Index

References are to document numbers

    • Aaron, David L.:
      • AID study on foreign economic assistance, 197
      • As human rights PRM review chair, 45
      • Assessment of accomplishments in human rights, 102
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests, 100
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 41
      • NSC and human rights policy, 203
      • OPIC, 153
      • PRM drafts, 69
      • PRM on UN human rights intstruments, 165
      • Soviet bloc role in rights-violating countries, 191
      • Special Coordinating Committee Working Group on human rights, 32
      • Targeting aid to respectors of human rights, 95
      • World Food Council meetings, 214
      • World Hunger Working Group, 227
    • Abortion, 62, 118, 287, 349
    • Abourezk, James, 62
    • Abu Dhabi, 336
    • ACTION, 306, 314
    • Action memoranda (see also Human rights):
      • Carter’s UNGA address, 291
      • Disaster relief, 290
      • Human rights:
        • Assessment of policy on, 105
        • CCC and, 78
        • Congressional amendments on, 33
        • Human Rights Coordinating Group, 14, 15
          • Implementing objectives in, 9, 13, 29, 34
        • In the IFIs, 40, 55, 71, 179
        • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom (Mar. 1978), 126, 130, 133, 134
        • Iranian UNGA Resolution on, 94
        • Presidential talks on, 77
        • Reports on, 84, 108, 147
        • Vance meeting with Congressional human rights leaders (proposal), 13
      • P.L. 480, 86, 88, 169
    • Ad Hoc Committee on Torture, 73, 87
    • Ad Hoc Executive Office Working Group on World Hunger (see also World Hunger Working Group), 219, 227, 242
    • Ad Hoc Interagency Group on Human Rights, 73
    • Ad Hoc Working Group on the Status of Women, 325
    • Adams, Alvin, 260
    • Affirmative reaction, 29
    • Affluence, 209
    • Afghanistan:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • AID-supported conferences in, 58
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As scheduled for P.L. 480 aid in FY 1978, 90
      • Human rights reports for, 167, 203
      • Human rights situation in, 172
      • Refugees from, 264
      • Soviet invasion of, 203, 264, 265
      • U.S. démarches on loans to, 71
      • U.S. food aid to, 274
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 196
      • U.S. opposition to IFI loans to, 202
    • Africa:
      • Chinese People’s Republic role in rights-violating countries in, 192
      • Development assistance to, 328
      • Famine in, 274, 275, 276
      • Food aid to, 259, 276
      • Grain consumption in, 218
      • Health as issue in, 295
      • Human rights commission for, 125
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests in, 105
      • Legal services in, 58, 140, 205
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 259, 276
      • Soviet bloc role in rights-violating countries in, 191, 192
      • Tsetse fly as obstacle to cultivation in, 245
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42, 196
      • USIS programming in, 60
    • African Development Bank (AFDB), 345
    • African Development Fund (ADF), 1, 20, 29, 73, 179
    • African Human Rights Commission, 54
    • African Regional Health Strategy Group, 315
    • Age discrimination, 28
    • Agency for International Development (AID):
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Agricultural development, 236, 277
      • Assessment of human rights conditions abroad, 147
      • Badillo Amendment, 33
      • Budget for, 87, 124, 140, 145, 263, 266, 338
      • Bureau of Technical Assistance, 288
      • Chile’s cancellation of U.S. aid programs, 105
      • Clean water supply assistance, 296, 330
      • Conferences supported by, 58
      • Creation of, 81, 263
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 316, 319, 332
      • Deferral of projects by, 132
      • Diplomacy as defined by, 303
      • Disaster relief, 75
      • Family planning, 307, 308
      • Film and Television Service (IMV), 60
      • Funding pressures on, 314
      • Global 2000 Study and Report, 337, 348
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group, 60
      • IAHRC cooperation with, 58
      • Increasing efficiency in, 328
      • Interagency coordination on human rights, 29
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 29, 31, 41, 58, 183
      • International health initiatives, 311
      • International health policy review, 304, 305, 306
      • Judicial cadre training program in Rwanda, 141
      • Lack of human rights-focused projects in, 141
      • Membership in DCC of, 315
      • New Initiatives in Human Rights program, 29, 53, 58
      • Office for Private Humanitarian Assistance, 306
      • OMB budget cuts for, 171
      • P.L. 480, 86, 90, 169
      • Population policy, U.S., 284, 287, 297, 307
      • Press and Publications Service (IPS), 60
      • Primary health care as a focus of, 349
      • Programs administered by, 207
      • Reorganization of, 240
      • Role in PRMs of, 58
      • Science and technology transfer, 253
      • Scientific research in, 245
      • Status of women and children, 323, 325, 336
      • Study on foreign economic assistance by, 197, 219, 223
      • Study Group for International Food Corps, 247
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 283, 285
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • “Use of Economic and Food Assistance to Improve Human Rights Conditions,”; 58
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
      • Women’s rights program of, 53, 58
      • World hunger as focus of, 273
      • World hunger initiatives, 219
      • World Hunger Working Group, 230
      • Worldwide Population Officers Conference, 307
    • Agriculture (see also Food; International Fund for Agriculture Development)
      • AID funding of development in, 236, 277
      • Cultivation of fertile new land, 245
      • Directions for policy on, 298
      • Executive branch organization for, 305
      • Expanding food production, 328
      • Grain production, 207, 218
      • In LDCs, 245, 262
      • In semi-arid areas, 253
      • Land conservation for, 347
      • Multilateral aid for development in, 250
      • P.L. 480 as help to, 23, 58
      • Population growth and, 280
      • Reduction of energy components in, 236
      • Research in, 245
      • Science and technology transfer, 223, 234, 236, 253
      • Soil degradation from, 337
      • Wheat set-asides, 225, 245
    • Agriculture, U.S. Department of:
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Domestic food assistance, 263
      • Food Policy Group, 315
      • Food policy role of, 223, 229
      • Foreign food assistance study by, 216
      • Global 2000 Study, 337
      • Interagency Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, Establishment of, 224
      • Intermediate credit program of, 223
      • International Food and Agriculture Assessment, 223, 227
      • International health policy review, 305
      • Membership in DCC of, 315
      • PCWH as seen by, 254
      • P.L. 480:
        • Budgeting for, 259
        • Extension legislation, 210, 225
        • Reporting requirements, 86, 88, 90, 92
        • Special Task Force on the Operation of, 254
        • Title I programs, 75
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343, 346
      • Promotion of U.S. food exports, 223
      • Scientific research in, 245
      • Study Group for International Food Corps, 247
      • World Food Program, 235
      • World Hunger Working Group, 230
    • AIDSAT Satellite Program, 278
    • Air pollution, 337
    • Airplane hijackers, 73
    • Albert, Eddy, 249
    • Albright, Madeleine, 161, 167, 170, 177, 203, 204
    • Aldrich, George H., 28
    • Algeria, 59, 60, 63, 184, 317
    • Allara, Gualter O., 158
    • Allen, James B., 92
    • Allende, Salvador, 105, 158
    • Alliance for Progress, 253
    • Allis-Chalmers, 158
    • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317, 328, 333, 349
    • Alma Ata Declaration, 317
    • American Association for the Advancement of Science, 187
    • American Association of Publishers, 187
    • American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 60
    • American Convention on Human Rights, 122
      • Abortion ban in, 62, 118
      • Capital punishment as issue in, 118
      • Entering into force of, 161
      • Signing and ratification of, 38, 47, 60, 73, 87, 104, 105, 199
      • U.S. policy options for, 29
    • American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service, 113
    • American Foreign Service Association (AFSA), 101
    • American Indians, 125, 184
    • American Jewish Committee, 187
    • American Society for International Law, 58
    • Amin, Idi, 42, 155, 188, 191
    • Amnesty International:
      • As human rights constituency, 81
      • Cooperation with, 29
      • Human Rights Foundation and, 97, 114, 121
      • Intelligence and, 72
      • Philippines report, 6
      • Recommendations of, 187
      • Reports by, 6, 17, 104, 111, 178, 190
      • USIS programming and, 60
    • Andean Pact, 205
    • Anderson, David, 157, 248
    • Anderson, Edwin M., 7
    • Andes Mountains, 234, 236
    • Andrew, Robert, 299, 313
    • Andrews, Wallace, 289
    • Andrus, Cecil D., 343
    • Angarola, Robert, 335
    • Angola, 104, 145
    • Antarctica, 290
    • Anti-Apartheid conference (Lagos, 1977), 63
    • Antonson, Kika Mogaard, 334
    • Apartheid, 63, 155, 310, 342
    • Appropriate technology, 290
    • Aquino, Benigno, 100, 104
    • Arab states:
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Palestine issue, 25, 73
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
    • Aragon, Joe, 170
    • Area Handbooks, 307
    • Arellano, Richard G., 108
    • Argentina:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 95
      • Delay in votes on loans to, 53, 54, 139
      • Disappeared persons, 184
      • Export-Import Bank credits, 105
      • Food assistance from, 245
      • Food production trends in, 312
      • Human rights improvements in, 66, 87
      • Human rights reports for, 17, 75, 203
      • Human rights violations in, 104
      • IBRD railway loans to, 179
      • IDB loans, 105
      • Political prisoners in, 66
      • Refugees from, 6
      • Torture in, 104
      • UN resolutions on, 162
      • UNCHR investigations of, 181
      • United States, relations with, 200
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87
      • U.S. human rights policy, 206
        • As seen by NGOs, 187
        • As seen in, 25, 42
        • Conflicting actions in, 203
      • U.S. military aid to:
      • U.S. policy for UN discussions on, 155
      • U.S. votes on IFI loans to:
      • USIS speakers requested in, 60
    • Argentine Physics Society, 96
    • Armacost, Michael H.:
      • Human rights, 72, 100, 110
      • Human Rights Foundation, 80
      • Human rights PD drafts, 76
      • Human rights policy implementation for IFIs, 100
      • Human rights PRM, 69
      • P.L. 480, 88, 93, 100
    • Armed conflict, 310
    • Armenia, 104
    • Armenian genocide, 182, 184
    • Armenian National Committee, 182
    • Armenian Rights Council, 182
    • Arms control, 20, 54
    • Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), 81, 114
    • Arms expenditures, 248
    • Arms Export Control Board (see also Security assistance), 49, 53, 65, 73, 87, 105, 144, 194, 195
    • Arms transfers, 26, 53, 54, 87, 206
    • Armstrong, Scott, 105
    • Arsenic, 290
    • Arthur, Lawrence L., 194
    • Asad, Hafez al-, 24, 284
    • Asia:
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42
      • U.S. security assistance to, 62
    • Asia Foundation, 58
    • Asian Development Bank, 139, 145, 345
    • Asian Development Fund, 20
    • Assistant to the President for Public Liaison, Office of, 219
    • Asylum, 6, 29, 54, 187, 200, 206
    • Atherton, Alfred, 1, 84, 259, 301, 306
    • Atkinson, Richard C., 282
    • Atlas, Liane, 282, 289
    • Atwood, J. Brian, 196
    • Australia:
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • Food assistance from, 222, 245
      • Food pricing policies in, 218
      • Food production trends in, 312
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 139
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 73
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
    • Austria, 91, 182, 340
