Index

References are to document numbers

    • Abako party (see also Kasavubu, Joseph), 145
    • Adams, Gen. Paul D., 335, 390, 472
    • Adoula, Cyrille (see also Adoula government (1961-64)):
      • Congolese National Army retraining, 162
      • Harriman meetings, 162
      • Humphrey Congo visit, 569
      • Katanga policy, 116
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 536, 537
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict, 13
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 453
      • Mobutu regime, 496
      • No confidence crisis (1962), 126
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 1, 82, 84, 87, 90, 91, 101
      • Political reshuffling (1963), 139, 140, 143, 148, 153
      • RADECO, 240
      • Simba Rebellion, 208, 243, 370, 496
      • Tshombe government political situation, 370
    • Adoula government (1961-64) (see also Adoula government Katanga policy; Adoula government period political action operations; Simba Rebellion; U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Adoula government):
    • Adoula government Katanga policy:
      • CIA-Congolese contact discussions, 112
      • CIA memoranda, 116
      • Katanga bombing (Nov. 1962), 127
      • Léopoldville Station evaluation, 92, 101, 109
      • No confidence crisis (1962) and, 126
      • Post-reintegration, 149, 162
      • Special Group memoranda, 100
      • Tshombe Léopoldville talks (1962), 114, 119
      • UN reconciliation plan, 123
    • Adoula government period political action operations:
    • African countries (see also African aid to Congo government under Simba Rebellion; African aid to rebels under Simba Rebellion; African hostility toward Tshombe government; specific countries):
      • Congolese political situation and, 433, 438, 448, 450, 451
      • Ethiopian initiative proposals, 231
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967) responses, 511
      • Operation Dragon Rouge responses, 332, 364, 365
      • U.S. policy toward, 379, 388
    • African hostility toward Tshombe government:
      • Adoula views, 370
      • Election planning and, 411
      • Mercenary presence in Congo and, 243, 385
      • Rusk memoranda, 367, 381
      • Special Group discussions, 373, 397
      • 303 Committee discussions, 254
      • Tshombe diplomatic offensive, 381, 384, 391, 393, 399, 404
      • Tshombe OAU policy and, 248, 262
      • Tshombe U.S. visit proposals and, 380
      • Uganda border conflict, 398
      • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 313, 400
      • U.S. economic aid and, 388
    • Agency for International Development (AID), 580
    • Air Force aid. See U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during Simba Rebellion; U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Adoula government; U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime.
    • Alba, Col., 477
    • Alexander, 333
    • Algeria:
    • Amitay, Morris J., 355
    • Anany, Jerome, 131, 132, 146, 151, 448, 451, 471
    • Anderson, Robert, 432, 444, 482, 515, 550
    • Angola:
      • Adoula government and, 149
      • Harriman-Adoula discussions, 162
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967) and, 557, 559, 560
      • Mercenary presence in, 162, 163, 189, 193, 480, 481, 547
      • OAU response to Simba Rebellion and, 243
      • Tshombe government relations with, 393
    • Appling, Hugh G., 159, 160, 172, 175, 188, 203, 275
    • Ascham, 14, 15, 27
    • Attwood, William:
    • Bachtell, Col., 562
    • Balewa, Abubakar, 179, 220
    • Ball, George:
      • Kisangani rebellion (1966), 475
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 444
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • Aerial photography, 303
        • African aid to Congo government, 174
        • Air operations restrictions, 290, 291, 295, 296
        • Belgian aid, 173
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 261, 262
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 316, 341, 342
          • Bundy memoranda, 339
          • Johnson discussions, 343, 347, 352
          • Johnson-Rusk discussions, 344
          • Publicity, 359
          • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 346, 356
        • Operations Dragon Blanc/Noir/Vert, 359
        • Political settlement proposals, 395
        • Reconciliation manifesto proposal, 317
        • Red Cross access, 310
        • South African pilot project, 280
        • Stanleyville hostages, 304
        • Stanleyville radio air strike plans, 249
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 270, 289, 293
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 300, 346, 356, 432
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 338, 340
      • Tshombe government, 368, 372, 395, 411, 425, 433
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 188
      • U.S. aid to Mobutu regime, 479
    • Baluba-Kasai party, 145
    • Balubakat party, 145
    • Bamba, Emanuel, 470, 471
    • Basongo, Gen., 505
    • Baum, Robert D., 366
    • Beigel, Edgar J., 479, 495, 572
    • Belgian aid to Congo, proposed and actual (see also under Simba Rebellion):
    • Belgian residents in Congo:
      • Mobutu regime anti-Belgian demonstrations, 538, 539, 579
      • Under Adoula government, 119
    • Belgium (see also Belgian aid to Congo, proposed and actual; Belgian residents in Congo; Union Minière; U.S.-Belgian consultations):
      • Adoula government influence, 151, 153
      • Conakat party and, 145
      • Congo military bases, 7
      • Kisangani rebellion (1966), 476, 478
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 508, 511
      • Lumumba escape/recapture (Nov. 1960) and, 45
      • Lumumba execution, 76
      • Mercenary evacuation, 551, 558
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 456
      • Simba Rebellion reconciliation manifesto proposal, 324
    • Belk, Samuel, 184, 300, 302
    • Bell, David E., 211
    • Berlind, Alan D., 278, 404, 406, 444, 460
    • Binza group (see also Bomboko, Justin; Mobutu Sese Seko; Nendaka Bika, Victor), 193, 414
    • Bissell, Richard:
      • Adoula government, 101, 107, 119
      • Elections (May 1960), 3
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 38, 42, 67, 71
      • Lumumba assassination plans, 1, 30
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 86, 88
      • Soviet aid to Stanleyville government, 79
    • Blake, James J.:
    • Bobozo, Gen., 163, 453, 456
    • Boeynants, Paul V., 515
    • Boggs, Marion, 11
    • Bohlen, Charles E., 163, 578
    • Bokassa, Jean-Bedel, 549
    • Bolikango, Jean, 84, 87, 146, 208
    • Bolya, Paul, 471
    • Bomboko, Justin, 1
      • Adoula government, 109, 113, 143
      • Humphrey Congo visit, 569
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 52, 53, 61, 71
      • Kimba coup plot, 471
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 495, 504, 538
      • Lumumba imprisonment, 56
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960), 17, 18
      • Mercenary evacuation, 540, 571
      • Mobutu coup (1960), 23, 31
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 453
      • Mobutu regime:
        • Anti-white demonstrations under, 518
        • Belgian aid to, 550
        • Tshombe trial, 491
        • U.S. aid requests, 479
        • U.S. military aid requests, 505, 506
      • New province creation, 121
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 84, 87
      • Political reshuffling (1963), 148
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 446
      • Simba Rebellion, 208, 243
      • Tshombe coup plots (1966), 481
      • Tshombe extradition requests, 528
      • Tshombe government, 414, 442
      • Tshombe kidnapping, 502
      • U.S. visit, 571
    • Bowles, Chester A., 65, 82, 83, 86, 88
    • Brademas, John, 520
    • Brashears, Capt., 318
    • Braun, Sidney, 24
    • Brazzaville. See Congo-Brazzaville.
    • Bross, John A., 141
    • Brown, C., 493
    • Brown, Elizabeth Ann, 495, 536
    • Brown, L. Dean, 427
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 478, 495, 517, 537, 542
      • Mercenary evacuation, 543, 549, 550, 552, 556, 559
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 453, 458, 461
      • Mobutu regime:
        • African mercenary replacement proposals, 477
        • Anti-Belgian demonstrations, 539
        • Belgian aid to, 469
        • Kimba coup plot, 471
        • Tshombe coup plots (1966), 468
        • Tshombe trial, 491
        • U.S. aid requests, 479
        • U.S. military aid requests, 506
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 437, 438, 443, 444
      • Simba Rebellion, 432
      • Tshombe extradition requests, 528
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 497, 508, 530, 533, 554, 556
    • Brubeck, William H.:
    • Buffum, William B., 159, 172, 174, 216, 367
    • Bunche, Ralph, 7, 119, 201, 242
    • Bundy, McGeorge:
      • Adoula government, 130, 142, 143, 160, 166, 177, 184
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 77
      • Mobutu regime, 463, 464
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 1, 83, 86
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 436, 439, 445, 447
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, 220
        • Air operations restrictions, 296, 305, 387
        • Belgian aid to Congo government, 220, 226
        • Brubeck memoranda, 209
        • Cease-fire proposals, 375
        • Chinese People’s Republic role, 210
        • Congolese Air Force pilot project, 281
        • European participation, 382
        • Harriman memoranda, 193
        • Johnson discussions, 205
        • Maritime interdiction program, 399
        • Mercenary force formation, 220, 226
        • Military situation, 410, 413
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 256, 264
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 314, 320, 322, 325, 332, 339, 347, 354, 356, 357
        • Political settlement proposals, 391, 395, 410
        • Stanleyville hostages, 274, 283, 285, 302, 336
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 178, 237, 254, 289, 440
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 339
        • Western military intervention, 298
      • Tshombe extradition requests, 527
      • Tshombe government:
        • Election planning (1964-65), 399
        • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 401, 405, 409, 411, 413, 4401
        • Formation of, 189
        • Political situation, 424, 426, 428
        • U.S. political action operations, 218
        • U.S. relations with, 396
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 178, 527
      • U.S. covert operations publicity policy, 185
    • Burchinal, Lt. Gen. David A., 318
    • Burden, William, 67
    • Burgess, Warren R., 61
    • Burundi:
    • Cabell, Gen. Charles P., 38
    • Cailleau, Georges, 72
    • Canada, 561
    • Canup, William, 74, 438, 443, 456, 461, 468, 469, 471
    • Cardoso, Mario, 243, 264, 277, 399, 401
    • Carlson, Paul, 302, 331, 350
    • Carlucci, Frank C., 414
    • Carter, Lt. Gen. Marshall S., 138, 141, 167, 185, 237
    • Cashin, Richard, 432, 438
    • Cashin, Richard M., 172, 477
    • Cater, Simba Rebellion, 211
    • Central African Republic (CAR), 219, 549
    • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (see also U.S. covert operations in Congo; specific operations):
      • Information Reports:
        • TDCS-3/462, 691, 60
        • TDCS-3/464, 615, Field Report, 68
        • TDCS-3/465, 477, Field Report, 75
        • TDCS DB-315/02519-67, 503
    • Cerea party, 145, 146
    • Chapin, Frederic L., 288, 313
    • Cheslaw, Irving G., 572
    • Chinese People’s Republic (CPR):
    • Christian, George, 527
    • Church Committee:
      • On Lumumba assassination plans, 11, 24, 28, 30, 32, 46, 50
      • On Lumumba escape/recapture (Nov. 1960), 45
    • Clark, G. Edward, 456
    • Cleveland, James H., 159, 160, 172, 201, 342, 348
    • Clingerman, John R., 244, 326, 354
    • Clock, Philip, 57
    • Committee of National Liberation (CNL) (see also Simba Rebellion), 163, 165, 167, 172, 182, 189, 194
    • Common Organization of African and Malagasy States (OCAM), 398, 400, 404
    • Conakat party (see also Tshombe, Moise), 3, 145, 176
    • Congo-Brazzaville (see also Committee of National Liberation):
      • Aid to Simba rebels, 366, 393
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967) and, 511
      • Post-Tshombe crisis and, 448, 450, 451
      • Simba Rebellion, 226, 242, 245
      • Tshombe government Tutsi expulsion, 228
      • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 163
    • Congo Task Force, 231
    • Congo Working Group (CWG), 256
    • Congolese Air Force (CAF). See U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during Simba Rebellion; U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Adoula government; U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime.
