from February 27, 1974, until October 6, 1977; Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from April 19, 1978, until February 27, 1981

Niehaus, Bernd, Costa Rican Vice Foreign Minister

Nooter, Robert Harry, Acting Deputy Administrator, Agency for International Development, from March 1977; Deputy Administrator from July 1977

Nutting, Wallace, Lieutenant General, USA; Chief of Southern Command

Obando y Bravo, Miguel, Archbishop of Nicaragua

Obiols, Alfredo Gomez, Acting Guatemalan Minister of Foreign Affairs; member of the OAS Commission for Friendly Cooperation and Conciliation (Negotiating Group for Nicaragua)

Odom, William E., Lieutenant General, USA; Military Assistant to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1977 until January 1981

O’Donnell, Thomas J., Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Managua, from July 1977 until October 1979

Oduber, Daniel, President of Costa Rica from 1974 until 1978

O’Malley, Edward J., Assistant Director, Intelligence Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation

Oqueli, Hector, Under Secretary of Foreign Relations of El Salvador

Orantes, Cesar A., Economic Counselor, Guatemalan Embassy

Orellana Solis, Octavio, Salvadoran Minister of Agriculture

Orfila, Alejandro, Secretary-General of the Organization of American States from May 18, 1975, until March 31, 1984

Ortega Saavedra, Daniel, Revolutionary Government of Nicaragua National Directorate Member; Member of Nicaraguan Provisional Junta; Member of Nicaraguan Government of National Reconstruction

Ortega Saavedra, Humberto, Revolutionary Government of Nicaragua National Directorate member

Ortiz, Francis “Frank” Vincent, U.S. Ambassador to Barbados and Grenada from July 1977; U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala from June 1979

Owen, Henry David, Special Representative for Economic Summits, National Security Council, from 1977 until January 1981; Ambassador at Large and Coordinator for Economic Summit Affairs from October 20, 1978, until January 21, 1981

Oxman, Stephen, Special Assistant, Office of the Deputy Secretary of State

Padilla, Pedro, Dominican Republic Sub-Secretary; Assistant to Jimenez on the NG

Padilla, Granera, Nicaraguan Senator, assassinated by Sandinista National Liberation Front in 1978

Padron, Jose Luis, Cuban official

Pallais Debayle, Luis, Cousin of Nicaraguan President Somoza; Director of Novedades and Liberal Party Spokesperson

Palma Galvez, Roberto, Colonel, Honduran Minister of Foreign Relations

Pastor, Robert, Latin America and Caribbean Affairs, National Security Council, from 1977 until January 1981

Pastora Gomez, Eden, Tercerio Faction Sandinista National Liberation Front Commander, “Commandante Zero”

Patterson, Percival J., Jamaican Minister of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade, and Tourism until 1980; Deputy Prime Minister in 1980

Paz Garcia, Policarpo, Brigadier General; Honduran Armed Forces Commander in Chief; Honduran President from August 1978

Pearlman, Mark, American Institute for Free Labor Development official

Pellas, Alfredo, Nicaraguan businessman

Peralta Mendez, Ricardo, General; Guatemalan Christian Democratic Presidential Candidate

Perez, Carlos Andres, President of Venezuela until March 1979

Perez Cadalso, Eliseo, Honduran Foreign Minister from July 1979 until August 15, 1980.

Perez Jimenez, Marcos, President of Venezuela from 1952 until 1958

Perry, Jack, Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State from August 1978; U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria from October 1979

Pezzullo, Lawrence, U.S. Ambassador to Uruguay from 1977 until 1979; U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua from 1979

Pfeifle, Linda, Office of Security Assistance and Sales, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, Department of State

Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, General; Chairman of the Chilean Military Junta from September 11, 1973, until 1981

Plaza Lasso, Galo, Ecuadorian President of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal; President of Ecuador from 1948 until 1952; Organization of American States Secretary General from 1968 until 1975