    • Averch, Harvey A., 289
    • Badillo, Herman, 33
    • Baer, Bernice, 325, 327, 336
    • Bahrain, 91
    • Baker, John A., 8, 22, 26, 28, 57
    • Balance of payments, 275
    • Baldwin, Roger, 170
    • Bali, 308
    • Bandaranaike, Sirimavo R. D., 104
    • Bangladesh:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • Balance-of-payments problems, 275
      • Family planning in, 307, 308, 345
      • Human rights country report on, 129
      • Human rights improvement in, 172
      • Malnutrition in, 213, 245
      • P.L. 480, 90, 93, 103, 105, 169
      • Political prisoners released in, 100, 104, 105
      • Population issues in, 331
      • Poverty in, 328
      • U.S. population assistance to, 287
    • Banzer, Hugo, 87
    • Barbados, 87, 104
    • Barbash, Fred, 315
    • Barney, Gerald, 337
    • Barry, Robert L., 116, 215
    • Bartholomew, Reginald H., 102, 119, 142, 150, 166, 167
    • Base closures, 42, 105
    • Basic Human Needs (BHN), 214, 215, 236, 297
    • Bastian, Walter M., Jr., 7
    • Baum, Samuel, 289
    • Beckel, Robert G., 265
    • Becker, Mary L., 325, 336
    • Begin, Aliza, 203
    • Beilenson, Anthony, 242
    • Belgium, 91, 139, 310, 336, 340
    • Belgrade Conference (1977), 22, 24, 42, 60, 87, 95, 105, 188, 217
    • Bell, David, 246
    • Bell, Griffin, 13, 46, 73, 113, 119, 170, 203
    • Bell, Peter, 315
    • Bellmon, Henry, 92, 242
    • Bellow, Saul, 60
    • Benedick, Richard, 318, 321, 329, 331, 336, 338, 339, 348, 349
    • Benin:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Human rights status, 172
      • U.S. abstentions in votes on IFI loans to, 53, 55, 71, 105, 132, 139, 202
    • Bennet, Douglas J., Jr., 20, 35, 56, 197
      • Badillo Amendment, 33
      • Carter’s meetings with Congressional leaders on foreign assistance, 23
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 332, 335
      • Derian’s confirmation hearings, 29
      • Fraser Amendments, 136
      • Human rights action memoranda, 126
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 84
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 62, 101, 147
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom (Mar. 1978), 126, 134
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (proposal), 227
      • World hunger initiatives, 238
    • Bennett, Frank, 108, 130
    • Benson, Lucy Wilson, 34, 84, 105, 234, 315
      • As Arms Export Control Board chair, 87
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 316, 319, 332
      • Fraser talks on security assistance with, 11, 13
      • Human rights strategy papers, 124
      • International health policy, 288, 302, 304, 306, 314
      • Population/food problems, 320
      • Population policy, U.S., 287, 321
      • World hunger initiatives, 302
    • Bente, Paul F., Jr., 282, 289
    • Bereuter, Doug, 255
    • Bergland, Robert S., 93, 343
      • African famine aid, 275
      • Carter’s meetings with Congressional leaders on foreign assistance, 23
      • Food and Agriculture Policy Working Group, 230
      • Food Aid Convention, 243
      • Interagency Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, 224
      • Manila meeting of WFC, 214, 216, 221
      • National nutrition-based food policy, need for, 254
      • P.L. 480 budget, 259
      • Population growth, 282
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger, 244, 272, 273
      • Price support loans, 225
      • Speech at FAO conference, 252
      • USDA role in U.S. food policy, 223, 229
      • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance (proposal), 220
      • Wheat reserves, 260
      • World Hunger Working Group, 231
    • Bergsten, C. Fred, 7, 33, 35
      • Implementing of human rights legislation, 83
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 202
      • International financial institutions, 38, 55, 71, 145, 156, 202
    • Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 104
    • Bilateral loans, 105
    • Bill of Rights Day, 99, 176, 178
    • Binder, David, 42, 157, 173
    • Bingham, Jonathan B., 108
    • Birnbaum, Philip, 7, 22
    • Birth control, 307, 309, 345
    • Birth rates, 287, 307
    • Blackwill, Robert D., 203
    • Blaney, Harry C.:
      • Bourne resignation, 315
      • Checklist of global challenges, 290
      • Community water initiative, 296
      • International health policy review, 299, 302, 304, 311, 314
      • Population/food problems, 312
      • Population issues, 287
      • Population policy, U.S., 284
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • UN Water Decade, 315, 316, 319
    • Bleakley, Kenneth W., 325, 327, 336
    • Blindness, 306, 309, 311, 313, 314
    • Bloomfield, Lincoln P., 166, 198, 201
      • AID funding, 266
      • Genocide Convention, 204
      • Memo on human rights issues in Global Issues Cluster, 188
      • NSC human rights paper, 188
      • NSC and human rights policy, 203
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger, 263, 273
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
    • Blumenthal, W. Michael, 139, 230, 281, 283
      • Carter’s meetings with Congressional leaders on foreign assistance, 23
      • IBRD consideration of human rights, 59
      • Interagency group on human rights and foreign assistance, 31
      • International financial institutions, 40, 53, 124
      • International health policy, U.S., 293, 306
      • Message from Christopher, 40
      • Population growth, 282
      • PRM on U.S. human rights policy, 46, 73
      • U.S.–UK cooperation on human rights, 156
      • World Hunger Working Group, 231
    • B’nai B’rith, 29, 113, 187
    • Board of the Foreign Service, 5
    • Boat people, 162
    • Boeing Aircraft, 158
    • Boeker, Paul H., 210, 215
    • Boerner, Michael P., 108, 252
    • Boettcher, Robert, 11
    • Bokassa, Emperor, 205
    • Bolivia:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Elections in, 105
      • Family planning in, 307
      • Human rights in, 87, 102, 129
      • Increases in AID funding levels for, 140
      • Political prisoners in, 87
      • Refugees from, 6
      • UNCHR scrutiny of, 125
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
    • Bond, Stephen, 94
    • Bonker, Don, 185
    • Borg, C. Arthur, 5, 12, 15, 24
    • Borlaug, Norman, 251, 253
    • Bosworth, Stephen W., 221
    • Botswana, 60, 91, 95, 140, 141
    • Bourne, Peter G., 235, 243, 316
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 332
      • Education, 302
      • Executive branch organization for international health and agriculture, 305
      • FAO, 245
      • Food, 212
      • Human Rights proposal, 16, 21
      • Interagency Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, 224
      • International Health Initiative, 279, 309, 311, 313
      • International health policy, U.S.:
      • Letter from Freeman, 231, 237
      • Meetings with Carter, 292
      • P.L. 480 Title III purchase guarantees, 222
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH):
        • Draft charter for, 248
        • Linowitz appointment as chair of, 249
        • Message to Congress on, 248
        • Nominees for chair of, 246
        • Proposal for, 227, 233, 242, 244
      • Resignation of, 251, 315
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 281, 283, 285
      • USDA role in U.S. food policy, 223, 229
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286, 288
      • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance (proposal), 213, 220
      • World Health Strategy Group, 314
      • World Hunger Campaign, 234
      • World hunger initiatives, 219, 220, 222, 226, 242, 298, 302
      • World hunger meeting, 212, 217, 220, 223
      • World Hunger Working Group:
    • Bova, Michele, 86, 140, 156, 169, 171, 183, 323
    • Bowdler, William G., 147, 194, 195, 203
    • Bowie, Barbara, 183
    • Boycotts, 210
    • Boyle, John A., 247
    • Brandt, Willy, 274
    • Brandt Commission, 274, 277, 346
    • Bray, Charles, 8, 60, 89
    • Brazil:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Export credits to, 40
      • Family planning in, 308, 345
      • Global 2000 Report, 348
      • Human rights improvements in, 105, 172
      • Human rights reports, 17, 61, 167
      • Increased influence of, 209
      • Malnutrition in, 234, 236
      • Nuclear weapons development by, 42, 105
      • OPIC activities in, 108
      • UNCHR complaints on, 181
      • United States, relations with, 43
      • U.S. démarches on loans to, 71
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42, 196
      • U.S. military aid to, 38, 62, 145
      • U.S. population assistance to, 287
      • USIS speakers requested in, 60
    • Breastfeeding, 308, 349
    • Brement, Marshall, 166, 203
    • Bremer, Paul L., 339
    • Brewin, Roger C., 253, 262
    • Brewster, Robert C., 301
    • Brezhnev, Leonid I., 42, 186
    • Brizill, Dorothy A., 288, 299
    • Bronheim, David, 269
    • Brookings Institution, 216, 219, 226, 227
    • Brooks, D. W., 246, 251
    • Brown, Frederick, 26
    • Brown, Garry E., 132
    • Brown, Gen. George S., 62, 113, 119, 139
      • Human rights policy, U.S., PRM on, 46
      • Population growth, 282
      • PRM on human rights, 73
    • Brown, Harold, 31, 70, 139, 301, 343
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 46, 113, 119
      • International health policy meeting, 306
      • Population growth, 282
      • PRM on human rights, 73
    • Brown, Leslie, 70, 156
    • Brown, Sam, 247, 301, 306
    • Brown, Warren, 272
    • Bryant, Cornelia, 331
    • Bryant, John, 313, 317, 335
    • Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 38, 47, 161
      • Argentina, 66
      • Badillo Amendment, 33, 37
      • Carter human rights speech proposal, 77
      • Carter letter to Sakharov, 18
      • Carter meeting with the Pope, 274
      • Carter meeting with Vance and Derian, 174, 175
      • East Africa food shortages, 275
      • Food Aid Convention, 243, 271
      • Foreign economic assistance, 297
      • G–7 Summit, 24
      • Gambia, The, 42
      • Genocide Treaty, 57, 178, 204
      • Global 2000 Study, 337
      • Guidelines on U.S. human rights policy, 3, 4
      • Human rights:
        • Actions on, 38, 76
        • Argentine improvements in, 66
        • Carter speech on, 173
        • CIA memoranda on, 42
        • Congressional-executive relations over, 160
        • Interdepartmental meetings on, 7, 22
        • NSC meetings on, 110
        • Other policy interests vs., 100
        • Possible initiatives for, 80
        • Presidential Directives on, 95, 96, 105, 113, 119, 175, 177
        • Ratification of UN covenants on, 16, 38, 118, 178
      • Human Rights Agency proposal, 82, 85
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 80, 96, 97, 107, 112, 113, 114, 117, 121
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
      • Human rights reports, 88, 93, 143, 167, 180, 185, 203
      • Human Rights Week speech proposal, 89
      • IDCA Development policy statement, 328
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 33, 36, 37
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 126, 142
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 31
      • International Health Initiative, 279, 301
      • International program uses of excess grain, 265
      • Memo on human rights issues in Global Issues Cluster, 188
      • Olympic Games in Moscow, 166
      • OPIC, 150, 151, 152, 160
      • P.L. 480, 88, 93, 100, 259
      • Political prisoners, 105
      • Population growth, 282, 307
      • Population policy, U.S., 307, 308, 326
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 239, 242, 244, 246, 248, 263, 272
      • Presidential Decision Memoranda, 98, 105
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 120
      • Soviet role in African rights-violating countries, 191, 192
      • Special Coordinating Committee Working Group on Human Rights, 32
      • Targeting aid to countries respecting human rights, 95, 96
      • Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
      • Ten goals for foreign policy, 43
      • Thirtieth Anniversary of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 176
      • Tlatelolco Treaty, 47
      • UN charges of U.S. civil rights violations, 163, 165
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • UNCHR establishment, proposal for, 16
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