    • Congolese National Army (CNA) (see also Mobutu subsidy program; specific conflicts):
    • Congress, U.S. (see also Church Committee):
    • Coote, Wendell B., 393
    • Cordier, Andrew W., 16
    • Correll, Alice B., 238
    • Crawford, Franklin J., 406
    • Creel, Robert C., 246, 329, 333, 338, 340
    • Cyr, Leo G., 540
    • Czechoslovakia, 79
    • Davidson, E. A., 182
    • Davignon, Etienne:
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 542, 548
      • Mercenary evacuation, 550
      • Mobutu regime, 482
      • Rothschild detail to Tshombe government, 252
      • Simba Rebellion, 246, 282, 313, 432
      • Tshombe government political situation, 404
    • Davis, Allen C., 238, 244, 316, 367, 414
    • Day, Arthur R., 549, 572
    • Dayal, Rajeshwar, 40, 51, 112
    • De Coster (doctor), 72, 76
    • De Kerchove, Charles:
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 452, 458
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • Mercenary force formation, 207
        • Military situation, 374
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 328, 333, 345, 346, 353
        • Reconciliation manifesto proposal, 319, 324
      • Tshombe government political situation, 423
    • De Schoutheets, 482
    • Defense, U.S. Department of (DOD) (see also Vance, Cyrus), 125, 127, 526
    • Delperdange, Gen., 453, 458
    • Delvaux, Albert, 48, 471
    • Deming, Olcott, 397, 398, 402, 404
    • Denis, Georges, 31
    • Denney, George C., Jr., 218
    • Department of State. See State, Department of.
    • Devlin, Lawrence (Larry):
      • Adoula government:
        • Adoula Group coup planning (1962), 129
        • Gizenga imprisonment, 106
        • Katanga policy, 119
        • No confidence crisis (1962), 126
        • Political situation, 101
        • U.S. military aid to, 157
        • U.S. political action operations, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 134, 137, 142
      • Elections (May 1960), 2, 6
      • Gizenga removal proposals, 106
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government:
        • Stanleyville military operation proposals, 53
        • U.S. covert support for, 54, 64, 65, 73, 80
        • U.S. policy alternatives, 67
        • U.S. political action operations, 48, 49
      • Lumumba assassination plans, 28, 30, 33, 43
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960), 17, 20
      • Lumumba U.S. visa request, 25
      • On Mobutu, 144
      • Mobutu coup (1960), 19, 22
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 452, 453, 454, 457, 459
      • Mobutu regime, 464, 470, 471, 484, 498, 499
      • Mobutu subsidy program, 227
      • Political reshuffling (1963), 140
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 446, 448, 451
      • Pre-independence period political action operations, 2
      • Simba Rebellion, 202, 217, 427
      • Tshombe government:
        • Contacts with, 191, 192
        • Léopoldville Station evaluations, 194
        • Political situation, 370, 419, 422, 430
        • U.S. official policy, 119, 191
        • U.S. political action operations, 427, 430, 434
      • Tshombe government contacts, 191, 192
      • United Nations Operation in the Congo, 112
      • U.S. economic aid to Congo, 107, 119
      • U.S. official Congo policy, 119
    • Dewilde, 577
    • Dey Ould Sidi Baba, 374
    • Dhanis, Francis, 3
    • Diamanti, Walker A., 238, 278
    • Dillon, C. Douglas, 11, 25, 211
    • Dirksen, Everett, 530
    • Documents not declassified, 34, 111, 120, 147
    • Dodd, Thomas J., 396, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 436, 439, 449
    • Dodds, Col. William, 161, 208, 226, 229, 230, 427
    • Dougherty, Brig. Gen., 318
    • Dragon Rouge. See Operation Dragon Rouge under Simba Rebellion.
    • Dulles, Allen:
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 42, 71, 77
      • Kasavubu/Lumumba government, 12, 14
      • Lumumba assassination plans, 1, 11, 24
      • Lumumba execution, 78
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960), 15
      • Lumumba U.S. visa request, 25
      • Mobutu coup (1960), 27, 31
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 88
      • U.S. official Congo policy, 66
    • Dunn, Lt. Col. James E., 318, 326
    • Eagleton, William L., Jr., 393
    • Economic situation:
    • Edessa, Mammo, 307
    • Egypt. See United Arab Republic.
    • Eisenberg, Robert, 94, 104
    • Eisenhower, Dwight D.:
      • Lumumba assassination plans, 11, 24, 28
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 127
    • Elections (May 1960) (see also Kasavubu/Lumumba government (1960)), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 16
    • Emmanuel, Argiry, 79
    • Engulu, Léon, 146
    • Ethiopia, 226, 231, 235, 511
    • Farmer, James, 393, 399
    • Fearey, Robert A., 188
    • Ferguson, C. Clyde, 572
    • Ferguson, C. Vaughan, Jr., 3
    • Fields, Glenn D.:
      • Adoula government, 151, 155, 157, 167, 169, 170
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 57, 67, 69
      • Lumumba assassination plans, 24, 32, 46
      • Mobutu regime, 464, 492
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 84
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to rebels, 373, 386
        • Air operations restrictions, 301
        • Maritime interdiction program, 427
        • Mercenary force formation, 217, 223, 390
        • South African pilot project, 280
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 272, 301, 386, 415, 427
      • Tshombe government:
        • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 401, 405
        • Political situation, 370
        • Tshombe-U.S. contact meetings, 196
        • U.S. official policy, 191
        • U.S. political action operations, 218, 420, 427, 466
      • U.S. covert tribal leader contributions, 223
      • U.S. official Congo policy, 66
    • 5412 Committee, 6
    • Fine, Sydney H., 222
    • Fitzgerald, Desmond, 427, 466, 467, 472, 498
    • Ford, Alan W., 133, 159, 160
    • Fowler, Joe, 576
    • France, 163, 219, 393, 456, 508, 561
    • Fredericks, Wayne:
      • Adoula government, 94, 104, 129
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 517, 520, 537
      • Mobutu regime, 471, 487, 508, 509, 515
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 82
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, 243, 246
        • Ethiopian initiative proposals, 231
        • Maritime interdiction program, 399, 427
        • Mercenary force formation, 236
        • Military situation, 460
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 250, 251, 257, 262, 268, 271
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 313, 319, 364
        • South African pilot project, 281
        • Stanleyville hostages, 233, 234, 282
        • Stanleyville radio air strike plans, 249
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 279, 432
      • Tshombe government:
        • African hostility toward, 381
        • Election planning (1964-65), 399
        • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 401, 409
        • Political situation, 414, 423, 426, 433
        • Tshombe-U.S. contact meetings, 196
        • Tshombe U.S. visit proposal (Jan. 1965), 380
        • Tutsi expulsion, 228
        • U.S. political action operations, 427, 433, 442
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 183
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 133, 421, 427, 508
    • Front Democratique Congolais (FDC), 434
    • Fulbright, J.W., 393
    • Gall, Col., 160, 172, 179, 207, 222, 244, 319
    • Ganao, Charles D., 393
    • Gardiner, Robert, 119
    • Garin, Vasco, 557
    • Gates, Walter B., 310
    • Gaud, William, 373, 501, 553, 576
    • Gbenye, Christophe:
    • Gendarmes. See Katanga gendarmes (Katgens).