Poats, Rutherford, International Economics Affairs, National Security Council, from September 1978 until January 1981

Ponce de Leon, Rodolfo, Argentine national

Poveda Burbano, Alfredo, Vice Admiral, Ecuadorian President of the Supreme Council of Government

Prendes, Ray, Salvadoran Christian Democratic Party Secretary General

Price, George Cadle, Belizean Premier and Minister of Finance

Pustay, John, Lieutenant General, USAF; Joint Chiefs of Staff

Quintana, Julio, Foreign Minister of Nicaragua and delegate to Frente Amplio-Liberal Party of Nicaragua talks under Negotiating Group auspices

Quinonez Mesa, Roberto, Salvadoran Ambassador to the United States in 1978

Ramos, Pedro, U.S. citizen indicted for the murder of P.J. Chamorro

Reagan, Ronald, U.S. President-elect

Reboso, Manuel, Vice Mayor of Miami

Reinhardt, John E., Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs from April 22, 1975, until March, 22, 1977; Director of the Information Agency—renamed International Communications Agency on April 1, 1978—from March 23, 1977, until August 29, 1980

Rener, Pablo, President of the Nicaraguan Senate until July 1979

Renfrew, Charles, Deputy Attorney General

Resor, Stanley, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy

Revilla, Gonzalez, Panamanian Foreign Minister

Reyes, Ismael, Nicaraguan Red Cross President

Reyes, Jose Eduardo, Salvadoran Minister of Planning

Reina Idiaquez, Jorge Arturo, Dean of the National Autonomous University of Honduras until 1979

Ridley, Nicholas, Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Rivas Gasteazoro, Noel, Legal Advisor to the Frente Amplio Political Committee; Nicaraguan Minister of Industry and Commerce

Rivas, Rafael Cordova, Nicaraguan Union of Democratic Liberation and Frente Amplio leader

Rivera Lopez, Mario, National Party of Honduras

Rixse, Jay, member, National Security Council Staff

Robelo Callejas, Alfonso, Nicaraguan businessman and founder of the Nicaraguan Democratic Movement; Member of Nicaraguan Provisional Junta

Robertson, W.D., Rear Admiral, Vice Director for Operations, Defense Intelligence Agency

Rodriguez Porth, Jose Antonio, Salvadoran Foreign Minister

Roel Garcia, Santiago, Mexican Foreign Minister

Rogers, William “Bill”, former Under Secretary and Co-Leader of the Special Presidential Mission to El Salvador

Rojas Paredas, Armando Leonidas, General; Salvadoran Minister of Interior

Roldos, Jaime, President of Ecuador

Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, Salvadoran General and President from July 1977

Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, Roman Catholic Archbishop of El Salvador

Rondon, Fernando, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Tegucigalpa, from July 1978 until September 1980

Rosenberg, Robert, Intelligence Coordinator, National Security Council, from January 1977 until March 1980

Rowlands, Edward, U.K. Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office; Deputy Foreign Minister

Royo, Aristides, President of Panama

Rusk, Dean, Former Secretary of State

Sacasa, Ramiro, Nicaraguan Constitutionalist Liberal Movement member

Salamin, Marcel, Torrijos’s Political Adviser

Salazar Brenes, Alvaro, Salvadoran former Air Force Major

Sanchez, Heberto, General; Nicaraguan Minister of Defense

Sancho Sanchez, Luis, Member of the Frente Amplio and National Socialist Party

Sanders, Edward, Deputy Associate Director for International Affairs/Assistant Director for National Security and International Affairs, Office of Management and Budget

Sandino, Rene, Party of National Conciliation leader

Sapia-Bosch, Al, National Foreign Assessment Center, Central Intelligence Agency

Sarbanes, Paul Spiros, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Maryland)

Schneider, Mark, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs from April 1977

Schuller, Gordon, Admiral; Director, Inter-American Region Department of Defense

Schweitzer, Robert L. Major General, USA; Director of Strategy Plans and Policy, U.S. Army