      • War on Hunger, 268
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
      • World Food Council meetings, 214
      • World Food Program, 235, 266
      • World hunger initiatives, 212, 213, 217, 219, 226, 227, 239
      • World hunger meetings, 212, 217, 220, 223, 242
      • World Hunger Working Group, 227, 230, 231, 241
    • Buchanan, John Hall, Jr., 4, 125
    • Buergenthal, Tom, 87
    • Bukovsky, Vladimir, 19, 38
    • Bulgaria, 184, 310
    • Bulletin (Department of State), 320
    • Bunche, Ralph, 60
    • Buncher, Judith F., 169
    • Burkina Faso. See Upper Volta
    • Burma, 91, 295
    • Burundi, 91, 181
    • Bushnell, John A., 129, 147, 179, 190
    • Butcher, Goler, 4, 247
    • Butler, Malcolm, 58, 86
    • Butler, William, 178
    • Byelorussia, 310
    • Byrnes, Paul J., 211, 221, 247, 248
    • Cabinet Level Committee on Food and Agriculture Policy, 230
    • Cable, Bill, 242
    • Cadmium, 290
    • Cahill, Jacklyn, 9, 12, 13
    • Califano, Joseph, 230, 281, 283
      • As head of World Health Assembly delegation, 311, 313
      • International health initiatives, 302, 311, 314
      • International health policy, U.S., 293, 305, 306
      • Population growth, 282
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 285
      • WHO meeting in Rome, 249
      • World hunger initiatives, 302
    • Calingaert, Michael, 258, 260
    • Callable capital, 23
    • Callaghan, James, 42
    • Cambodia:
      • Human rights violations in, 80, 104, 160, 172, 184
      • OPIC, 150
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 261
      • Refugees from, 6, 170, 261, 328
      • Starvation in, 261, 263, 265, 266
      • UNCHR resolution on, 125, 162, 184
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • U.S. policy for UN discussions on, 155
      • U.S. vote in IFIs against aid to, 62
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
    • Cameroon, 42, 91, 95, 192
    • Camp David Accords, 342
    • Canada:
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Food assistance from, 222, 245
      • Food pricing policies in, 218
      • Food production trends in, 312
      • Haitian asylum seekers, 6
      • Human rights approach of, 24
      • Human rights and IFIs, 73, 179
      • Population assistance from, 345
      • Public education on problems of LDCs, 263
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • UNCHR resolutions by, 125, 184
      • UNGA disappeared persons resolution, 181
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 139
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 73
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
    • Canal Cities Water and Sanitation Project (Egypt), 296
    • Canal Zone, 29
    • Cancer, 286, 305
    • Canner, Stephen J., 179
    • Cape Verde, 91
    • Capital punishment, 118
    • Carbon dioxide, 337
    • CARE, 273, 308
    • Caribbean Basin, 47, 59, 87, 277, 328
    • Carmody, John, 60
    • Carpenter, David, 104, 147
    • Carter, Amy, 47, 328
    • Carter, Chip, 212, 213, 217, 219, 242
    • Carter, Hodding, 59, 203
    • Carter, James Earl:
      • African famine aid, 274, 275
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 38, 47, 73
      • Argentina, 66
      • Badillo Amendment, 33, 35, 36
      • Briefing Paper for Vatican visit, 274
      • Cambodia, 160, 261, 266
      • CIA human rights memorandum, 25
      • Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 16, 26, 28, 178
      • Criticism of gross violators of human rights by, 80
      • East African food shortages, 275
      • Food Aid Convention, 243, 267, 271
      • Food for Peace Program, 265
      • Food initiative proposal for Venice economic summit, 264, 269
      • Food policy role of USDA, 223, 229
      • Food reserves, 265, 271
      • Foreign economic assistance, 207
      • Genocide Treaty, 9, 16, 26, 28, 53, 57, 76, 80, 96, 97, 178, 199, 204
      • Global 2000 Study, 337, 344, 347
      • Human rights:
      • Human Rights Agency proposal, 85
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 96, 113, 114, 121
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Implementation of, 48
        • Objectives and priorities for, 205
        • PRM on, 45, 46
      • Human Rights Week, 99
      • IDCA Development policy statement, 328
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 35, 36, 37
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 142
      • Interagency Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, 224
      • International Development and Food Assistance Act (1977), 58, 91
      • International health, 21, 292, 293
      • International Health Initiative, 309, 311, 313, 314
      • International health policy review, 293, 294, 306
      • International program uses of excess grain, 265
      • Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 7
      • Leadership in War on Hunger, 271
      • Loans to countries violating human rights, 23
      • Marine Pollution Package, 290
      • Meetings:
        • With Bourne, 292
        • With Brezhnev (Vienna, 1979), 186
        • With Bukovsky, 19, 38
        • With Congressional delegations, 23, 242
        • With Cossiga and Colombo, 273
        • With Dobrynin, 7, 18
        • With Linowitz, 249
        • With Mahler, 292, 306
        • With Pope John Paul II, 273, 274
        • With Presidential Commission on World Hunger, 263
        • With religious leaders, 267, 268, 271, 272
        • With Vance and Derian, 174, 175, 176, 177
      • Messages:
        • From Butler, Hinkley, and Shestack, 178
        • From Congressional delegation visiting Latin America, 132
        • From Humphrey, 238, 242
        • From Nolan and Gilman, 242
        • To Humphrey, 35, 40
        • To Reuss, 35
        • To Sakharov, 18, 19, 38
      • National Cambodian Crisis Committee, 266
      • Nuclear testing, 26
      • P.L. 480 budget, 259
      • Population growth, 339
      • Population policy, U.S., 284, 290, 297, 308
      • POW/MIAs, 6
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH):
      • Presidential Decision Memoranda, 98
      • Presidential Directive on human rights, 96, 113
      • Presidential Study on Population, Resources, and Environment, 289
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343, 346
      • Press conferences, 10
      • Proclamation 4542 (designating Human Rights Day), 99, 178
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 116
      • SALT II treaty signing, 186
      • Soviet economic development role in LDCs, 215
      • Soviet-U.S. relations, 186
      • Special Coordinating Committee Working Group on Human Rights, 32
      • Speeches:
        • B’nai B’rith (Sept. 1976), 4
        • Environment Message to Congress (May 1977), 308, 337
        • Human Rights Week (proposal), 89, 96, 97
        • Inaugural address (Jan. 1977), 8, 16, 18, 60, 208
        • National Arts Theatre (Lagos, 1978), 311
        • Notre Dame (May 1977), 51, 60, 214
        • OAS Permanent Council (Apr. 1977), 29, 38, 60
        • On human rights (proposed), 77
        • On world hunger (proposed), 236
        • San Jose City Hall (Sept. 1980), 347
        • Southern Legislative Conference (July 1977), 286
        • State of the Union (1978), 309
        • State of the Union (1980), 205, 348
        • “State of the World”; proposal, 89
        • Thirtieth Anniversary of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 173, 176, 200
        • UNGA (Mar. 1977), 26, 28, 38, 79, 89, 181, 217
        • UNGA (Oct. 1977), 79, 226, 290, 291
        • World Health Assembly (May 1977), 284, 318
      • Targeting aid to countries respecting human rights, 95, 96, 97
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 283, 285
      • Ten goals for foreign policy, 43
      • Tlatelolco Treaty, 47
      • Tokyo Summit, 257
      • Uganda human rights violations, 42
      • UN charges of U.S. civil rights violations, 164
      • Unclassified version of PD–30, 175, 177
      • Universal Declaration of Human Rights as endorsed by, 9, 70, 99
      • UN’s importance to United States, 26
      • Vance resignation, 199
      • Visits:
        • Europe, India, Middle East (Dec. 1977–Jan. 1978), 103, 240, 306
        • London, Geneva (May 1977), 24
        • Rome (June 1980), 273
        • South America, Africa (Mar.–Apr. 1978), 311, 313
        • Tokyo, Seoul (June–July 1979), 187, 257
        • Vienna (June 1979), 186, 188
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
      • World Food Program, 235
      • World hunger initiatives, 212, 213, 226, 242, 292
      • World Hunger Working Group:
    • Carter, Lillian, 242, 245
    • Carter, Rosalynn, 26, 47, 203, 266, 328
    • Carter, W. Beverly, Jr., 125, 162, 163
    • Case, Clifford, 23, 114, 245
    • Catholic Relief Services, 274
    • Cavanaugh, Carmel R., 312
    • Cederberg, Elford A., 23
    • Celeste, Richard F., 336
    • Censorship, 135, 190
    • Census, U.S. Bureau of, 307, 323, 337, 338
    • Center for Disease Control (CDC), 306
    • Central African Empire:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Political prisoners in, 105
      • Suspension of aid program for, 105, 132, 145
      • U.S. abstentions in votes on IFI loans to, 105, 132, 139, 202
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
      • U.S. seen as “punishing”; due to weakness of, 105
    • Central America, 5, 29, 59, 60, 200
    • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):
      • Geographic and Cartographic Research Office (OGCR), 338
      • Global 2000 Study, 337
      • Human rights performance, 172
      • Human rights violations, 44
      • Impact of the U.S. stand on human rights, 42
      • Interagency coordination on human rights, 29
      • International health policy review, 306
      • Memoranda:
        • Meeting Global Food Needs, 250
        • On human rights, 25, 42
      • Political perspectives on key global issues (paper), 209
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
      • Reporting on human rights by, 22, 72, 223
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
      • World hunger initiatives, 219
    • Chad, 91, 245
    • Chai, Daniel, 211
    • Chapin, Harry, 242, 251, 253, 255
    • Chapman, William, 200
    • Chase Manhattan Bank, 223
    • Chavez, Cesar, 80
    • Cherne, Leo, 107, 112
    • Cheshes, Martin L., 159, 325, 327, 336
    • Cheshire, Maxine, 105
    • Chicago Tribune, 42
    • Child health, 296, 301, 311
    • Child malnutrition, 305
    • Child mortality, 305
    • Child spacing, 308
    • Children’s rights, 323, 324, 325
    • Chile:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • AID projects deferred in, 132
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 95
      • As major P.L. 480 recipient, 88
      • Cancellation of U.S. aid program by, 105
      • CCC loans to, 87, 92, 105
      • Delay in votes on loans to, 132, 139
      • Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), 104
      • ECOSOC hearings on, 155
      • FSO loans to, 105
      • Human rights:
        • Improvements in, 102, 104, 172
        • Reports to Congress on, 17
        • U.S. actions in, 87, 157
      • IAHRC report on, 125, 155
      • IDB support of junta in, 4
      • Letelier assassination, 157, 202
      • Loans opposed to Allende government, 105
      • OPIC, 108, 150
      • Political prisoners in, 104
      • Refugees from, 6
      • State of siege in, 73
      • Torture in, 102
      • UNCHR resolution on, 125, 162, 181
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • U.S. military aid to, 4, 11, 56, 62
      • U.S. policy for UN discussions on, 155
      • U.S. role in coup in, 38
      • U.S. votes against IFI loans to, 105, 132, 139, 145, 202
      • Venezuelan loans to, 105
      • Women’s status in, 336
    • China, People’s Republic of:
      • As development success, 253
      • Cambodian human rights violations, 80, 184
      • Constraints on foreign policy of, 209
      • Equatorial Guinea, relations with, 192
      • Family planning in, 287, 308
      • Food pricing policies in, 218
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 73
      • Human rights improvements in, 172
      • Human rights reports for, 203
      • International Food Corps proposal, 247
      • Malnutrition in, 213, 234
      • Population issues, 331, 339
      • Role in African rights-violating countries of, 192
      • Shanghai Communiqué, 26