    • Geneva Convention, 290, 295, 331
    • Getachew, 307
    • Ghana:
      • Aid to Simba rebels, 366
      • Congo political situation and, 433, 438, 450
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 37, 43
      • Mobutu coup (1960), 27
      • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 263
      • Stanleyville hostages, 234, 242
    • Gilpatric, Roswell L., 83
    • Gizenga, Antoine (see also Stanleyville government):
      • Adoula government role, 92, 94, 100, 101
      • Imprisonment, 106, 108, 189
      • Lumumba escape/recapture (Nov. 1960) and, 45
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92
      • PSA coup plot (1960), 27
      • Timberlake memoranda, 67
      • U.S. removal proposals, 106, 108
    • Gleysteen, William H., Jr., 517
    • Godley, G. McMurtrie, II:
    • Goldwater, Barry, 263
    • Good, Robert, 279, 570
    • Gordon, Herbert, 298
    • Gouza, Jean, 393
    • Grant, Lindsey, 233, 234, 235, 236
    • Gray, Lt. Col., 318
    • Great Britain, 179, 383, 550, 561
    • Greene, Col. M. J. L., 123
    • Greene report, 122, 123, 133
    • Greenfield, James L., 222
    • Grenfell, Georges, 146
    • Guinea, 27, 37
    • Gullion, Edmund:
      • Adoula government:
        • Adoula Group coup planning (1962), 129
        • Economic aid requests, 107
        • Gizenga imprisonment, 106
        • Kasavubu martial law decree (Nov. 1963), 154
        • Katanga policy, 112
        • Léopoldville Station evaluations, 119
        • No confidence crisis (1962), 126
        • U.S. contingency planning, 115
        • U.S. military aid, 127
        • U.S. political action operations, 121, 142, 146, 156
      • Gizenga removal proposals, 106, 108
      • Political reshuffling (1963), 153
      • Tshombe Léopoldville talks (1962), 114
      • UN operations in Katanga, 96
      • U.S. covert operations long-range planning, 95, 97
    • Hadsel, Fred L., 364, 569
    • Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia), 231, 235
    • Hamilton, Edward, 474, 489, 540, 558
    • Hammarskjöld, Dag, 11, 21, 38, 40, 51, 67
    • Hand, Frank, 472
    • Harmel, Pierre, 469, 482, 515, 548, 550, 559, 568
    • Harriman, W. Averell:
      • Adoula government:
        • Belgian aid to, 175
        • Congo visit, 162, 164, 165
        • Congolese National Army retraining, 159, 162
        • Rusk memoranda, 172
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 163
        • U.S. military aid to, 161, 162, 164, 165
        • U.S. political action operations, 170
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 65
      • Mercenary presence in Congo, 392
      • Mobutu regime, 471
      • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 406
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 437, 439, 443, 446
      • Simba Rebellion:
      • State Department internal conflicts, 256
      • Tshombe government:
        • African hostility toward, 381, 385, 393, 397
        • Election planning (1964-65), 393
        • Formation of, 189
        • Political situation, 193, 423
        • Tshombe-Spaak meetings, 372
        • Tshombe U.S. visit proposal (Dec. 1964), 368
        • Tutsi expulsion, 228
        • U.S. political action operations, 218
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 181, 183, 188
      • U.S. policy toward African countries, 388
    • Hart, Col., 533
    • Hartman, Arthur A., 550
    • Haverkamp, Roy T., 491, 495, 496, 547, 549
    • Heine, Velma, 343
    • Helman, Gerald B., 238, 243
    • Helms, Richard M.:
    • Hennessey, Helen M., 289
    • Herter, Christian, 15, 61
    • Hickenlooper, Bourke B., 393, 530
    • Hilsman, Roger, Jr., 104, 120, 129, 133
    • Hirsch, Comdt., 26
    • Hoare, Mike (see also Mercenary force formation under Simba Rebellion), 399, 410
    • Hoffacker, Lewis, 243, 244, 248, 312, 329
    • Hoffman, George, 572
    • Holmes, Edward W., 478
    • Hoopes, Townsend, 526
    • Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, 375, 570
    • Hoyt, Michael, 214, 233, 266, 339, 364
    • Hughes, 170, 304, 532
    • Humphrey, Hubert H., 336, 568, 569, 570, 571
    • Idzumbuir, Theodore, 243, 367
    • Ileo, Joseph:
      • Adoula government role, 113
      • Elections (May 1960), 6, 16
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 51
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960) and, 15, 17
      • Mobutu coup (1960), 23
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 82, 84, 87, 90, 91
    • Indekeu, Emile, 313
    • India, 37
    • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC):
    • Irwin, John N., II, 12, 26
    • Israel, 158, 160, 163
    • Italy, 158, 160, 168, 473
    • Iyassu, Gen., 74
    • Jackson, Henry M. (“Scoop”), 393
    • Jessup, Peter:
    • Johnson, Lyndon B.:
      • Adoula government:
        • Brubeck memoranda, 177
        • Congolese National Army retraining, 160
        • Harriman visit, 162, 164, 165
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under, 166, 168, 169, 171, 180
        • U.S. military aid to, 160
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 504, 508, 513, 520, 521, 522, 523
      • Mercenary evacuation, 540, 541, 555, 561, 574
      • Mobutu regime:
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, 179, 220
        • African aid to rebels, 369
        • Brubeck memoranda, 199
        • Bundy discussions, 205
        • Bundy memoranda, 210
        • Dodds team rescue, 229
        • Ethiopian initiative proposals, 231
        • European participation, 382
        • Maritime interdiction program, 431
        • Mercenary force formation, 220, 221
        • Military situation, 403
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 264, 267, 277
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 315, 322, 330, 336, 343, 344, 347, 352, 359
        • Operations Dragon Blanc/Noir/Vert, 359, 360
        • Stanleyville hostages, 233
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 247
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 339
      • Tshombe extradition requests, 527
      • Tshombe government, 396, 424, 426
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 1
      • U.S. economic aid to Congo, 501, 524, 553, 576
    • Johnson, Robert H., 11
    • Johnson, Tom, 523
    • Johnson, U. Alexis, 124, 125, 127, 464, 467, 473
    • Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS):
      • Congolese National Army retraining, 158
      • Simba Rebellion, 182, 245
        • Air operations restrictions, 305, 389
        • Cease-fire proposals, 376
        • Napalm use proposals, 408
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 309, 335
        • Stanleyville hostages, 255, 284, 301
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 379, 467
      • U.S. policy toward African countries, 379
    • Joint Chiefs of Staff memoranda:
      • JCSM-48-65, “Restrictions Upon Air Operations,” 389
      • JCSM-756-64, “Internal Security of the Congo (U),” 245
      • JCSM-1071-64, “Congo Cease Fire,” 376
    • Joint Strategic Survey Council memoranda, JCS 2262/145, “The Situation in the Congo (U),” 182
    • Judd, Thomas M., 179, 381, 414, 477
    • Junkerman, Col., 173, 174
    • Kabemba, Joseph, 393
    • Kabeya, Alcidor, 502
    • Kalonji, Albert, 68, 393
    • Kamitatu, Cleophas, 79, 84, 126, 471
    • Kandolo, Daniel, 68
    • Kansa, Thomas, 301
    • Kanza, Andre Eduard, 79
    • Kanza, Daniel, 79
    • Kanza, Thomas, 94, 336, 340, 350, 383, 393
    • Kapwasa, Andre, 471
    • Karamessines, Thomas, 167, 223, 494, 575
    • Kasavubu, Joseph (see also Adoula government; Kasavubu/Lumumba government (1960); Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960); Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government; Tshombe government):
      • Adoula Group coup planning (1962), 131, 150
      • Elections (May 1960), 4, 6
      • Gizenga imprisonment, 189
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government period political action operations, 71
      • Lumumba execution and, 99
      • Lumumba imprisonment, 56
      • Martial law decree (Nov. 1963), 154
      • Mobutu coup (1960), 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 35
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 452, 453, 456
      • Organization of African Unity, 190
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 90, 91
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 436, 437, 438, 439, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449
      • PSA coup plot (1960), 27
      • Simba Rebellion, 219
        • African aid to Congo government, 215, 243, 248
        • Air operations restrictions, 297
        • Harriman memoranda, 193
        • Mercenary force formation, 200, 215
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 250, 264, 277
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 341, 345
        • Reconciliation manifesto proposal, 324
      • Tshombe government:
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 184
    • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government (Sept. 1960-Aug. 1961) (see also Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government period political action operations; Lumumba, Patrice, execution of; Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961); covert support for Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government):
      • Belgian military aid to, 52, 61, 67
      • CIA briefings, 47, 51
      • Lumumba escape/recapture (Nov. 1960), 45, 46, 47
      • Lumumba imprisonment, 56, 59, 60, 62
      • PSA coup plot (1960), 27
      • Stanleyville military operation proposals, 47, 51, 52, 53, 67, 69, 71, 73
      • U.S. administration change and, 64
      • U.S. policy alternatives and, 67
    • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government period political action operations:
      • CIA memoranda, 35, 36, 65
      • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 35, 40, 44
      • Mobutu-CIA contacts, 19, 48, 49
      • Special Group discussions, 37, 38, 39, 71
    • Kasavubu/Lumumba government (1960) (see also Lumumba assassination plans):
      • National Security Council briefing papers, 7
      • Soviet relations with, 1, 7
      • U.S. political action operations, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19
    • Kasongo, Joseph, 94, 101
    • Katanga (see also Adoula government Katanga policy):
      • Lumumba execution, 60, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 99
      • Lumumba imprisonment, 56, 60, 62
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 84
      • Reintegration of, 133, 138, 149
      • Secession of, 1, 7, 67, 196
      • South African military aid request, 26
      • Tshombe Léopoldville talks (1962), 114, 119
      • UN operations in, 96, 100, 101, 112, 119
      • UN Security Council Resolution, 101, 216
    • Katanga gendarmes (Katgens):
    • Katzen, Jay K., 482
    • Katzenbach, Nicholas D.:
    • Kaunda, Kenneth, 511, 549, 551
    • Kayibanda, Grégoire, 541, 549, 571
    • Kazadi, Fernand, 68, 70
    • Kearney, Richard D., 453
    • Kennedy, John F.:
      • Adoula government, 119, 130
      • Angola, 162
      • Mobutu U.S. visit (1963), 144
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 83
      • UN operations in Katanga, 96
      • U.S. covert operations in Congo, 1, 77
    • Kennedy, Col. Richard T., 421, 427, 432, 468, 477, 562, 567
    • Kent, Sherman, 488
    • Kenya (see also Kenyatta, Jomo), 261, 262, 263, 265, 283
    • Kenyatta, Jomo, 92
    • Ketema Yifru, 235
    • Khrushchev, Nikita, 21
    • Kimba, Evariste:
    • Kirkpatrick, Lyman, 138, 141, 167
    • Kisangani rebellion (1966), 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 491
    • Kisangani rebellion (1967) (see also U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime):
    • Kivu province rebellion. See Simba Rebellion
    • Knecht, 74
    • Knight, Ridgway B.:
      • Belgian aid to Mobutu regime, 515
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 517, 542, 545, 548
      • Mercenary evacuation, 559, 568
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 458
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 446
      • Tshombe government political situation, 426
    • Kohler, Foy D., 492, 497, 500, 557
    • Komer, Robert W.:
      • Mobutu regime, 463
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 436, 439, 445, 447, 449
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to rebels, 373
        • Air operations restrictions, 387
        • European participation, 382
        • Maritime interdiction program, 399
        • Military situation, 382, 384, 403, 413
        • Political settlement proposals, 384, 391, 395
        • Uganda border conflict, 399
      • Tshombe government:
        • African hostility toward, 381, 384
        • Election planning (1964-65), 399
        • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 401, 405, 409, 411, 413
        • Political situation, 423, 424, 425, 426
        • Tshombe U.S. visit proposal (Jan. 1965), 380
        • U.S. relations with, 396
      • U.S. policy toward African countries, 388
    • Korry, Edward M., 235, 250, 251, 477
    • Kwilu Province insurgency (1964), 159, 160, 161, 168, 171
    • Landau, George W., 495, 547
    • Lang, Col. William E.:
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 495
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, 206
        • Air operations restrictions, 290
        • Belgian aid to Congo government, 275
        • Maritime interdiction program, 399, 427
        • Mercenary force formation, 200, 203, 207
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 250, 257
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 325, 326, 333, 334, 358
        • South African pilot project, 281
        • Stanleyville hostages, 198, 201, 308
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 421, 427
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 300
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 337
      • Tshombe government, 308, 399
    • Lauveau (doctor), 72
    • Leddy, 545, 568
    • Lefevre, Theodore, 326
    • LeMay, Gen. Curtis E., 158
    • Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman, 318, 323
    • Lengema, Marcel, 173, 243
    • Leonhart, William, 397, 398
    • Liberia, 226
    • Linner, Sture, 107
    • Lion, Rene, 482, 550
    • Litho, 437, 538, 539
    • Little, Edmund S., 288
    • Loberg, Col., 373
    • Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 11
    • Logiest, Guillaume, 236
    • Looram, Matthew J., 172, 173, 175, 258, 260, 477
    • Louveaux, Jean, 72
    • Lovanium conclave. See Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961).