Sevilla Sacasa, Guillermo, Nicaraguan Ambassador to the United States from 1977 until 1979

Shelton, Sally Angela, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from August 1977 until April 1979

Shelton, Turner Blair, U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua from 1970 until 1975

Shoman, Assad, Belizean Attorney General

Shuler, Robert Lee, Counselor for Economic and Commercial Affairs in Guatemala

Silva, Rodolfo, Costa Rican Ambassador from 1977 until 1978

Sinn, Melvin, Chargé d’Affaires ad interim in Guatemala City from August 1980 until September 1981

Skinner-Klee, Jorge, Former Guatemalan Foreign Minister

Smart, William, Operations Coordinator, U.S. Embassy in San Salvador

Smith, Carl R., Brigadier General, USAF; Military Assistant to the Secretary of Defense

Smith, Norman Shaw, Deputy Director of the Office of Policy Planning for Public and Congressional Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from July 1977; International Relations Officer from October 1979 until February 1980

Smith, William Y., Lieutenant General, USAF; Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Soluan, Mauricio, U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua from September 1977 until February 1979

Solomon, Anthony, Under Secretary of the Treasury

Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, President of Nicaragua until July 1979

Somoza, Jose R., Inspector General, Nicaraguan National Guard; President Somoza’s brother

Somoza Portocarrero, Anastasio “Tachito”, Commander, Infantry Basic Training School, Nicaraguan National Guard; Son of Nicaraguan President

Somoza Portocarrero, Hope, President of the Nicaraguan National Institute of Social Security; Wife of Nicaraguan President Somoza

Spadafora, Hugo, Former Panamanian Minister of Health

Spiers, Ronald I., Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in London, from 1974 until 1977; Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research from January 28, 1980, until October 4, 1981

Spreti, Carl von, Federal Republic of Germany Ambassador to Guatemala

Squire, William, U.K. First Secretary, British Embassy; Counselor

Starrs, Francis R., Alternate Representative to the Organization of American States from August 1978

Stedman, William Perry Jr., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from June 1977

Stockman, Charles James Jr., Deputy Mission Director, U.S. Embassy in La Paz, Agency for International Development, from September 1977; Regional Development Officer from July 1978

Stoddard, Philip, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Current Analysis, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, from July 1980

Stroessner, Alfredo, President of Paraguay

Studds, Gerry Eastman, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Massachusetts); Member of Congressional Delegation to Honduras

Suazo Cordoba, Roberto, Liberal Party of Honduras leader

Swett, Ted, Colonel, USA; Executive Secretary of the Inter-American Defense Board; U.S. Military Group Commander in Nicaragua

Tablada Solis, Alcedo, delegate to Frente Amplio-Liberal Party of Nicaragua talks under Negotiating Group auspices; Nicaraguan Ambassador-designate

Taraki, Nur Muhammad, Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1978 until 1979

Tarnoff, Peter, Executive Secretary of the Department of State from April 1977 until February 1981

Tefel Velez, Reynaldo Antonio, Nicaraguan member of the Frente Amplio Political Committee; Nicaraguan Director of Social Security Institute

Tighe, Eugene, Lieutenant General, USAF; Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency

Tirado Lopez, Manuel Victor, Member of the Sandinista National Liberation Front National Directorate

Tito, Josip Broz, President of Yugoslavia until May 4, 1980

Theberge, James D., U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua from August 11, 1975, until June 8, 1977

Thornton, Thomas, South Asia and United Nations Matters, National Security Council, from 1977 until January 1981

Todman, Terence A., U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica from March 17, 1975, until January 24, 1977; Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from April 1, 1977, until June 27, 1978

Torres Arias, Leonidas, Lieutenant Colonel, Member of the Honduran Superior Defense Council; Chief of Honduran Military Intelligence

Torrijos Herrera, Omar, Brigadier General, Commander of the Panamanian National Guard; Chief of Government from October 11, 1972, until October 11, 1978