      • UNCHR’s establishment, 16
      • United States, relations with, 63, 73
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 54, 206
      • U.S. medical diplomacy with, 292
      • U.S. sales of police equipment to, 206
      • U.S. seen as ignoring human rights record of, 105
    • China, Republic of. See Taiwan
    • Choi Kyu-hah, 187
    • Cholera, 330
    • Choucri, Nazli, 338
    • Christenson, Richard A., 24
    • Christian Science Monitor, 42, 275, 308, 343, 348
    • Christians, 125
    • Christopher, Warren M.:
      • Agriculture, 298
      • AID study on foreign economic assistance, 197
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 47
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • As Acting Secretary, 103, 240
      • As Deputy Secretary of State, 5
      • Carter-Brezhnev talks, 186
      • Carter’s UNGA speech (Oct. 1977), 291
      • Derian appointment as Human Rights Coordinator, 4
      • D/HA, 6, 194, 196
      • Draft outline for human rights policy, 10
      • East Africa food shortages, 276
      • Energy, 298
      • Foreign economic assistance, 38, 144, 297
      • Fraser foreign assistance bill amendments, 136, 137, 138
      • Human rights, 38
        • Accomplishments in, 122
        • Action memoranda on, 12, 34, 40, 55, 71
        • Carter administration emphasis on, 51
        • Fraser memorandum on, 56
        • Review for CCC loans, 78, 92
        • Strategy papers for, 34, 40, 124
        • U.S. strategy for United Nations, 148
        • Vance’s Law Day speech on, 39
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group, 14, 48, 50, 53
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 117, 123
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Assessment of, 105
        • Communication abroad of, 87
        • Congressional-State Department cooperation on, 49
        • Country-specific action plans for, 49, 60
        • Credibility of, 200
        • Implementation of, 40, 48, 52, 53, 55, 156
        • Improvement in planning and reporting, 147
        • NGO recommendations for strengthening of, 187
        • PRM on, 54, 58, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68
        • Sanctions as used in, 157, 158
        • State Department strategy for dealing with Congress over, 62
        • Threats to, 101
      • Human rights reports, 59, 84, 109, 111, 129, 167, 190, 201
      • Humphrey subcommittee testimony of, 9, 17, 28
      • Implementing of human rights legislation, 83
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 126, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134, 142
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 29, 31, 41, 150, 156, 183
      • International financial institutions, 33, 35, 37, 71, 145, 179
      • International health policy, 288, 302
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • Messages:
        • From Congressional delegation visiting Latin America, 132
        • To Blumenthal, 40
        • To Fraser, 74
      • North-south relations, 298
      • OPIC, 108, 150, 151, 152, 153
      • P.L. 480, 86, 88, 90, 92, 169
      • Population policy, U.S., 287, 298, 307, 318, 321, 329, 339
      • Priorities lunch with Derian, 195
      • Proposed meeting with Congressional human rights leaders, 13, 20
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94
      • Reuss Amendment, 20
      • Security assistance, 144
      • Speeches:
        • ABA Convention (Chicago, Aug. 1977), 74, 77
        • ABA Convention (New Orleans, Feb. 1978), 104, 117
      • Talmadge meeting with, 92
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 283
      • Technology transfer, 298
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • U.S. ratification of UN Covenants and Conventions, 193
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
      • World Food Program, 232
      • World Hunger Campaign, 234
      • World hunger initiatives, 302
    • Christopher Committee. See Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance
    • Chrome, 4, 26
    • Chun Doo Hwan, 200
    • Church, Frank F., 161, 198, 202
    • Church of Human Development, 163
    • Church World Service, 113, 308
    • Civic action programs, 299
    • Civil Defense Preparedness Agency, 337
    • Civil Rights Commission, U.S., 28, 135, 170
      • Tennessee Advisory Committee, 163
    • Civil Rights Movement, 58
    • Civiletti, Benjamin, 343
    • Clapp, Priscilla, 91, 197
    • Clark, Dick, 242
    • Claude, Inis L., Jr., 100
    • Cleveland, Paul, 147, 169, 190
    • Clift, A. Denis, 38, 112
    • Climate change, 209, 337
    • Climate control, 209
    • Climate limit, 234, 236
    • Clinics, 215
    • Club of Rome, 212, 213
    • Coal, 337, 347
    • Coalition for a New Foreign and Military Policy, 29, 129, 167
    • Coar, Nelson, 75
    • Cocoa, 215
    • Coelho, Anthony Lee, 277
    • Coffee, 80, 215
    • Cohen, Roberta, 129, 135, 178, 187, 198, 205
    • Cohen, Steve, 198
    • Collins, Steven, 91, 105
    • Colombia:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 87, 104
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Charges of U.S. racial discrimination in UN, 163
      • Family planning in, 308, 345
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 61
      • Population issues in, 331, 339
      • UNCHR role of, 184
      • U.S. population assistance to, 287
    • Colombo, Emilio, 273
    • Colombo Declaration (Sept. 1979), 331
    • Colonialism, 342
    • Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 324
    • Commerce, U.S. Department of, 219
      • DCC membership of, 315
      • International health policy review, 306
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343, 346
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 283
      • World Hunger Working Group, 230
    • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
    • Committee on Human Rights, Memphis, Tennessee, 163
    • Commodity agreements, 215
    • Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), 195, 205, 223
      • Chilean borrowing from, 87, 92, 105
      • Financing of exports to Korean Republic by, 265
      • Increase in commercial term export sales under, 265
      • Legislative constraints against financing commodity sales by, 210
      • Price support loans, 225
      • Restricting limits on, 157, 158
      • Review of loans by, 78, 92
      • Short-term export loans, 259
      • Ugandan borrowing from, 92
    • Common Fund, 277
    • Communications satellites, 290
    • Communist bloc, 4, 73, 210
    • Community organizations, 308
    • Community water supplies, 296
    • Conference on Desertification (Nairobi, 1977), 236, 278, 306
    • Conference on New and Renewable Forms of Energy (1981), 346
    • Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) (see also Helsinki Agreement), 4
    • Congden, Michael B., 26
    • Congress, Acts of (see also P.L. 480)
      • African Development Fund Act (1976), 1, 73
      • Agricultural Act (1949), 245
      • Agricultural Act (1980), 277
      • Agricultural Trade and Developmental Assistance Act (1954), 4, 90, 169, 210, 312
      • Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act (1973), 263
      • Arms Export Control Act (1976), 136
      • Bretton Woods Agreement Act, 139
      • Byrd Amendment, 4, 7, 26, 38
      • Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriation Act (1979), 253
      • Export Administration Act, 264
      • Export-Import Bank Act (1945), 87, 157
      • Food and Agriculture Act (1977), 225, 229, 245, 254
      • Food for Freedom Act (1966), 312
      • Food Security Act (1979), 260, 277
      • Food Security Wheat Reserve Act (1980), 277
      • Foreign Assistance Act (1961), 1, 17, 73, 91, 136, 190, 196, 200, 287, 301, 320
        • Title XII amendments to, 263
      • Foreign Assistance Act (1969), 81, 108
      • Foreign Assistance Act (1973), 58, 73, 84, 167, 245, 305, 308
      • Foreign Assistance Appropriation Act (1979), 108
      • Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Act (1978), 87, 141
      • Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1977, 73
      • Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1978, 62
      • Harkin Amendment, 1, 4, 10, 20, 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 73, 87, 96, 114, 139
      • Hart-Cellar Act (1977), 62, 73
      • Helms Amendment, 253, 255
      • Humphrey Amendment, 29, 33, 35, 38
      • Immigration Act (1924), 62
      • Inter-American Development Bank Act, 73
      • International Development Cooperation Act (1979), 190, 328
      • International Development and Food Assistance Act (1975), 1, 4, 108, 207
      • International Development and Food Assistance Act (1977) (P. L. 9588):
        • Channeling aid to non-human rights violators, 83, 171
        • Chile’s cancelling of U.S. loans under provisions of, 105
        • Emphasis on food for development, 245
        • Guidelines for, 91
        • Human rights language in P.L. 480 Agreements as required by, 103, 169
        • Implementation of, 58, 92
        • Internationalization of human rights policies, 83
        • Mandatory minimum tonnage levels, 232
        • P.L. 480 reporting requirement under, 86, 90
        • Redirection of P.L. 480 under, 210
      • International Development and Food Assistance Act (1978), 268, 308
      • International Financial Institutions Act (1977), 199
      • International Security Assistance Act (1977), 38
      • International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act (1976), 1, 4, 38, 91
      • International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act (1977), 143
      • Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 4, 7, 73, 80, 96
      • McCarran-Walter Act (1952), 62
      • Omnibus Food and Agriculture Act (1977), 210
      • Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act (1977), 108, 139, 143, 150
      • Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act (1978), 200
      • Percy Amendment, 58, 324, 341
      • P. L. 9512 (1977), 26
      • P. L. 9588 (1977). See International Development and Food Assistance Act (1977 above)
      • P. L. 95118 (1977) (IFI Authorization), 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 83, 124, 202
      • Proposal for legislation on human rights reports, 139, 143
      • Reuss Amendment, 20, 33
      • Right to Food Resolution, 251
      • Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), 330
      • Smith-Mundt Act (1948), 263
      • Supplemental Appropriation and Rescission Act (1980), 275
      • Trade Act (1974), 73, 234, 277
      • Trading with the Enemy Act (1917), 210
      • Tsongas Amendment, 139
      • U.S. Information and Educational Exchange Act (1948), 263
    • Congress, U.S. (see also Congress, Acts of; Human rights reports)
      • Actions influenced by considerations of human rights, 50
      • Administration strategy for ratification of UN Covenants by, 4, 7, 13, 38, 62, 162, 165, 199, 205
      • Administration strategy for ratification of UN Genocide Convention by, 4, 7, 13, 38, 53, 57, 62, 87, 96, 97, 162, 165, 168, 198, 199
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • Carter’s meetings with leaders in, 23, 242
      • Christopher’s proposed meeting with human rights leaders in, 13, 20
      • Christopher’s testimony before, 9, 17, 28
      • Cooperation with White House objectives for world hunger, 236, 239
      • Cuts to funding of IFIs and AID, 124, 263
      • Derian testimony before, 42
      • Desire for toughness toward Korean Republic in, 105
      • D/HA cooperation with, 87
      • Executive branch relations over population policy with, 318, 321, 324
      • Food reserves, 225, 236, 258, 260
      • Foreign aid’s unpopularity in, 23
      • Foreign assistance approval delays, 266
      • Genocide Treaty, 4, 7, 13, 38, 53, 57, 62, 87, 96, 97, 162, 165, 168, 198, 199
      • Global 2000 Study and Report, 227, 348
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Executive Branch relations over, 4, 29, 80, 96, 97, 105, 139, 160
          • State Department strategy on, 62
        • State Department cooperation over, 49
      • Human rights reports, 6, 17, 59, 106, 108, 109, 147, 167, 169, 185
      • IDB projects in Latin America, investigation of, 132
      • Indochinese refugees, 80
      • International health policy review, 304
      • Joint Economic Committee’s Subcommittee on International Economics, 348