    • Lumumba, Patrice (see also Kasavubu/Lumumba government (1960); Lumumba assassination plans; Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960); Stanleyville government (1960-61)):
      • On Belgian military bases, 7
      • Bunche on, 7
      • CIA briefings on, 7
      • Elections (May 1960), 3, 4, 6, 16
      • Escape/recapture (Nov. 1960), 45, 46, 47
      • Execution of, 51, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 99
      • Imprisonment of, 56, 59, 60, 62
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government period political action operations and, 37
      • Mobutu coup (1960) and, 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 35
      • NSC discussions, 11
      • Political action operations against, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12
      • Stanleyville government and, 47, 51
      • UN intervention and, 11
      • U.S. visa request, 25
    • Lumumba assassination plans:
      • CIA memoranda, 24, 28, 30, 32
      • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 30, 33, 43, 46, 50
      • NSC discussions, 1, 11
    • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960):
      • Ascham memoranda, 14
      • CIA-Congolese contact discussions, 17
      • CIA memoranda, 18, 20
      • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 13, 15
      • U.S. covert operations and, 13, 16, 19, 29, 101
    • Lundula, Gen. Victor, 80, 94, 115
    • MacArthur, Douglas, II:
      • Adoula government, 159, 172, 175
      • Rothschild detail to Tshombe government, 252
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • Belgian aid to Congo government, 173, 204, 276
        • European participation, 197
        • Mercenary force formation, 204
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 252
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 313, 319, 323, 326, 328, 333, 346, 351, 356
        • Operations Dragon Blanc/Noir/Vert, 360, 361
        • Stanleyville hostages, 282, 283
        • UN Security Council response, 367, 374
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 338
      • Tshombe government, 372
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 181, 188
    • MacDonald, John, 497
    • MacEoin, Lt. Gen. Sean, 107
    • Macfarlane, 230, 230
    • Mahamba, Alexandre, 471
    • Malagasy, 226
    • Mali, 228
    • Malila, Lt. Col. Ferdinand, 299, 446, 453
    • Manzikala, 146
    • Marliere, David A. L., 287
    • Martin, David, 396
    • Massamba-Debat, Alphonse, 393
    • Matthews, Elbert G., 179
    • McBride, Robert:
      • Anti-Belgian demonstrations, 538
      • Anti-white demonstrations, 513, 518
      • CIA-Mobutu contacts, 499
      • Humphrey Congo visit, 569
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 505, 513, 522, 523, 525, 529, 531
      • Mercenary evacuation, 540, 543, 551, 556, 558, 561, 563
      • Mobutu-CIA contacts, 582
      • Mobutu regime:
        • Mobutu extravagance, 577
        • U.S. covert aid to, 578
        • U.S. military aid requests, 505, 506
      • Tshombe extradition requests, 512, 528
      • Tshombe kidnapping, 502
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime, 513, 516, 523, 525, 529, 531, 535
        • Johnson discussions, 566
        • Mercenary evacuation proposals and, 556, 558
        • Eugene Rostow memoranda, 508
        • Walt Rostow memoranda, 519
        • Rusk memoranda, 514, 530, 554
        • Withdrawal of, 565
    • McCafferty, Arthur, 285, 321
    • McCone, John A.:
      • Adoula government period political action operations, 170
      • Mercenary presence in Congo, 392
      • Mobutu regime, 488
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to rebels, 369, 373, 383, 385, 390, 392
        • Chinese People’s Republic role, 232
        • European participation, 383
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 332, 342
          • Johnson-Rusk discussions, 344
        • Operations Dragon Blanc/Noir/Vert, 362
        • South African pilot project, 280
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 178, 247, 254, 272, 289, 301, 373, 392
        • U.S. propaganda campaigns, 218
      • Tshombe government:
        • African hostility toward, 385
        • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 412
        • U.S. covert support (1965), 383
        • U.S. official policy, 191
        • U.S. political action operations, 218
    • McConnell, Gen. J. P., 510
    • McDermott, Edward A., 211
    • McElhiney, Thomas W.:
      • Mobutu regime, 477
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 435
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to rebels, 312
        • Maritime interdiction program, 427
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 307
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 316, 319, 323, 326, 329
        • Red Cross access, 310
        • Stanleyville hostages, 304
        • Uganda border conflict, 402
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 421, 427
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 300
      • Tshombe government, 307, 372, 414, 423, 425, 427
    • McGhee, George, 77, 124, 129, 372
    • McIlvaine, Robinson:
      • Simba Rebellion, 402, 404, 406
      • Tshombe government:
        • African hostility toward, 381, 399, 400
        • Election planning (1964-65), 399
        • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 401, 411
        • Political situation, 414
        • Tshombe-Spaak meetings, 372
        • Tshombe U.S. visit proposals, 368, 380
    • McKesson, John A., 562, 567, 572, 573
    • McKillop, David:
    • McNamara, Robert:
      • Congolese National Army retraining, 158
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 77
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • Air operations restrictions, 389
        • Cease-fire proposals, 376
        • Napalm use proposals, 408
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 330, 336, 344, 352
        • Stanleyville hostages, 255, 306
      • Tshombe extradition requests, 527
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 526, 527, 544
      • U.S. policy toward African countries, 379
    • McNaughton, John, 211, 295, 308, 334, 337, 358, 373
    • Meagher, 567, 572
    • Meeker, Leonard C., 367, 528
    • Mercenary evacuation (1967):
    • Mercenary presence in Angola, 162, 163, 189, 193, 480, 481, 547
    • Mercenary presence in Congo (see also Mercenary evacuation):
      • African hostility toward Tshombe government and, 243, 385
      • Komer-Struelens discussions, 399
      • Léopoldville Station evaluations, 194
      • Mobutu regime African replacement proposals, 477
      • OAU Ad Hoc Commission communiqué, 365
      • OAU resolution, 243, 246, 252, 257
      • Political settlement proposals and, 395
      • Post-Tshombe crisis and, 445
      • Rusk-McCone discussions, 392
      • Rusk memoranda, 257, 406
      • Schaufele memoranda, 460
      • South African pilot project, 280, 281, 300, 308
      • Tshombe kidnapping and, 503
      • UN Security Council response, 374, 377, 378, 517
      • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 300
    • Mercenary uprisings. See Kisangani rebellion (1966); Kisangani rebellion (1967); Mercenary evacuation; U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime
    • Merchant, Livingston T., 12, 38, 42, 57
    • Messena, J., 79
    • Midiburo, 243
    • Mills, Hawthorne, 160, 283
    • Miruho, Jean, 471
    • Mobutu coup (Sept. 1960):
      • CIA briefings, 21, 23
      • CIA memoranda, 27, 31
      • Kasavubu role, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 35
      • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 22, 31
      • NSC discussions, 31
      • Political action operations and, 35
      • UN support requests, 37
      • UNOC role, 21, 22, 31, 51
      • U.S. role, 1, 19, 23, 29, 101, 103
    • Mobutu coup (1965):
      • Brown memoranda, 461
      • Devlin-Mobutu discussions, 453, 454, 457
      • Godley-Mobutu discussions, 452
      • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 459
      • Rusk circular telegram, 456
      • Rusk memoranda, 455
      • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 458
    • Mobutu regime (see also Kisangani rebellion (1967); Mercenary evacuation; U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime; U.S. covert aid to Mobutu regime):
    • Mobutu Sese Seko (see also Mobutu coup (1960); Mobutu coup (1965); Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government; Mobutu regime; Mobutu subsidy program):