Trujillo, Rafael, President of the Dominican Republic from 1942 until 1954

Tucker, Frank Mayer, Jr., Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy to Nicaragua, from April 1978 until July 1979

Tunnerman Bernheim, Carlos, Leader of the Frente Amplio; Member of the Group of 12; Nicaraguan Minister of Education

Turbay Ayala, Julio Cesar, President of Colombia from August 1978 until August 1982

Turner, Stansfield, Admiral, USN; Director of Central Intelligence from March 9, 1977, until January 20, 1981

Ungo Revelo, Guillermo Manuel, President of the Revolutionary Democratic Front from December 1980; Member of the Revolutionary Governing Junta of El Salvador

Urcuyo Maliaon, Francisco, Nicaraguan Congressman of Liberal Party; Interim President of Nicaragua in July 1979

Uribe Vargas, Diego, Colombian Foreign Minister

Urquia, Miguel Raphael, Salvadoran Permanent Representative to the United Nations

Vaky, Viron P. “Pete”, U.S. Ambassador to Venezuela from July 26, 1976, until June 24, 1978; Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from July 21, 1978, until November 30, 1979

Valdez, Abelardo, Assistant Administrator for Latin America and the Caribbean, Agency for International Development; Chief of Protocol, Department of State, from October 19, 1979, until January 21, 1981

Valle Salinas, Nicolas, Colonel; Chief of Police in Managua

Vance, Cyrus, Secretary of State from January 23, 1977, until April 20, 1980

Videla, Jorge Rafael, Brigadier General; Chairman of the Argentinean Military Junta and President of Argentina from March 24, 1976, until March 29, 1981

Vides Casanova, Carlos Eugenio, Colonel; Director of the Salvadoran National Guard

Viera, Rodolfo, Director of the Salvadoran Agrarian Reform Agency

Villagran Kramer, Francisco, Vice President of Guatemala from 1978 until 1980

Villaluz, Ascanio, Panamanian Assistant Secretary General of the Revolutionary Party (Dominican Republic)

Walker, Gerald, Lieutenant Colonel; Defense Attaché, U.S. Embassy in San Salvador

Warne, W. Robert, Director of the Office of Caribbean Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State

Webster, William H., Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from February 23, 1978 until 1987

Weissman, Marvin, U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica from 1977 until 1980; U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia from 1980

Welter, Daniel R., International Relations Officer, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from June 1977 until December 1979

Wheelock Roman, Jaime, Revolutionary Government of Nicaragua National Directorate member; Nicaraguan Minister of Agricultural Development

White, Robert Edward, U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 until 1980; U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador from 1980 until 1981

Wickham, John A., Jr., Lieutenant General, USA; Acting Director, Joint Chiefs of Staff, from August 22, 1978, to June 22, 1979

Williams, Eric Eustace, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago

Wilson, Charlie, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Texas)

Wise, Phil, Appointments Secretary to President Carter

Winstanley, Ralph II, Regional Political Program, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State

Wright, James Claude Jr. “Jim,”member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Texas)

Wunderlich, Julio Asenio, Former Guatemalan Ambassador to the United States

Yanes, Federico Castillo, Salvadoran Foreign Minister; thereafter Minister of Defense

Yatron, Gus, member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Pennsylvania)

Yepez Boscan, Guillermo, Venezuelan Ambassador to Nicaragua

Young, Andrew, United States Representative to the United Nations from January 30, 1977, until August 15, 1979

Zambrano Velasco, Jose Alberto, Foreign Minister of Venezuela

Zamora, David, Deputy in the Nicaraguan Liberal Party

Zamora Rivas, Mario, Salvadoran politician with the Christian Democrtatic Party

Zeron Pepiton, Carlos Manuel, Honduran Minister of the Economy

Zorinsky, Edward, Senator (D-Nebraska)

Zuniga, Ricardo, Honduran National Party leader

Foreign Relations of the United States 1977–1980; Volume XV; Central America, 1977–1980

Persons