      • Koreagate scandal, 105
      • Latin America visit by delegation from, 132
      • Legislation affecting loans through international financial institutions, 29, 33, 83, 105, 124, 132, 199
      • Namibia, 62
      • “New Directions”; mandate of, 245, 248, 254, 263, 305
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH):
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 346
      • Southern Africa, 62
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • U.S. military aid actions in, 62, 105
      • Vance’s testimony before, 17, 23, 38
      • Wheat reserves bills, 225, 260
      • World hunger initiatives study, 227, 233, 238, 239, 244
    • Congressional Fellowships, 29
    • Congressional Presentation Documents, 6, 108
    • Congressional Record, 139
    • Conservation:
    • Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR), 245, 257, 258, 270, 345
    • Contraception, 307, 309, 345
    • Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 27, 38, 118, 149, 155, 199
      • Carter’s desire for ratification of, 16, 26, 28, 178
    • Convention on the Crime of Apartheid, 155
    • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 340, 342
    • Cooper, Richard N., 20, 34
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Food initiative proposal for Venice economic summit, 269
      • Food policy, U.S., 258
      • Food reserves for P.L. 480 stabilization, 228
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 16, 105
      • IBRD consideration of human rights, 59
      • International health policy review, 314
      • North-South Task Force, 335
      • OPIC, 108
      • P.L. 480, 210
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 248, 255
      • UN human rights resolution, 94
      • World Hunger Campaign, 234
      • World hunger initiatives, 240
    • Copenhagen 80: The Washington Conference for Women (June 1980), 342
    • Corn, 225, 265
    • Corps D’Alimentation du Sahel (CAS), 247
    • Cossiga, Francesco, 273
    • Costa Rica, 16
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 87, 104
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Increases in AID funding levels for, 140, 145
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 87, 94, 99
      • UNCHR resolution of, 87, 99
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 139
    • Costello, Daniel S., 282, 289
    • Costle, Douglas M., 343
    • Cote d’Ivoire. See Ivory Coast
    • Council of Economic Advisors (CEA), 230, 280
    • Council of Europe, 2
    • Council of Hemispheric Affairs, 187
    • Council on Development Policies and Programs, 315
    • Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 230, 277, 280, 290, 299, 337, 348
    • Council on Soviet Jewry, 203
    • Council on World Food and Nutrition Policy, 213
    • Cranston, Alan, 4, 13, 29, 87
    • Creekmore, Marion, 86, 340
    • Crown of St. Stephen, 103
    • Cruit, Anthony, 221
    • Cuba, 38
      • Drug licenses for, 303
      • Forces in Angola of, 145
      • Health as foreign policy tool of, 295
      • International Food Corps proposal, 247
      • Political prisoners, 104, 170
      • Refugees from, 200
      • Role in African rights-violating countries of, 191, 192
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • Sugar agreement with Soviet Union, 215
      • Transfer of medical and scientific literature to, 292
      • UNCHR, 120, 125, 184
      • United States, relations with, 63, 73
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • U.S. prohibition of financing commodity sales to, 210
      • Zionism as racism equivalence in, 342
    • Cultural and educational exchanges, 73
    • Currency Use Payments (CUPs), 243
    • Curtis, Carl T., 92
    • Cutter, Curtis C., 129
    • Cutter, W. Bowman, 223, 283, 285
    • Cyprus, 5, 77
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As UNGA agenda item, 291
      • Human rights country reports on, 167
      • Human rights improvement in, 172
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 196
    • Czechoslovakia, 7, 54, 104, 172, 206
    • Daft, Lynn, 215, 219, 222, 223, 230
      • Food Aid Convention (FAC), 243
      • Interagency Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, 224
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 227
      • World Hunger Working Group, 231
    • Dalley, George, 146, 149, 155, 159, 325, 327
    • Daly, John, 219
    • Data flows, 290
    • Davies, Richard, 28
    • DDT, 290
    • De Onis, Juan, 87
    • Debt, 328
    • Debt service, 207
    • Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, 63, 73, 87, 159, 162
    • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation (see also Sanitation; Water), 306, 313, 315, 328, 330
      • Issues and options for, 316
      • Memorandum on follow-up to, 335
      • U.S. approach and strategy for, 319, 332
    • Decade on Women (see also Women)
    • Declaration of Alma Ata, 317
    • Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice, 63
    • Defense, U.S. Department of:
      • Activities in countries with human rights violations, 200
      • Interagency coordination on human rights, 29
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 29, 31, 41
      • International health policy review, 306
      • International health programs of, 299, 315
      • Population growth, 280, 338
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 283
      • U.S. Human rights policy, message in support of, 70
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
    • Deforestation, 252, 346
    • Democratic Kampuchea. See Cambodia
    • Demographic transition, 209, 308, 320
    • Denend, Leslie G.:
      • Carter meeting with Vance and Derian, 175, 177
      • Human Rights Commission session, 181
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests, 100
      • UN charges of U.S. civil rights violations, 163, 164
      • War on Hunger, 271
      • World hunger initiatives, 217, 219, 226
    • Denlinger, Nelson, 92
    • Denmark:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Public education on problems of LDCs, 263
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • UNCHR, 94
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 139
    • Denton, Hazel, 345, 349
    • Denver, John, 249, 251, 253, 255
    • Derian, Patricia M.:
      • AID budget, 140, 171
      • AID study on foreign economic assistance, 197
      • Appointment and confirmation as Human Rights Coordinator, 4, 10, 29
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • Briefing memoranda from, 53
      • Carter speech on human rights (proposed), 77
      • Carter-Brezhnev talks, 186
      • Congressional testimony of, 42
      • CSCE, 87
      • D/HA role in policy decision-making, 194
      • G–7 Summit, 24
      • Genocide Convention, 28, 57
      • Human rights:
        • Action memoranda on, 29, 71, 126
        • Brzezinski’s interdepartmental meeting on, 7
        • Carter administration’s emphasis on, 51
        • Conference for NGOs on, 201, 203
        • Fraser memorandum on, 56
        • Iranian UN resolution on, 94
        • Prioritization among varieties of, 188
        • Ratification of UN covenants on, 16, 28, 178, 193
        • Review for CCC loans, 78
        • U.S. strategy for United Nations, 146, 148
        • Vance’s Law Day speech on, 39
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group, 50
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 117, 121
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Assessment of, 105
        • Communist vs. non-Communist countries, 22
        • Country-specific action plans for, 50, 53
        • Credibility of, 200
        • Goals and objectives for, 194, 199
        • Implementation of, 53
        • Improvement in planning and reporting, 147
        • Issues for transition briefing papers, 206
        • NGO recommendations for strengthening of, 187
        • PRM on, 22, 49, 63
        • Sanctions as used in, 158
        • Strategy papers, 34
      • Human rights reports, 17, 59, 84, 87, 109, 111, 129, 190, 203
      • Increased hiring of personnel by, 74
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 126, 134
      • International financial institutions, 38, 71, 145
      • Interview with, 60
      • Issues for transition briefing papers, 206
      • Kissinger-Vance lunch meeting, 189
      • Meetings:
        • With Asian officials, 175
        • With Carter and Vance, 174, 175, 176, 177
        • With Moose and Gilligan, 141
      • OPIC, 108
      • P.L. 480, 86, 169
      • Priorities lunch with Christopher, 195
      • Proposed meeting with Congressional human rights leaders, 13, 20
      • Reuss Amendment, 20
      • Securing international support for U.S. decisions on loans, 179
      • State Department views of, 203
      • Status of women, 322
      • Thirtieth Anniversary of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 176
      • Unclassified version of PD–30, 175, 177
      • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 70
      • Vance meeting with, 198
      • Washington Conference for Women, 342
      • Women and children’s rights, 324
      • Women in LDCs, 323
    • Derryck, Vivian Lowery, 334, 341, 342
    • Dershowitz, Alan M., 60
    • Desai, Morarji, 104, 188
    • Desertification, 236, 290, 306
    • Détente, 24, 42, 46, 54
    • DeVecchi, Bob, 107
    • Development assistance, 73
      • Countries considered for, 91, 95
      • Effectiveness of, 305
      • For the Caribbean Basin, 328
      • Guidelines for human rights reporting, 91
      • Levels of, 263
      • “New Directions”; mandate for, 245, 248, 254, 263, 305
      • Organization of, 263, 306
      • Studies in, 219, 223
      • Sweden as major donor of, 333
      • Targeting of, 277
      • To Africa, 328
      • To alleviate hunger, 254
      • Varieties of, 207
      • Women recognized in programs of, 328
    • Development Assistance Program (DAP), 307
    • Development Coordination Committee (DCC), 216, 326
      • Review of Brandt Commission report, 274, 277
      • Study on Foreign Aid, 227
      • Subcommittees on loans and grants, 315
    • Development Forum, 237
    • Dewar, Helen, 275
    • DeYoung, Karen, 80
    • Dialogue, 60
    • Diarrhea, 296, 313
    • Diet, 305
    • Dinges, John, 87
    • Diplomacy:
    • Disappeared persons, 181, 184, 190
    • Disarmament, 26
    • Disaster relief, 73, 75, 290
    • Disasters, natural, 290
    • Discrimination. See Age discrimination; Gender discrimination; Racial discrimination; Religious discrimination
    • Diseases:
    • Dissidents:
      • In South Africa, 105
      • In Soviet Union, 104, 105
      • Treatment in Czechoslovakia of, 7, 54, 104
      • U.S. policy on asylum for, 54, 206
    • Djakarta Declaration, 262
    • Djibouti, 91, 172, 275
    • Dobrynin, Anatoly, 7, 18
    • Dodson, Christine, 139, 150, 167, 203, 223, 266
    • Doe, Samuel K., 205
    • Dole, Robert, 62, 92, 242, 251, 253, 260
    • Domestic Council (DC), 230, 277, 285
    • Domestic hunger, 263
    • Domestic Policy Council (DPC), 219
    • Dominican Republic, 87
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As scheduled for P.L. 480 aid in FY 1978, 90
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Human right country reports, 129
      • Political prisoners in, 87, 104, 105
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87
    • Donovan, Hedley, 205, 337
    • “Doonesbury”; (Trudeau), 117
    • Downey, Arthur, 7
    • Drinan, Robert, 4
    • Drought, 218, 234, 236, 245, 275
    • Drug Abuse Policy, Office of, 219, 292, 315
    • Drug policy, U.S., 292
    • Dubs, Adolph, 63
    • Duffey, Joe, 59
    • Duncan, Charles W., Jr., 343
    • Dunn, Tim, 197
    • Durham, Jimmy, 125
    • Dworkin, Douglas A., 186
    • Dyess, William J., 203
    • Dysentery, 330
    • Earth Day, 102
    • Earthquakes, 290
    • East Africa, 275, 276
    • East Asia, 172, 196
    • Eastern Europe:
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Food pricing policies in, 218
      • Human rights situation in, 104, 105, 172
      • Restraint in U.S. human rights policy toward, 43
      • Role in African rights-violating countries of, 191, 192
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 105, 196
      • USIA human rights action plan for, 60
    • East Timor, 29, 59, 87
    • Eastland, James, 62, 92
    • Easum, Donald B., 321
    • Eckholm, Erik, 335, 344, 348
    • Economic and Business Affairs, Bureau of, 1