      • Adoula government:
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under, 101, 124, 125, 127
        • U.S. military aid to, 119, 157
      • Adoula government period:
        • Adoula Group coup planning (1962), 131, 150
        • Congolese National Army retraining, 163
        • Government role, 113, 115, 187
        • No confidence crisis (1962), 126
        • U.S. political action operations and, 100
      • African mercenary replacement proposals, 477
      • Congolese National Army role, 101, 122, 138, 151, 172
      • Devlin contacts (1964), 192
      • Devlin on, 144
      • Kasavubu martial law decree (Nov. 1963), 154
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960), 15, 17, 19
      • Lumumba U.S. visa request, 25
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 87, 90
      • Political reshuffling (1963), 139
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 437, 443, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450
      • Simba Rebellion, 400
        • Mercenary force formation and, 207
        • Military situation, 208, 219
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 345
        • South African military aid to Congo government, 295, 299
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 294, 421
      • Tshombe government:
      • On UNOC, 103, 107, 112
      • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 163
      • U.S. visit (1963), 144
    • Mobutu subsidy program (see also Mobutu regime, U.S. covert aid to):
      • During Post-Tshombe crisis, 442, 448, 450
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960) and, 19
      • Under Adoula government, 102, 109, 138, 142, 151, 167, 170
      • Under Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 37
      • Under Tshombe government, 227, 442
    • Moffat, Jay P.:
    • Montague, F. Virginia, 246
    • Moody, C. G., Jr., 373
    • Moore, Adm., 562
    • Morocco, 27, 37, 51
    • Morris, Roger, 580
    • Moss, Frank E., 520
    • Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), 2
    • Mouvement National Congolais-Kiwewa, 176
    • Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba (MNC-L), 145, 146
    • Mouvement Populaire Congolais (MPC), 146
    • Moyers, Bill, 476
    • Mpolo, Maurice, 68, 72, 76, 99
    • Mulamba, Col. Leonard, 163, 270, 456
    • Mulcahy, Edward W., 312
    • Mulele, Pierre, 27, 67, 79, 94, 182
    • Mulroney, Michael, 30, 45, 46
    • Mungul-Diaka, 502
    • Munongo, Godefroid, 99, 189, 207, 227, 236, 313
    • Murumbi, Joseph, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271, 307
    • Muskie, Edmund, 520
    • Mwamba, Remy, 114, 126
    • National Intelligence Estimates, NIE 65-68, “Prospects for the Congo,” 579
    • National Security Action Memoranda, No. 97, “Use of U.S. Fighter Aircraft in the Congo,” 96
    • National Security Council (NSC):
      • Adoula Group coup planning (1962), 130
      • CIA briefing papers, 7
      • 5412 Committee, Elections (May 1960), 6
      • Kasavubu/Lumumba government, 11
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 523
      • Lumumba assassination plans, 1, 11
      • Lumumba U.S. visa request, 25
      • Mobutu coup (Sept. 1960), 31
      • Simba Rebellion, 211, 298
      • U.S. official Congo policy, 66
    • Nbwera, 268
    • Ndele, Albert, 113, 126, 208, 227, 414, 429
    • Nendaka Bika, Victor:
    • Neuman, R. H., 455
    • Newsom, David D., 231, 235, 239, 312
    • Ngalula Mpandajila, Joseph, 4
    • Nigeria:
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 511
      • Military aid to Congo government, 165, 172, 174, 179, 216, 219, 220, 226
      • OAU Ad Hoc Commission U.S. delegation visit, 269
      • UN Security Council response to Simba Rebellion, 368
    • Nitze, Paul, 509, 555
    • Nkalufa, Lt. Col. Nonore, 446
    • Nkrumah, Kwame, 7
    • Nolting, Frederick, 61
    • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 61, 375, 382, 545
    • Nyembo, 146
    • Nyren, Albert V., 228
    • Nzoigba, Col. David, 446
    • OAU Ad Hoc Commission:
    • Oberbeck, Maj. Gen. Arthur W., 318
    • Obote, Milton, 402, 404
    • ODACID. See State, Department of
    • Okito, Joseph, 68, 72, 76, 99
    • Olds, Herbert V., 190
    • Olenga, Lt. Gen. Nicholas, 214, 232, 233, 239, 278, 279, 344
    • Onama, 402
    • O’Neill, W. Paul, 307, 310, 481
    • Opepe, Col., 304
    • Organization of African Unity (OAU) (see also OAU Ad Hoc Commission), 190
    • Osorio-Tafall, Bibiano, 172, 201, 214
    • O’Sullivan, James L.:
      • Organization of African Unity, 174, 190, 197, 200, 207, 213, 225
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, 243
        • Belgian aid to Congo government, 244
        • Mercenary force formation, 236
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 250, 251, 257
        • Stanleyville hostages, 201, 233, 234, 238, 239, 266
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 222
      • Tshombe government, 228, 368
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 181, 183, 188
    • Ozzello, James, 183, 271
    • Palmer, Joseph, II:
      • Kisangani rebellion (1966), 474
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 495, 536, 537, 542, 545
      • Mercenary evacuation, 541, 543, 556, 559, 562, 567, 568
      • Mercenary presence in Angola, 481
      • Mobutu regime:
        • Anti-Belgian demonstrations, 539
        • Belgian aid to, 469
        • Bomboko U.S. visit, 571
        • Tshombe trial, 491, 493
        • U.S. aid requests, 479
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under, 533, 554, 556
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 482
        • U.S. covert aid to, 532, 578
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, OAU discussions, 243, 246, 248
        • African aid to rebels, 366
        • Air operations restrictions, 290, 291, 295, 296, 297
        • Belgian aid to Congo government, 244, 275
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 251, 257, 262, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271
        • Operation Dragon Rouge:
        • Operations Dragon Blanc/Noir/Vert, 361, 363
        • Rebel threats against U.S. citizens, 278, 279
        • Reconciliation manifesto proposal, 317, 327
        • Red Cross access, 310
        • South African pilot project, 280, 281
        • Stanleyville hostages, 258, 308
        • Stanleyville radio air strike plans, 249
        • UN Security Council response, 367, 378
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 286, 293
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 300
        • U.S. propaganda campaigns, 259
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 338, 340
      • State Department internal conflicts, 256
      • Tshombe extradition requests, 528, 537
      • Tshombe government, 308
    • Parker, James A., 478
    • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961) (see also Adoula government (1961-64)):
    • Parrott, Thomas A., 12, 26, 38, 42, 84, 86, 88
    • Parti de Reconstruction Nationale, 146
    • Parti des Démocrates Chrétiens (PDC), 146
    • Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA), 27, 145
    • Pelcovits, Nathan, 271
    • Peltier, Richard J., 456
    • Penfield, James, 3, 36, 44, 52, 66
    • Peters, Lt. Col., 503
    • Peterson, Carl H., 259
    • Pinzi, Arthur, 114
    • Podgornov, 107, 113
    • Pognon, Gratien, 269
    • Pongo, Joseph, 190
    • Pons, Michael, 487, 490
    • Popper, David H., Mercenary evacuation, 559
    • Portugal (see also Angola), 547, 579
    • Post-Tshombe crisis (see also Mobutu coup (1965)), 446
      • Ball memoranda, 444
      • CIA memoranda, 450, 451
      • Devlin-Mobutu discussions, 446
      • Komer memoranda, 439, 447
      • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 442, 448
      • Rusk memoranda, 438, 443
      • Saunders memoranda, 436, 445, 449
      • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 435, 437
    • Pre-independence period, 2, 16
    • Proctor, Carolyn J., 360
    • PROP channel (see also Lumumba assassination plans), 24
    • Puati, Lt. Col., 468
    • Puttevils, 377
    • Raborn, Adm., 467, 472
    • RADECO (Rassemblement Democratique Congolaise) (see also New party creation under Adoula government period political action operations), 167, 176, 194, 196, 240
    • Ramsey, 206, 233, 259
    • Read, Benjamin H., 264, 283, 298, 317, 493, 511
    • Red Cross. See International Committee of the Red Cross.