    • Economic development, 215
    • Economic Impact, 60
    • Economic Portfolio, 60
    • Ecuador, 75
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 104
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Elections in, 105
      • Human rights country reports on, 167
      • Human rights improvements in, 102, 172
    • Edgar, William, 331
    • Education, 28, 29, 73, 145, 190, 236, 263, 277, 302
    • Education, U.S. Department of, 342
    • Egypt, 63, 89
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Balance-of-payments problems, 275
      • Canal Cities Water and Sanitation Project, 296
      • Debt owed by, 207
      • Family planning in, 287, 308, 331, 345
      • FAO agreement with, 262
      • Human rights as factor in IFI loans, 73
      • Human rights commission for Africa, 125
      • Human rights country reports to Congress on, 167
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 90, 210, 259
      • Population growth study for, 338
      • Ratification of UN Covenants and Conventions, 193
      • U.S. prohibition of financing commodity sales to, 210
      • Vance visits to, 74
      • Zionism as racism equivalence in, 63
    • Ehrlich, Tom:
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Carter meeting with religious leaders, 268, 272
      • Carter meetings in Rome, 273
      • G–7 talks on population issues, 333
      • Human rights policy, U.S., NSC and, 203
      • International program uses of excess grain, 265
      • P.L. 480, 259
      • Population policy, U.S., 328, 329
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 277
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
    • Eilberg, Joshua, 62
    • Eisele, Albert A., 38
    • Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4, 210
    • Eizenstat, Stewart:
      • African famine aid, 275
      • Food Aid Convention (FAC), 243
      • Food for Peace Program, 265
      • Food policy, U.S., USDA role in, 223, 229
      • Genocide Convention, 57
      • Global 2000 Study, 337
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 121
      • Interagency Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, 224
      • International Health Initiative, 301
      • P.L. 480 Title III purchase guarantees, 222
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 244
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 285
      • Wheat set-asides, 225
      • World Food Program, 235
      • World hunger initiatives, 212, 213, 216, 219, 227
      • World hunger meetings, 212, 220, 223, 242
      • World Hunger Working Group, 227, 231
    • El Salvador:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Human rights improvements in, 104, 105
      • IAHRC visits to, 53, 87
      • IFI loans to, 53, 71, 132, 139, 202
      • Interagency group discussion of loans to, 41
      • Security assistance to, 200
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 87, 187, 206
      • U.S. military aid to, 38, 62, 87
    • Elderly Feeding Program, 263
    • Elections:
      • Bolivia (1978), 105
      • Ecuador (1978), 105
      • Pakistan (1977) (postponed), 104
      • Peru (1978), 105
      • Sri Lanka (1977), 104
      • United States (1980), 207
    • Ellacuria, Ignacio, 87
    • Eller, Don, 255
    • Ely, Michael, 218
    • Employment discrimination, 28
    • Energy, 236, 284, 290, 298, 328, 337, 346, 347
    • Energy, U.S. Department of, 236, 290, 298, 337, 343
    • Energy dependence, 209
    • Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), 67, 219, 337
    • Environmental issues (see also individual issues), 284, 290
    • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 306, 315, 330, 337, 342
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
    • Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), Office of, 28
    • Equatorial Guinea, 172, 179, 188
      • Action plans for, 183
      • Cameroon, relations with, 192
      • Chinese People’s Republic, relations with, 192
      • Nigeria, relations with, 192
      • Resumption of U.S. aid to, 203
      • Soviet bloc role in, 191, 192
      • UNCHR investigation of, 125, 181
    • Erb, Guy, 93, 110, 150, 242
      • Decade on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 335
      • G–7 talks on population issues, 333
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 227, 239, 246, 248, 277
      • UN charges of U.S. civil rights violations, 164
      • World hunger initiatives, 226
      • World Hunger Working Group, 227, 241
    • Erb, Richard, 7, 22
    • Ericson, Richard, 7, 70
    • Eritrea, 42
    • Erlich, S. Paul, 289
    • Erlich, Thomas, P.L. 480 budget, 259
    • Erosion, 245, 252
    • Ethiopia:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • AID projects deferred in, 132
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Bilateral aid agreements with the United States, 145
      • Closure of U.S. bases in, 42, 105
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Executions in, 104
      • Food shortages in, 250, 275
      • Interagency group discussion of loans to, 41
      • Political prisoners released in, 104
      • UNCHR scrutiny of, 125, 181, 184
      • United States, relations with, 42, 105
      • U.S. abstentions in votes on IFI loans to, 53, 71, 105, 132, 139, 202
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • U.S. military aid cuts to, 7, 11, 23, 38
      • U.S. population assistance to, 287
      • U.S. sales of police equipment to, 206
    • Ethnic lobbying, 69
    • European Commission, 139
    • European Community (EC), 24, 105
    • European Human Rights Commission, 190
    • Evans, Rowland, 164
    • Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), 262
    • Executions, 104
    • Executive Order 10973, 263
    • Executive Order 12078, 248, 251, 263
    • Executive Order 12163, 245, 328
    • Executive Order 12266, 277
    • Executive Policy Group, 304
    • Expanded Food and Nutrition Educations Program, 263
    • Export restraints, 259
    • Export-Import Bank, 23, 33, 73, 87, 105, 139, 143, 157, 158, 167, 205, 315
    • Extinction, 346, 347
    • Fair trials, 190
    • Falcon, Walter, 251, 253
    • Falkner, William, 289
    • Fallows, James, 16, 96
    • Family planning, 236, 277, 287, 290, 307, 308, 311, 328, 331, 345, 349
    • Family Planning Council, 308
    • Famine, 209, 236, 238, 274, 275, 276
    • Farnsworth, Clyde H., 225
    • Farrar, Curtis, 247
    • Fascell, Dante, 60
    • Fascism, 186
    • Fazio, Vic, 255
    • Feary, Robert A., 230
    • Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), 286
    • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 77
    • Feed grains, 225
    • Feinberg, Richard, 72
    • Ferch, John, 210, 221, 232
    • Fertility, 307, 308
    • Fertilizer, 257, 262
    • Fill, Gerald:
      • Disagreement on world food policy PRM drafts, 219
      • Hunger Staff Task Force, 231
      • International health policy, U.S., 292, 294, 295, 303
      • North-South strategy, 279
      • PD on World Hunger, 241
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger, 242
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 285
      • World hunger initiatives, 213, 226
      • World Hunger Working Group, 229
    • Findley, Paul, 242
    • Finland, 91, 94, 340
    • Fireside, Harvey, 60
    • Fisher, Nancy Helen Hunter, 334
    • Fisheries, 262
    • Fithian, Floyd, 275
    • Fleisher, Eric, 325, 336
    • Fleming, Louis B., 243
    • Flood, Patrick, 198
    • Flood control, 278
    • Floods, 290
    • Fluorocarbons, 337
    • Fogarty, John Edward, 306
    • Fogarty Institute, 304, 306, 309
    • Foley, Thomas S., 23, 225, 242
    • Food (see also Agriculture)
      • As weapon, 263
      • CIA papers on, 209, 250
      • Data on, 211
      • Distribution systems, 236, 252
      • Emphasis for development on, 245
      • Grain consumption and production, 218
      • National Academy of Science report on nutrition and, 212, 216, 227, 234, 236, 245, 254
      • Population increases and demand for, 209, 230, 234, 280, 284, 308, 312, 320
      • Pricing policies, 218
      • Production of, 270, 328
      • Promotion of commercial exports of, 223
      • Right to as basic human right, 245, 251
      • Science and technology transfer, 223
      • Shortages of, 275
      • Trends, 209
      • Under-consumption of, 252
      • U.S. leverage on export of, 209
      • World’s need for, 212, 347
    • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Budget of, 262
      • Committee on Food Security, 264, 269
      • Conference (Rome, Nov. 1977), 221, 223, 243
      • Conference (Rome, Nov. 1979), 262
      • Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD) (Rome, 1979), 245, 253, 262
      • Council (Nov. 1978), 247
      • Data from, 308
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 335
      • Egypt, agreement with, 262
      • Five-point Plan, 258
      • Global Information and Early Warning System (EWS), 211, 250
      • Goals and objectives for U.S. mission to, 256
      • International Fertilizer Supply Scheme, 250
      • Malnutrition, 258
      • Nutrition programs of, 313
      • Sahelian Relief Operations (OSRO), 245
      • U.S. budget requests for, 232, 236
      • Weaknesses of, 245
      • World Food Program, 232, 235, 245, 250, 255, 258, 266, 273, 277, 308
      • World hunger, 227
    • Food and Agriculture Policy Working Group, 224, 227, 230, 245
    • Food Aid Convention (FAC), 215, 236, 243, 255, 257, 258, 267, 270, 271, 273, 277
    • Food assistance (see also P.L. 480):
      • Annual commitment for purchase of grains for, 228
      • By NGOs, 245, 247
      • Changes in levels of, 73, 236
      • Congressional restrictions on, 210
      • Dependence on, 250
      • Domestic, 263
      • Food Aid Convention proposal, 215, 236, 243, 255, 257, 258, 267, 270, 271, 273, 277
      • Food reserves for, 225, 245
      • For improvement in human rights, 58
      • From Argentina, 245
      • From Australia, 222, 245
      • From Canada, 222, 245
      • From Italy, 274
      • From New Zealand, 245
      • Global food stamps, 253
      • Guidelines for human rights reporting, 91
      • Poor nations as emphasized with, 223
      • To Afghanistan, 274
      • To Africa, 259, 274
      • To Egypt, 90, 210, 259
      • To Nicaragua, 259
      • To Uganda, 236
      • USDA study on, 216
      • Washington Conference on (proposal), 213, 219, 220
    • Food for Peace Program, 265
      • Establishment of, 4
      • Family planning through, 308
      • Increased funding for, 275, 277
      • Refugee aid under, 261
      • Title One sales, 75
    • Food policy, U.S. (see also World hunger initiatives)
      • Burden-sharing during food crises, 218
      • Increasing the effectiveness of, 234, 236, 252
      • International Volunteer Corps, 162
      • Lack of coordination in, 245
      • Manila WFC meeting and, 213, 214, 216, 220, 221, 223, 225, 227, 250
      • Need for nutrition-based, 254
      • Objectives and activities, 258
      • Promotion of commercial exports, 223
      • Public support for, 263
      • Science and technology transfer, 223, 234, 236
      • Status of, 245
      • USDA role in, 223, 229
    • Food reserves:
    • Food scarcity, 209
    • Food security, 245, 254, 257, 258, 263
    • Food Stamp Program, U.S., 263
    • Food stamps, global, 253
    • Food uncertainty, 209
    • Food-shortage countries, 250, 275
    • Ford, Gerald R., 1, 4, 91, 137, 212
    • Foreign economic assistance (see also Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance; P.L. 480; Security assistance)
      • AID study on, 197, 219, 223
      • Carter’s meetings with Congressional leaders on, 23
      • Changes in levels of, 73
      • Congressional delay in approval of, 266
      • Criteria applied to economic vs. military aid, 105
      • Human rights as issue in, 38, 54
      • Improving coordination on decisions on, 144
      • Multilateral vs. bilateral, 207, 208
      • Policy directions for, 298
      • Pre-election memorandum on, 207
      • Programs for, 29
      • Request for increase in, 26
      • State Department strategy for dealing with Congress over human rights and, 62
      • Targeting to countries respecting human rights, 80, 83, 95, 96, 97
      • Unpopularity with Congress of, 23
    • Foreign military sales (FMS), 87, 105, 144
    • Foreign Policy (magazine), 38
    • Foreign policy, U.S. (see also Human rights policy, U.S.)
      • Domestic constraints on, 209
      • Human rights as considered in all relevant decisions in, 172
      • Leverage on exports of food, 209
      • Ten goals for, 43
    • Foreign Service Institute, 53
    • Forestry, 262
    • Forests, 337
    • Fortuine, Robert, 317
    • Foundation for International Technical Cooperation, 315
    • Four Freedoms, 186
    • Fourth Geneva Convention to the Occupied Territories, 155
    • Fradenburg, William, 211
    • France:
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Human rights approach of, 24
      • Population assistance from, 345
      • Ratification of UN Covenants and Conventions, 193
      • United States, relations with, Human rights, 105
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 139, 196
    • Frank, Charles, 215, 232, 291
    • Frank, Jane, 220
    • Fraser, Arvonne S., 58, 310, 323, 325, 336, 342
    • Fraser, Donald M.:
      • As Congressional human rights leader, 4, 13, 20
      • Benson talks on security assistance with, 11, 13
      • Congressional Fellowships, 29
      • Declassification of human rights reports on Philippines, 6
      • Foreign assistance bill as amended by, 137
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 112, 113, 117
      • Human rights reports by country, 17, 59
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 38
      • Inspection of prisons by ICRC, 87
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 126, 128, 130, 139
      • Korean Republic’s human rights issues, 59, 62
      • Legal defense, 87
      • Loan to Philippines, 41
      • Memorandum on human rights, 56
      • Message from Christopher, 74
      • State Department consultation with, 29
      • World hunger initiatives, 242
    • Freedom From Hunger (FFH), 249
    • Freedom House:
      • As human rights constituency, 81
      • Human Rights Foundation and, 97, 107, 113, 114, 121
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom and, 126
      • Recommendations of, 187
      • Reports by, 17, 96, 102, 111
    • Freedom of Information, 155
    • Freedom of thought, 190
    • Freeman, Orville L., 231, 237, 251, 253
    • Frejka, Tomas, 308
    • Friendly, Al, 203
    • Froebe, Louise, 280, 289
    • Frosch, Robert A., 343
    • Fuerth, Leon S., 70, 91, 106, 109, 147, 292
    • G–7 Summit (London, May 1977), 24
    • G–7 Summit (Tokyo, June 1979), 187, 257, 270
    • G–7 Summit (Venice, June 1980), 264, 269, 270, 272, 274, 277, 333, 335, 337, 348
    • G–77, 94, 250, 331, 342
    • G–2000. See Global 2000 Study and Report
    • Gabon, 91
    • Galey, Margaret E., 310
    • Gambia, The, 42, 60, 91, 105, 140, 336
    • Gandhi, Indira, 23, 308
    • Gardner, 262, 264, 269
    • Garment, Leonard, 7
    • Garrison, Mark, 19, 317
    • Garten, Jeffrey, 290, 296, 299, 302, 315
    • Gas, 337
    • Gates, Robert, 7, 227
    • Gathright, Wreatham, 290
    • Gelb, Leslie, 65, 84, 147
    • Gender discrimination, 28
    • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 73, 207, 236, 277
    • Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), 73, 234, 236, 277, 328
    • Geneva Convention (1949), 263
    • Genocide Convention (1949) (see also United Nations human rights instruments)
      • New York Times editorial on, 27
      • Postponing of action on, 87
      • Signing of, 105
      • UN working group on countries’ failure to ratify, 193
      • U.S. ratification of:
        • Administration efforts with Congress over:
        • As moral issue, 53
        • Carter’s desire for:
        • Failure of, 174, 187, 194, 199
        • PRM on, 165
      • Vote on, 167, 170
    • Georgia, 104
    • Germany, Democratic Republic of:
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • Military aid to Uganda, 192
      • Treatment of journalists in, 186
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
    • Germany, Federal Republic of, 89
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Human rights approach of, 24
      • Human rights as factor in IFI loans, 179
      • Nuclear reprocessing, 105
      • Population assistance from, 287, 345
      • Preventative detention in, 135
      • United States, relations with, 8, 105
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 139, 196
      • Water and sanitation assistance, 332
      • Women’s status in, 336
    • Ghana, 42, 91, 172, 308, 336
    • Giffler, Lydia K., 320
    • Gilligan, John J.:
      • AID budget, 87
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 316
      • Derian-Moose meeting with, 141
      • Executive branch organization for international health and agriculture, 305
      • Food, 212
      • Foreign economic assistance, 23, 31
      • Human rights reports, 84
      • International financial institutions, 139
      • International Food Corps, 247
      • International health policy, U.S., 293, 306
      • PD on human rights policy, 113, 119
      • Population/food problems, 312
      • Population policy, U.S., 282, 287, 307
      • PRM on human rights policy, 46, 58, 73
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 281, 283, 285
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • World hunger initiatives, 212
      • World Hunger Working Group, 230, 231
    • Gilman, Benjamin, 242, 251, 255
    • Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 124, 331
    • Gleysteen, William H., Jr., 7, 210
    • Global 2000 Study and Report, 277, 337, 344, 346, 347, 348
    • Global Atmospheric Research Program, 290
    • Global challenges checklist, 290
    • Global Future–-A Time to Act, 348
    • Global health cadres, 304, 309
    • Godsell, Geoffrey, 42
    • Gold, Ruth, 26
    • Goldberg, Arthur, 188
    • Goldberg, Ruth, 331
    • Goldklang, Jack, 22
    • Goldschmidt, Neil, 343
    • Gonzalez, Henry B., 20, 29, 202
    • Good, Barbara, 310, 322, 325, 327, 336, 340, 341
    • Goott, Daniel, 17, 26, 159, 325, 336
    • Goshko, John M., 80, 115, 129
    • Graham, Russell, 169, 325, 327, 331
    • Grain:
      • Annual commitment for purchases of, 228
      • Consumption of, 218
      • Feed, 225
      • Fumigation of, 223
      • Growth in stocks of, 234, 236
      • IBRD development of storage facilities for, 255, 258, 269, 270
      • Indian stocks of, 234, 236
      • International uses of excess, 265
      • Production levels of, 207, 218
      • Reserves of:
      • Shortfalls in, 234, 250
      • Suspension of Soviet purchases of, 264
    • Grant, James, 246, 253, 292
    • Grant, Lindsey, 282, 289, 299
    • Granum, Rex, 229
    • Grazing, 245, 252
    • Greece, 5, 54, 73, 91, 167, 182, 196
    • Green, Marshall:
      • Foundations for U.S. international health policy, 300
      • National Security and overpopulation, 338
      • NSC Ad Hoc Group on Population Policy meetings, 289
      • Population/food problems, 312, 320
      • Population policy, U.S., 282, 284, 287
      • Resignation of, 318
      • Women and children’s rights, 323, 324, 325, 327
    • Green Revolution, 245
    • Grenada, 87, 104, 161
    • Gromyko, Andrei A., 105, 286
    • Grose, Peter, 39, 64, 289, 291
    • Gross National Product (GNP), 337
    • Group of 77, 94, 250, 331, 342
    • Guatemala:
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Human rights improvement in, 172
      • IFI loans to, 53, 71, 202
      • UNCHR actions on, 184
      • United States, relations with, 200
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 25, 42, 187, 206
      • U.S. military aid, 38, 62, 145
      • USIS exhibits on human rights, 60
      • Violence as growing in, 200
    • Guinea, 60
      • Action plans for, 183
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88, 104, 105
      • IFI loans, 105, 132, 139, 202
      • P.L. 480, 90, 93, 103, 105, 145, 169
      • Political prisoners in, 104, 105
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87
      • U.S. seen as “punishing”; due to weakness of, 105
    • Guinea-Bissau, 91
    • Gupte, Pranay, 94
    • Gussow, Jean, 246
    • Guyana, 91
    • Gwertzman, Bernard, 17, 23, 33, 38, 39, 62, 87, 115
    • Habib, Philip, 1, 8, 12, 29, 34, 41, 62, 84, 105
    • Haiti:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • American Convention of Human Rights, 87
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • Human right country reports, 17, 129
      • IAHRC visits to, 87
      • P.L. 480, 90, 169
      • Political prisoners released in, 87, 104, 105
      • Prison inspections in, 87
      • Refugees from, 6, 200
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87
      • U.S. military aid, 62, 206
    • Hallquist, Jo Ann, 221
    • Hamilton, Ed, 216
    • Hamilton, Lee, 4
    • Handler, Philip, 212
    • Handwerger, Gretchen, 247
    • Hanley, Mary, 322, 325, 336
    • Hannah, John, 246
    • Hansell, Herbert J., 28, 34, 47, 57, 94
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 84
      • Improving human rights planning and reporting, 147
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 134
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • OPIC, 108
      • P.L. 480, 90
    • Hansen, Roger, 16, 69, 214, 219
    • Hanson, Heidi, 137, 171
    • Harden, Richard, 242, 245
    • Hardware, 290
    • Harkin, Thomas:
      • Amendments to Congressional bills, 98, 108
      • Christopher’s proposed meeting with, 20
      • Coalition for a New Foreign and Military Policy, 129
      • Congressional Fellowships, 29
      • P.L. 480 and gross human rights violators, 88
      • State Department consultation with, 29
    • Harkin Amendment:
      • Ad Hoc Interagency Group on Human Rights memoranda, 73
      • Brzezinski memoranda, 33, 96, 114
      • Christopher memoranda, 37
      • Derian/Katz/Bennett memoranda, 20
      • Derian memoranda, 87
      • Guidelines on U.S. human rights policy on, 1
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance memoranda, 139
      • Lake memoranda, 9, 29
      • Lipshutz memoranda, 36
      • Tuchman memoranda, 4
      • Vance memoranda, 35
      • Wilson memoranda, 10
    • Harley, Richard M., 275
    • Harrington, Michael J., 23
    • Harrington, Richard J., 28
    • Harris, Donald, 17, 159
    • Harris, Patricia R., 343
    • Hart, Donald, 255, 258, 260, 270
    • Hartman, Arthur, 1, 19, 24, 39
    • Haslam, Charles L., 7
    • Hatfield, Mark O., 62
    • Hathaway, Dale E., 216, 221, 262, 269, 312
    • Haverkamp, Roy, 247
    • Hawkins, Gerry, 289
    • Hayakawa, S. I., 92
    • Hays, John, 59
    • Healey, Denis, 156
    • Health. See International health policy, U.S.