    • Reedy, George, 211, 354
    • Releve group, 117
    • Rendahl, John D., 381
    • Reston, James (“Scotty”), 519
    • Ridge, Thomas, 548
    • Rikhye, Indar Jit, 40
    • Roberto, Holden, 162, 163, 393, 579
    • Rodriguez, Ramiro, 487
    • Roosevelt, Archibald B., Jr., 498, 500, 564, 575
    • Root, John F., 456, 477
    • Ross, Claude G. A., 266
    • Rostow, Eugene V., 507, 508, 509
    • Rostow, Walt W.:
      • Kisangani rebellion (1966), 474
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 504, 511, 513, 520, 521, 522
      • Mercenary evacuation, 555, 558, 561, 566, 574
      • Mobutu regime:
        • Tshombe extradition requests, 527
        • Tshombe trial, 493
        • Union Minière takeover, 489
        • U.S. economic aid to, 501, 553, 576, 580
        • U.S. military aid requests, 506, 507, 508, 509
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime, 519, 521
        • Covert CIA pilot program, 544, 546
        • Johnson-McBride discussions, 566
        • Johnson-Rusk discussions, 527
        • McBride memoranda, 513
        • McConnell discussions, 510
        • 303 Committee discussions, 486, 492, 500
      • U.S. covert aid to Mobutu regime, 473
      • U.S. economic aid to Congo, 524
    • Rothschild, Robert, 252, 276
    • Rowan, Carl, 211, 221, 373
    • Ruanda, 204
    • Rubli, 266, 551
    • Runyon, 290, 310, 331, 355, 491, 495
    • Rush, Kenneth, 453
    • Rusk, Dean:
      • Adoula government, 130, 159, 160, 172
      • Congo Working Group formation, 256
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 66, 71, 77
      • Kisangani rebellion (1966), 475, 477, 478
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 506
      • Mercenary evacuation, 534, 543, 552, 562, 567, 572
        • Bomboko discussions, 571
        • Johnson-Kayibanda correspondence, 541
        • Katgen repatriation proposals, 559
        • OAU proposals, 549
        • U.S. aicraft support, 554, 556
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 568
      • Mercenary presence in Angola, 480, 547
      • Mercenary presence in Congo, 257, 392, 406
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 455, 456, 458
      • Mobutu regime (see also U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime below):
        • Adoula meetings, 496
        • African mercenary replacement proposals, 477
        • Anti-Belgian demonstrations, 538, 539
        • Belgian aid to, 479, 515
        • Bomboko U.S. visit, 571
        • Kimba coup plot, 471
        • Political situation, 465
        • Tshombe coup plots (1966), 468, 475
        • Tshombe extradition requests, 512, 527, 528, 537
        • Tshombe trial, 491
        • U.S. military aid requests, 406, 479, 506, 507, 509
      • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 257
      • Organization of African Unity, 190
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 435, 437, 438, 443
      • Public opinion, 222
      • Simba Rebellion, 172
        • Aerial photography, 303
        • African aid to Congo government, 179, 206, 213, 216, 225, 235, 243, 248
        • African aid to rebels, 312, 367, 383, 392, 400
        • Air operations restrictions, 290, 291, 293, 295, 297, 389
        • Amnesty/trial policies, 355
        • Belgian aid to Congo government, 200, 244, 275, 400
        • Cease-fire proposals, 374, 378
        • Dodds team rescue, 229, 230
        • Ethiopian initiative proposals, 231
        • European participation, 197, 383
        • Mercenary force formation, 200, 203, 207, 236
        • Napalm use proposals, 408
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • OAU rebel negotiation proposals, 398
        • OCAM role, 400, 404
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 319, 325, 326, 329, 333, 346, 353
          • Adoula discussions, 496
          • African responses, 364
          • Brubeck memoranda, 320
          • Johnson-Ball discussions, 352
          • Johnson discussions, 336, 344
          • Johnson-McNamara discussions, 330
          • McCone memoranda, 332
          • UN notification, 348
        • Operations Dragon Blanc/Noir/Vert, 360, 361, 362, 363
        • Reconciliation manifesto proposal, 317, 319, 327
        • South African pilot project, 280
        • Soviet aid to rebels, 367
        • Stanleyville hostages:
          • Evacuation planning, 238
          • Geneva Convention concilium appeal, 331
          • Mediation proposals, 234, 283
          • Rebel threats against, 233, 239, 278, 279, 304
          • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 258, 283
        • Stanleyville radio air strike plans, 249
        • Uganda border conflict, 402, 404
        • UN Security Council response, 367, 374, 378
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 212, 222, 275, 286, 288, 293, 392, 421
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 279, 300, 400
        • U.S. military intervention possibilities, 225, 229, 230
        • U.S. propaganda campaigns, 259
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 336, 338, 340
      • Tshombe government:
        • African hostility toward, 367, 381, 398
        • Harriman-Tshombe meetings, 393
        • Political situation, 307, 414, 418, 423, 425
        • Tshombe U.S. visit proposals, 367, 380
        • Tutsi expulsion, 228
        • U.S. covert support (1965), 383
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 181, 183
      • UN operations in Katanga, 96
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime, 514, 530, 533, 535
        • Covert CIA pilot program, 544, 546
        • Johnson discussions, 527
        • Mercenary evacuation proposals and, 554, 556
        • Walt Rostow memoranda, 519
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 515
    • Russell, Richard, Jr., 247, 497, 511, 546
    • Rwanda:
      • Belgian military aid to, 197, 204
      • Johnson-Kayibanda correspondence, 541
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967) and, 511, 541, 542, 559
      • Mercenary evacuation, 549, 561, 571
      • 303 Committee discussions, 218
      • Tshombe government Tutsi expulsion, 228
    • Salans, Carl F., 495
    • Samelenge, Lucas, 74
    • Satterthwaite, Joseph C., 3, 4, 35, 55, 58
    • Saunders, Harold H.:
    • Schaufele, William E., Jr.:
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 495, 536, 537, 543
      • Mercenary presence in Angola, 547
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 456, 458
      • Mobutu regime:
        • Anti-Belgian demonstrations, 539
        • Belgian aid to, 469
        • Kisangani rebellion (1966), 478
        • Political situation, 465
        • Tshombe coup plots (1966), 487
        • Tshombe trial, 493
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under, 533, 554
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 482
        • U.S. military aid requests, 506, 509
      • Organization of African Unity, 190
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, 243, 246
        • Amnesty/trial policies, 355
        • Belgian aid to Congo government, 275
        • Maritime interdiction program, 427
        • Military situation, 460
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 250, 257
        • Reconciliation manifesto proposal, 327
        • Stanleyville hostages, 201, 233, 304, 331
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 212, 421, 427
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 432
      • Tshombe government, 423, 425, 427, 433
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 183, 188
    • Scheider, Joseph, 24, 28, 30, 32
    • Scheyven, Louis, 313, 482, 550
    • Schnittker, John A., 553
    • Scholter, William H., 302
    • Schramme, Maj. Jean (see also Kisangani rebellion (1967)), 534, 540, 544
    • Schultze, Charles L., 501, 553
    • Schyns, Charles, 543
    • Scott, Joseph W., 42, 82, 104, 124, 127, 129
    • Senegal, 226
    • Sens, 238, 284
    • Sidikou, Abdou, 572
    • Silver bullets program. See U.S. covert support for Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, army pay funding.
    • Simba Rebellion (see also OAU Ad Hoc Commission; U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during Simba Rebellion):
      • Adoula leadership offer, 370
      • African aid to Congo government:
        • Ball memoranda, 174
        • Brubeck memoranda, 199
        • CIA papers, 219
        • Godley-Kasavubu discussions, 215
        • Harriman memoranda, 220, 226
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • OAU discussions, 226, 235, 243, 246, 248
        • Read memoranda, 298
        • Rusk memoranda, 179, 206, 213, 216, 225
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 204, 246
        • Williams-Tshombe discussions, 224
      • African aid to rebels (see also Maritime interdiction program below):
        • Air operations restrictions and, 389
        • Fields memoranda, 386
        • Harriman-McCone discussions, 385, 390
        • Harriman-Tshombe discussions, 393
        • McCone memoranda, 369
        • Political settlement proposals and, 395
        • Rusk-McCone discussions, 383, 392
        • Rusk memoranda, 312
        • Saunders memoranda, 403
        • Special Group discussions, 373, 397
        • State Department report, 366
        • Uganda border conflict and, 402
        • UN Security Council response and, 367, 375, 377
        • U.S. aid policy and, 379, 388
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 400
      • Air operations restrictions:
        • Brubeck-Struelens discussions, 296
        • CINCSTRIKE memoranda, 305
        • Fields memoranda, 301
        • Godley memoranda, 292, 294
        • JCS memoranda, 389
        • Komer memoranda, 387
        • Rusk memoranda, 290, 291, 293, 295, 297
        • U.S.-Congolese discussions, 294, 299, 308
      • Amnesty/trial policies, 355
      • Belgian aid to Congo government:
      • Brubeck memoranda, 199, 209, 256
      • Cease-fire proposals, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 395
      • Chinese People’s Republic role, 210, 211, 219, 231, 232, 367, 369, 385, 397, 403
      • CIA-Congolese contact discussions, 202
      • CIA papers, 219
      • Dodds team rescue, 229, 230
      • Ethiopian initiative proposals, 231
      • European participation, 197, 199, 211, 220, 382, 383
      • Harriman-McCone discussions, 385
      • Harriman memoranda, 193
      • JCS memoranda, 182, 245
      • Johnson-Bundy discussions, 205
      • Maritime interdiction program, 1
        • CIA memoranda, 462
        • Jessup memoranda, 431
        • Komer memoranda, 399
        • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 441
        • State-CIA discussions, 427
        • Termination of, 494
        • 303 Committee memoranda, 462
        • U.S.-Congolese discussions, 393
      • Mercenary attack on Stanleyville:
        • Brubeck memoranda, 314, 315, 320
        • Bundy memoranda, 322, 339
        • Johnson-Rusk discussions, 336, 344
        • Lang memoranda, 334
        • Rusk memoranda, 340, 353
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 313, 351
        • U.S.-Congolese discussions, 324
      • Mercenary force formation:
        • Additional European mercenaries (1965), 390, 393
        • CIA papers, 219, 223, 253
        • Godley memoranda, 227
        • Harriman memoranda, 220, 226
        • Katgen repatriation, 189, 193
        • Léopoldville Station evaluations, 208
        • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 217
        • Rowan memoranda, 221
        • Rusk memoranda, 200, 236
        • Special Group discussions, 232
        • 303 Committee discussions, 218, 223
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 197, 199, 203, 204, 207
        • U.S.-Congolese discussions, 215
      • Mercenary operations (see also Mercenary attack on Stanleyville above), 292, 315, 413
      • Military situation:
        • Brubeck memoranda, 177, 209
        • CIA papers, 219
        • Fields memoranda, 415
        • Harriman memoranda, 226
        • Komer memoranda, 382, 384, 413
        • Léopoldville Station evaluations, 194, 208
        • McCone memoranda, 369
        • Saunders memoranda, 403, 410
        • Schaufele memoranda, 460
        • Special Group discussions, 373
        • 303 Committee memoranda, 462
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 313, 374
      • Napalm use proposals, 399, 400, 408
      • NATO discussions, 382
      • NSC discussions, 211, 298
      • OAU Ad Hoc Commission communiqué, 365
      • OAU rebel negotiation proposals, 337, 398
      • OCAM role, 398, 400, 404
      • Operation Dragon Rouge:
        • African responses, 332, 364, 365
        • Ball meeting discussions, 342
        • Ball memoranda, 316, 341
        • Brubeck memoranda, 314, 315, 320
        • Bundy memoranda, 322, 339
        • Execution reports, 354, 357
        • Execution sequence, 349
        • Force withdrawal, 358
        • Harriman memoranda, 323
        • JCS memoranda, 335
        • Johnson-Ball discussions, 343, 347, 352
        • Johnson-McNamara discussions, 330
        • Johnson-Rusk discussions, 336, 344
        • Lang memoranda, 334
        • MacArthur memoranda, 328
        • McCafferty memoranda, 321
        • McCone memoranda, 332
        • Publicity, 359
        • Rusk-Adoula discussions, 496
        • Rusk memoranda, 319, 325, 326, 329, 333, 346, 353
        • Tshombe letter of authorization, 341, 345
        • UN notification, 348
        • UN report, 356
        • UN Security Council response, 367
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 313, 316, 319, 325, 326, 339, 346, 351, 356
        • U.S. Strike Command memoranda, 309
        • Wheeler memoranda, 318
      • Operations Dragon Blanc/Noir/Vert, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363
      • Political settlement proposals, 382, 384, 391, 395, 410
      • Reconciliation manifesto proposal, 313, 317, 319, 320, 324, 327
      • Rusk memoranda, 172
      • South African military aid to Congo government, 215, 220, 274, 295, 299
      • South African pilot project, 280, 281, 300, 308
      • Soviet aid to rebels, 367, 369, 385
      • Stanleyville hostages (see also Operation Dragon Rouge above):
      • Stanleyville radio air strike plans, 249
      • Tshombe-Kanza rapprochement, 383
      • Uganda border conflict, 398, 399, 402, 403, 404
      • UN Security Council response (Dec. 1964), 367, 368, 374, 375, 377, 378, 391
      • U.S. covert pacification program, 441
      • U.S. Léopoldville personnel evacuation planning, 209, 210
      • U.S. military intervention possibilities:
        • CIA-Congolese contact discussions, 202
        • Fields memoranda, 301
        • Harriman memoranda, 226
        • JCS memoranda, 245
        • Johnson-Bundy discussions, 205
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • Rusk memoranda, 225, 229, 230
        • Williams-Tshombe discussions, 224
      • U.S. propaganda campaigns, 218, 219, 245, 259
      • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 336, 337, 338, 339, 350
      • Van der Walle military plans, 220
      • Western military intervention, 204, 220, 245, 298
    • Singa, Alexandre, 502, 503
    • Sisco, Joseph J.:
      • Simba Rebellion, 173, 216, 329, 341, 367, 378
      • Tshombe U.S. visit proposal (Dec. 1964), 368
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 508
    • Smith, Abbot, 332
    • Smith, Bromley, 211, 321, 339
    • Somalia, 511
    • Soumialot, Gaston, 243, 292, 294
    • South Africa (see also Mercenary force formation under Simba Rebellion; Mercenary presence in Congo):
      • Katanga military aid request, 26
      • Simba Rebellion:
    • South Kasai secession, 67, 123
    • Southern Rhodesia. See Mercenary force formation under Simba Rebellion; Mercenary presence in Congo.
    • Soviet Union:
      • Adoula government aid offers, 101, 107, 113, 114, 127
      • Aid to Committee of National Liberation, 182
      • Aid to Simba rebels, 367, 369, 385
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government and, 51
      • Kasavubu/Lumumba government and, 1, 7
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 508, 538, 544
      • Mobutu coup (1960) and, 21
      • Mobutu regime and, 579
      • Stanleyville government and, 47, 51, 79
    • Spaak, Paul-Henri (see also U.S.-Belgian consultations):
      • Adoula government, 159, 163, 172, 175
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 458
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 435, 437
      • Simba Rebellion:
      • Tshombe government, 372, 423
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 188
    • Special Group (see also 303 Committee):
      • Adoula government, U.S. political action operations, 100, 142, 143, 169
      • African hostility toward Tshombe government, 373, 397
      • Documents not declassified, 34, 147
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government:
        • U.S. covert support, 41, 42, 65
        • U.S. political action operations, 37, 38, 39, 71
      • Kasavubu/Lumumba government political action operations, 12
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), U.S. political action operations, 82, 83, 86
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 1, 125, 127, 168, 178, 232, 373
      • U.S. covert operations authorization, 1
    • Special National Intelligence Estimates, SNIE 65-64, “Short-term Prospects for the Tshombe Government in the Congo,” 195
    • Stanleyville government (1960-61):
      • Adoula government relations with, 94
      • CIA briefings, 47, 51
      • European arrests, 47
      • Fall of, 123
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government military operation proposals, 47, 51, 52, 53, 67, 69, 71, 73
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961) and, 82
      • Soviet relations with, 47, 51, 79
    • State, Department of (see also Special Group; specific people):
      • Adoula government period:
        • Adoula government evaluations, 136
        • Adoula Group coup planning (1962), 128, 129
        • Contingency planning, 115
        • Political action operations, 98, 138, 151, 167, 170
      • Internal conflicts, 256
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 35, 36, 38, 42, 55
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 82, 89
      • Tshombe government, 466
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 124, 125, 127, 180
    • Stearns, 444, 458
    • Stebbins, Henry E., 567
    • Stennis, John C., 247
    • Stevenson, Adlai E., III, 242
    • Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 456, 508, 515, 559
    • Straus, Richard, 291, 571
    • Strong, Curtis C.:
    • Struelens, Michel:
      • Mercenary presence in Congo, 399
      • Mobutu regime, 487
      • Role of, 193, 413
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • Air operations restrictions, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296
        • Maritime interdiction program, 399
        • Mercenary force formation, 203, 207, 219
        • South African pilot project, 281
        • Uganda border conflict, 399
        • U.S. air force aid stand-down, 293
      • Tshombe government, 380, 399, 401, 405, 425, 426
    • Sudan:
      • Aid to Simba rebels, 366, 383, 385, 390, 392, 393
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government and, 51
      • Kasavubu/Lumumba government and, 21
      • Stanleyville government and, 47
      • Stanleyville hostages, 234
    • Tanzania, 393
    • Tasca, Henry J.:
      • Adoula government, 129, 175
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, 179, 206, 213, 216
        • Mercenary force formation, 197, 200, 207, 236
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 307
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 313
        • Stanleyville hostages, 201, 233, 234, 238, 239, 304
        • Uganda border conflict, 402
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 222
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 300
        • U.S. propaganda campaigns, 259
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 188
      • UNOC withdrawal, 172
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 133, 222
    • Taylor, Adm., 492, 497, 500
    • Taylor, Jacquelyn, 356
    • Telli, Diallo, 307, 337, 340, 393
    • Thirkield, Ben, 456
    • Thompson, Llewellyn E., 185, 237, 254, 313, 486, 509
    • Thoreson, Thomas A., 179
    • 303 Committee, 1
    • Tienken, Arthur T., 174, 179, 556, 572
    • Timberlake, Clare H.:
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 40, 44, 52, 54, 67, 73
      • Kasavubu/Lumumba government, 16
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960), 19, 20
      • Replacement of, 117
      • U.S. administration change and, 64
    • Torbert, Tully, 511
    • Touamayan, Alec, 496
    • Traditional Chiefs Organization (TCO), 145
    • Trimble, Phillip, 453, 456, 465, 477, 478, 506, 547
    • Tshombe, Moise (see also Katanga; Tshombe government):
    • Tshombe government (1964-65) (see also African hostility toward Tshombe government; Post-Tshombe crisis; Simba Rebellion; Tshombe government period political action operations):
      • Belgian-Congolese meetings, 372
      • Belgian financial settlement (1965), 399, 469
      • Cardoso embezzlement scandal, 399, 401
      • CIA-Congolese contact discussions, 192
      • Devlin contacts, 191, 192
      • Election planning (1964-65):
        • Adoula views, 370
        • Ball memoranda, 395
        • CIA-Congolese contact discussions, 394
        • Harriman-Tshombe discussions, 393
        • Komer-Struelens discussions, 399
        • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 371
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission communiqué, 365
        • Reconciliation manifesto proposal and, 313
        • Tshombe speech (Jan. 1965), 391
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations on, 338
      • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 401, 405, 407, 409, 411, 412, 413, 416
      • Formation of, 189
      • Harriman memoranda, 189
      • Harriman-Tshombe meetings, 393
      • Mercenary repatriation, 189, 193
      • Mobutu role, 189, 193, 194, 253
      • Political situation (see also Tshombe government period political action operations):
        • Adoula views, 370
        • CIA analyses, 407, 417
        • CIA-Congolese contact discussions, 217, 419, 422
        • CIA papers, 253
        • Harriman memoranda, 193
        • Kasavubu speech (June 1965), 416
        • Komer memoranda, 424
        • Léopoldville Station evaluations, 194
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission role, 307
        • RADECO, 240
        • Rusk memoranda, 414, 418, 423, 425
        • Saunders memoranda, 428
        • Special National Intelligence Estimates, 195
        • Tshombe dismissal (see also Post-Tshombe crisis), 435, 436
        • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 308, 404, 418, 423, 435
      • Rothschild detail, 252
      • Saunders-Struelens discussions, 401
      • Tshombe U.S. visit proposal (Dec. 1964), 367, 368
      • Tshombe U.S. visit proposal (Jan. 1965), 380
      • Tutsi expulsion, 228
      • U.S. civil rights movement views on, 380, 393, 399
      • U.S. covert support (1965), 383
      • U.S. covert tribal leader contributions, 209, 218, 219, 223, 241, 301
      • U.S. military aid:
      • U.S. relations with, 191
      • U.S. subsidies to Mobutu during, 227, 442
    • Tshombe government period political action operations:
      • Ball memoranda, 433
      • CIA memoranda, 417, 420, 429
      • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 401, 405, 407, 409, 411, 412, 413
      • Jessup memoranda, 431
      • Léopoldville Station evaluations, 430, 434
      • Mobutu subsidy program and, 442
      • State-CIA discussions, 427
      • Termination of, 466
      • 303 Committee discussions, 218, 430
      • Waller memoranda, 241
    • Tubby, Roger W., 552, 555
    • Tunisia, 27
    • Tweedy, Bronson:
      • Adoula government:
        • Adoula Group coup planning (1962), 128, 129
        • Economic aid requests, 107
        • Gizenga imprisonment, 106
        • Katanga policy, 116
        • Political situation, 119, 145
        • Stanleyville government relations with, 94
        • State-CIA evaluations, 136
        • U.S. political action operations, 104, 134, 143
      • Elections (May 1960), 3, 4
      • Gizenga removal proposals, 106, 108
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government:
        • Belgian military aid to, 61
        • PSA coup plot (1960), 27
        • Stanleyville military operation proposals, 53, 80
        • U.S. covert support for, 55, 57, 58, 80
        • U.S. political action operations, 44
      • Kasavubu/Lumumba government, 9
      • Lumumba assassination plans, 1, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 43, 46
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960), 20
      • Mobutu coup (1960), 35
      • Parliamentary elections (Aug. 1961), 82, 85, 86, 89
      • Soviet aid to Stanleyville government, 79
      • United Nations Operation in the Congo, 112
      • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 133
    • Twining, 401
    • Tyler, William R., 159, 160, 173, 181, 280
    • U Thant, 119, 216
    • Uganda:
    • Union Minière, 3, 581
      • Mobutu regime takeover, 488, 489
    • Union of Angolan Peoples (UPA), 145
    • United Arab Republic (UAR):
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government, 37, 43, 51
      • Mobutu coup (1960), 27
      • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, 263
      • Simba Rebellion, 366, 367, 390, 403
      • Stanleyville government and, 47, 71
    • United Front, 145
    • United Nations (UN) (see also United Nations Operation in the Congo):
      • General Assembly Resolutions, Resolution 1601 (XV), 81, 100
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 508, 511, 517, 536, 537, 539, 560
      • Lumumba execution investigation, 74, 81, 99
      • Mercenary presence in Angola, 480, 481
      • Mercenary presence in Congo, 374, 377, 378, 517
      • Mobutu coup (Sept. 1960) and, 37
      • Resolution 241, “Question concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” 560
      • Security Council Resolutions:
        • Resolution 145, “The Congo Question,” 367
        • Resolution 169, “The Congo Question,” 101, 216
        • Resolution 199, “Question concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” 378
        • Resolution 239, “Question concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” 517
        • Resolution 266, “Question concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” 481
      • Simba Rebellion, 216
    • United Nations Operation in the Congo (UNOC):
      • CIA briefing papers, 7
      • Congolese National Army retraining and, 158
      • Economic programs, 101
      • Gizenga imprisonment and, 108
      • Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government and, 40, 43, 53, 66, 67
      • Kasavubu/Lumumba government on, 11
      • Katanga operations, 96, 100, 101, 112, 119
      • Katanga reconciliation plan, 123
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960) and, 15, 16, 18
      • Mobutu coup (1960) and, 21, 22, 31, 51
      • Mobutu on, 103, 107, 112
      • Tshombe Léopoldville talks (1962), 114
      • U.S. official Congo policy on, 66, 67, 100, 101, 103, 112, 119
      • Withdrawal of, 160, 165, 168, 170, 172, 182
    • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during Simba Rebellion (see also Air operations restrictions under Simba Rebellion), 1
      • Aerial photography, 303
      • African aid to rebels and, 386
      • CIA papers, 219
      • Combat participation, 178, 180
      • Fields memoranda, 272, 415
      • Harriman memoranda, 226
      • JCS memoranda, 379
      • Johnson-McCone discussions, 247
      • Public opinion, 222
      • Read memoranda, 298
      • Rusk-McCone discussions, 392
      • Rusk memoranda, 212, 222, 421
      • South African pilot project and, 280, 281
      • Special Group discussions, 373
      • Stand-down (Oct. 1964), 286, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 301
      • Stanleyville hostages and. See Stand-down (Oct. 1964) above
      • State-CIA discussions, 427
      • 303 Committee discussions, 254, 440
      • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 275, 287
      • U.S.-Congolese discussions, 215, 273, 401
      • Waller memoranda, 232
      • Williams memoranda, 270
    • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Adoula government:
      • Airborne gendarme unit, 125
      • Bross memoranda, 141
      • Brubeck memoranda, 166
      • CIA papers, 127, 130, 138, 168, 171
      • Combat participation, 168, 178, 180
      • Covert CIA pilot program, 124, 138
      • Harriman memoranda, 161
      • Harriman visit discussions, 162, 164
      • Léopoldville Station evaluations, 126
      • NSC discussions, 165
      • U.S.-Belgian consultations, 163
      • Wellborn memoranda, 133
    • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force under Mobutu regime:
    • U.S.-Belgian consultations:
    • U.S. covert aid to Mobutu regime, 1
    • U.S. covert operations in Congo (see also Lumumba assassination plans; Maritime interdiction program under Simba Rebellion; Mobutu subsidy program; Political action operations; U.S. covert aid to Mobutu regime; U.S. covert support for Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government):
      • Adoula government support, 1, 94, 95, 103, 107, 114, 115
      • Gizenga removal proposals, 106, 108
      • Initial planning, 1
      • Long-range planning, 95, 97
      • Lumumba-Kasavubu conflict (Sept. 1960) and, 13, 16, 19, 29, 101
      • Mobutu coup (Sept. 1960) and, 1, 19, 23, 29, 101, 103
      • Pacification program, 441
      • Pre-independence period, 16
      • Publicity policy, 185
      • Special Group authorization, 1
      • Tribal leader contributions, 138, 209, 218, 219, 223, 241, 301
      • Tshombe government support (1965), 383
    • U.S. covert support for Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government:
      • Army pay funding, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 65
      • CIA memoranda, 35
      • Léopoldville Station memoranda, 35
      • Military contingency planning, 41, 42, 61
      • Mobutu subsidy program, 37
      • Stanleyville military operation proposals and, 52, 53, 67, 69, 71, 73, 80
    • U.S. economic aid to Congo:
      • Adoula government requests, 107
      • Devlin memoranda, 119
      • Mobutu regime, 501, 553, 576, 580
      • P.L. 480 agreement (1961), 101
      • Totals, 524
    • U.S. Information Agency (USIA), 259
    • U.S. military aid to Congo:
    • U.S. official Congo policy:
    • U.S. political action operations (see also Adoula government period political action operations; Kasavubu/College of Commissioners government period political action operations; Tshombe government period political action operations; U.S. covert aid to Mobutu regime):
    • U.S. presidential elections (1964), 263
    • U.S. Strike Command (CINCSTRIKE) (see also Joint Chiefs of Staff):
      • Air operations restrictions, 305
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • Napalm use proposals, 408
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 309
        • Stanleyville hostages, 198, 274, 284, 285, 301, 306
        • U.S. Léopoldville personnel evacuation planning, 209, 210
    • Usher, Arsene Assouan, 374, 375
    • Valenti, Jack, 211, 354
    • Van Baalen, 72
    • Van Bilsen, 313
    • Van der Stock, Roger, 72
    • Van der Straten-Waillet, Baron, 550
    • Van Der Walle, Col. Fredrik:
      • Mercenary attack on Stanleyville, 313, 320, 336, 339, 340, 344, 353
      • Mercenary force formation, 204, 207, 220, 226, 236
      • Military situation, 374
      • Mobutu relations with, 400
      • Operation Dragon Rouge, 333
      • Simba Rebellion mercenary operations, 292
      • U.S. air force aid stand-down, 287
      • U.S. military intervention possibilities, 301
    • Van Dyk, 569
    • Vance, Cyrus:
      • Mobutu regime:
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • Napalm use proposals, 408
        • NSC discussions, 211
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 320, 334, 342, 344, 358
        • Stanleyville hostages, 198, 306, 308
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 237, 254, 286
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 337
      • Tshombe government, 218, 308
      • U.S. covert operations publicity policy, 185
      • U.S. military aid to Adoula government, 161
    • Vietnam War, 523
    • Wachuku, 179
    • Wadsworth, James J., 38
    • Walker, Peter C., 478
    • Waller, John H.:
    • Wallner, 129
    • Walsh, 444, 453
    • Wellborn, Alfred T., 104, 129, 133, 136, 151
    • Wells, H. Bartlett, 120, 236
    • Wheeler, Gen. Earle G.:
      • Kisangani rebellion (1967), 523
      • Mobutu regime, 472, 555
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • Cease-fire proposals, 376
        • Napalm use proposals, 408
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 318, 320, 323, 342, 344
        • Stanleyville hostages, 255, 306
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force, 379
        • Western military intervention, 245
      • Tshombe government, 218
      • U.S. policy toward African countries, 379
    • Willems, Leonard F., 312
    • Williams, Col., 208, 427
    • Williams, G. Mennen “Soapy”:
      • Adoula government, 104, 125, 127, 129, 130, 160, 164, 169
      • Elections (Mar.-Apr. 1965), 409, 413
      • Mobutu coup (1965), 458, 461
      • Organization of African Unity, 190
      • Post-Tshombe crisis, 435, 437, 438, 443, 444, 446, 447
      • Simba Rebellion:
        • African aid to Congo government, 213, 220, 224, 235, 248
        • African aid to rebels, 386
        • Amnesty/trial policies, 355
        • Belgian aid to Congo government, 173, 244
        • Maritime interdiction program, 427
        • Mercenary force formation, 197, 200, 203
        • Military situation, 460
        • OAU Ad Hoc Commission, U.S. delegation visit, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271
        • Operation Dragon Rouge, 313, 325, 329, 336, 342, 346
        • Rebel threats against U.S. citizens, 279
        • Reconciliation manifesto proposal, 327
        • Stanleyville hostages, 260, 266, 331, 336
        • UN Security Council response, 367
        • U.S. aid to Congolese Air Force during, 212, 270, 287, 386, 415
        • U.S.-rebel negotiations, 340
      • State Department internal conflicts, 256
      • Tshombe government, 196, 224, 226, 372, 414, 425, 426
      • Tshombe return to Léopoldville (1964), 181
      • U.S. covert operations long-range planning, 97
    • WIROGUE, 50
    • World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development), 580
    • Yamasaki, Col., 453
    • Yav, 146
    • Yost, Charles W., 242, 374
    • Yugoslavia, 127
    • Yumbu, Gabriel, 27