    • Health, Education, and Welfare, U.S. Department of (HEW), 28, 128, 131, 219, 245
      • Diplomacy as defined by, 303
      • Health Services Administration, 306
      • International health activities of, 311, 315
      • International health policy review, 304, 305, 306
      • Status of women and children, 323
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 281, 283, 285
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
    • Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of, 342
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
    • Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 263
    • Heart disease, 286, 305
    • Heilsnis, Harold, 2
    • Helman, Gerald, 291
    • Helms, Jesse, 92, 253
    • Helsinki Agreement (see also Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)), 122, 186
    • Hemp production, 145
    • Henegar, Warren, 246
    • Heng Samrin, 342
    • Henze, Paul B., 16, 107
    • Herman, Alexis, 342
    • Heroin, 23
    • Hertzberg, Hendrik, 173
    • Herz, Barbara, 331, 349
    • Hesburgh, Theodore, 60, 246, 292, 298
    • Hewitt, Warren, 8, 146, 147, 149, 155, 159, 181, 190
    • Hidalgo, Edward, 203
    • High protein blended foods, 234, 236
    • Hill, Kenneth, 26, 106, 115
    • Hill, Raymond, 269
    • Hinkley, David, 178
    • Hjort, Howard W., 230, 288
    • Hoinkes, Mary Elizabeth, 348
    • Holbrooke, Richard C. A.:
      • D/HA, 195
      • Human rights, 7, 38, 56, 109, 147
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 84
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Communication abroad of, 87
        • Country-specific action plans for, 49
        • Improvement in planning and reporting, 147
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 130
      • International Health Initiative, 301
      • International health policy, U.S., 306
      • Philippines, 62
      • Status of women, 322
    • Hollick, Ann L., 348
    • Holloway, Ann, 7, 247
    • Holly, Sean M., 8, 39, 63, 70, 106
    • Holmes, Henry Allen, 28
    • Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 60
    • Homan, Richard, 310
    • Honduras:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 87
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As scheduled for P.L. 480 aid in FY 1978, 90
      • Human rights improvements in, 172
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87
    • Hong Kong, 6, 308
    • Hookworm, 296
    • Horbal, Koryne K., 310, 342
    • Horizons, 60
    • Hormats, Robert D.:
      • AID budget, 171
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 335
      • Food policy, U.S., 223
      • Foreign economic assistance, 298
      • Global 2000 Report, 348
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 156
      • Human rights PRM, 45, 69, 76
      • Human rights reports, 129
      • International Health Initiative, 279, 301
      • Population issues, 331
      • Securing international support for U.S. decisions on loans, 179
      • World Hunger Campaign, 234
      • World hunger initiatives, 217, 219, 226
    • Horn of Africa, 274
    • Hornblow, Michael, 280
    • Horrock, Nicholas M., 105
    • Houdek, Robert, 201, 339
    • House of Representatives, U.S.:
      • Agriculture Committee, 233, 260
      • Appropriations Committee, 124
      • Badillo Amendment, 33, 35, 36, 37
      • Banking, Finance & Urban Affairs Committee, 33, 139
      • Fascell-Fraser Bill, 126, 128, 130, 131, 134, 135
      • Fraser Amendments, 136, 137, 138
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38
      • International Relations Committee:
        • Foreign Assistance Subcommittee, 42
        • Human rights, Congressional-executive relations over, 4
        • Inter-American Affairs Subcommittee, 42
        • International Operations Subcommittee, 17, 135, 185
        • International Organizations Subcommittee, 6
        • State Department briefings on human rights, 6
        • Wheat reserves bill, 225, 260
      • Select Committee on Population, 318, 320, 324
      • Ways and Means Committee, 4
      • Young Bill, 139
    • Housing, 28
    • Houston, Charles, 60
    • Hovey, Graham, 35, 139, 194, 245
    • Howard, Lee, 313
    • Huberman, Benjamin, 219
    • Huerta, Dolores, 80
    • Hughes, Pat, 299
    • Human needs:
    • Human rights (see also Action memoranda; Genocide Convention (1949); Human rights reports; Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance; International Financial Institutions (IFIs); Presidential Directives; United Nations Charter; United Nations human rights instruments; Individual countries)
      • Activists for, 73
      • As factor in operations of IBRD, 59
      • As legal obligation under UN Charter, 16, 28
      • As moral issue, 8, 9, 68, 73, 81, 82
      • As security assistance consideration, 29, 199
      • Assessment of accomplishments in, 102, 105, 122
      • Assessment of conditions abroad, 147
      • Awards for contributions to, 135
      • Carter administration emphasis on, 8, 9, 12, 14, 18, 28, 29, 51, 81
      • CIA reporting on, 22, 25, 42, 72, 223
      • Collective vs. individual, 60, 94, 111
      • Commitment for, 199
      • Conference for NGOs on, 201, 203
      • Congressional-Executive relations over, 4, 29, 80, 96, 97, 105, 139, 160
      • Consideration in all relevant foreign policy decisions of, 172
      • Creation of institutions for protection of, 135
      • Cultural and educational exchange as promotion of, 73
      • Curriculum development for, 141
      • De-emphasis on, 81, 82
      • Definitions of, 16, 29, 39, 69, 73
      • Foreign assistance as affected by, 38, 54
      • Global awareness in, 172
      • Human needs vs., 16, 22, 24
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group review of IFIs and, 53
      • Improved training in, 194
      • Improvements in, 43, 55, 66, 102, 104, 105, 172, 182, 188
      • In Communist bloc, 4
      • In United States, 21, 77, 125, 135, 174, 184
      • Interagency coordination on, 29
      • International cooperation on, 53
      • Internationally recognized, 29, 73
      • Lobby for, 29
      • Major actions on, 38, 76, 87, 157, 175
      • National security vs., 22
      • Of U.S. citizens abroad, 29
      • Olympic Games and, 166, 188
      • Other policy interests vs., 69, 73, 100, 105
      • Priorities of, 168, 205
      • Progress and retrogression in 1977 in, 104, 122
      • Promotion of international awareness of, 73
      • Proposed initiatives for, 80, 96, 97
      • Prospects for 19811985, 205
      • Public opinion on, 205
      • Right to food as basic, 245, 251
      • Strengthening of machinery for, 95
      • Targeting aid to respecters of, 80, 83, 95, 96, 97
      • Town Hall meetings on, 53
      • U.S. promotion in ECOSOC of, 8, 29, 38, 146
      • U.S. promotion in UNGA of, 8, 52, 146, 148, 153
      • U.S. strategy paper for UNGA on, 148, 155, 162
      • U.S. strategy for United Nations, 146, 148, 149, 154, 155, 162
      • U.S.-Soviet relations and, 186
      • World hunger and, 212
      • Worsening climate for, 205
    • Human Rights Agency proposal, 81, 82, 85
    • Human Rights Alert Service, 60
    • Human Rights Commission, U.S., 59, 170
    • Human rights commission for Africa, 125
    • Human Rights Coordinating Group (see also Presidential Review Memoranda)
      • Action memoranda on, 14, 15
      • Coordination with AID, 60
      • Establishment of, 9, 10, 14, 31, 48
      • Function of, 73
      • IDB role in, 9
      • Meetings of, 50
      • Review of action on IFIs and human rights by, 53
      • Review of programs by, 29
      • Timelines for, 183
    • Human Rights Day, 60, 99, 178, 200
    • Human rights evaluation reports. See Human rights reports
    • Human Rights Foundation:
      • Brzezinski memoranda, 96, 112, 113, 114
      • Carter memoranda, 119
      • Clearinghouse concept, 117, 123, 135
      • Huntington memoranda, 85, 142
      • Mondale memoranda, 97
      • Tuchman memoranda, 80, 107
      • Vance memoranda, 121
    • Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs (D/HA) Office:
      • Access to information by, 195
      • Arms transfers, 53
      • As Arms Export Control Board member, 53
      • Congress, cooperation with, 87
      • Contacts with NGOs, 62
      • Country reports to Congress, 167, 185
      • Enlargement of, 29
      • Foreign Service Institute cooperation with, 53
      • Full participation in foreign policy decision-making process by, 194
      • Future problems facing, 200
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 61
      • Inadequate staffing in, 194, 195
      • International cooperation on human rights, 53
      • Lack of policy-making role for, 194, 195
      • Monthly Reports, 6
      • P.L. 480 reporting requirements, 86
      • Priorities of, 195
      • Seen as Human Rights Mafia, 203
    • Human Rights Mafia, 203
    • Human rights policy, U.S. (see also Foreign policy, U.S.; International Financial Institutions; Presidential Review Memoranda; Individual countries) [Page 1200]
      • Action memoranda on, 9, 12, 13, 29, 40, 55, 71, 105
      • Arrogance as perception of, 105
      • As seen abroad, 25, 42, 105, 124, 196
      • Assessment of, 105
      • Bureaucratic complexities in, 105
      • Carter meeting with Vance and Derian on, 174, 175, 176, 177
      • Communicating abroad of, 87
      • Communist vs. non-communist countries, 7, 22
      • Conflicting actions in, 203
      • Congressional-Executive Branch relations over, 4, 29, 80, 96, 97, 105, 139, 160
      • Congressional-State Department cooperation on, 49
      • Consolidation of, 101
      • Country-specific action plans for, 49, 50, 51, 53, 60, 183
      • Country strategy papers, 105, 195
      • Credibility of, 200
      • Diplomatic actions as tool in, 73
      • DOD message in support of, 70
      • Domestic foundations of, 205
      • Draft outline for, 9, 10
      • Effectiveness of, 105, 174
      • Exhibits on, 60
      • For London G–7 Summit (May 1977), 24
      • Foreign countries positions on, 25, 42, 124, 139, 196
      • Formulation of, 9
      • Goals for, 194
      • Guidelines for, 1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 174
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 61, 73, 75, 84
      • Implementing of, 69, 188
        • Human rights legislation, 83
        • In Export-Import Bank, 158
        • In IFIs, 40, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 71, 100, 113, 119, 156, 158
          • Congressional concerns over, 132
          • Difficulties in decision making in, 127
          • Effectiveness of actions, 139
          • Inconsistency in, 145
          • Proposal for charter amendments to include human rights considerations, 202
      • Improvement in planning and reporting, 147
      • Improving coordination on, 144
      • In LDCs, 73
      • In the United Nations, 29, 53, 73, 199
      • Inconsistency by country in application of, 69, 73, 105, 145
      • Institutionalization of, 199
      • Internationalization of, 83
      • Issues for transition briefing papers, 206
      • Leadership on, 38
      • Lectures on, 60
      • Legal basis of, 205
      • Media reports on, 60
      • Motives for, 43, 73
      • Multilateral diplomacy in, 29
      • NGO recommendations on strengthening of, 187
      • NSC and, 203
      • Objectives of, 69, 119, 194, 199, 205
      • In the Organization of American States, 53
      • Performance, Jan. 1977–Dec. 1978, 172
      • Popularity of, 174
      • Principles for, 174
      • Priorities in goals for, 199, 205
      • Prioritization among varieties of rights, 188
      • Public diplomacy for, 29
      • Public statements as tool in, 73
      • Regional distinctions in application of, 105
      • Regional strategies, 15
      • Restraint in, 43
      • Rhetoric vs. action in, 105
      • Sanctions, 132, 139, 157, 158
      • Security assistance as affected by, 29, 199
      • State Department strategy for dealing with Congress over, 62
      • Status reports on, 87
      • Sticks vs. carrots in, 105
      • Strategies for, 69, 73
      • Strategy papers, 15, 34, 40, 48, 105, 124, 195
      • Symbolic acts as tool in, 73
      • Threats to, 101
      • Timeframes for actions under, 69, 73
      • Tools for, 174
      • Transition to Reagan administration, 206
    • Human rights reports (see also Congress, U. S.; Human rights; Individual countries)
      • By country for Congress:
        • Advance notice of, 106, 109
        • Benefits of, 185, 196
        • Coalition for a New Foreign and Military Policy’s critiques of, 129
        • Congressional release of, 115
        • Criticized as whitewash, 17
        • Disadvantages of, 185, 196
        • Distribution of, 201
        • Guidelines for, 61, 91, 111, 190
        • Impact on U.S. foreign relations of, 196
        • Improvement of, 147, 190
        • Labor rights in, 190
        • NSC review of, 167, 180
        • On OPIC countries, 108, 167
        • Overseas outrage over, 59
        • Repeal of requirement for, 168
        • Required for all aid recipients and UN member countries, 190, 203
        • Submission of, 6, 185, 196, 197
        • Timetable for, 84, 147
        • Unauthorized release of drafts, 197
        • Women’s rights in, 190
      • D/HA monthly reports, 6
      • Evaluation reports, 61, 73, 75, 84
      • On Philippines, declassification of, 6
      • Proposed legislation on, 139, 143
      • Requirements for P.L. 480, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 100
      • Status reports, 87
    • Human rights trust fund, 162
    • Human rights violations (see also Individual countries)
      • Banning of U.S. aid to countries engaging in, 1
      • By NGOs, 72
      • Channeling aid to countries not guilty of, 83, 171
      • CIA memoranda on, 44
      • Countries of concern for, 88, 104, 105
      • DOD activities in countries with, 200
      • ECOSOC reports and hearings on, 155
      • Gross, 73, 80, 88
      • Identification of nations guilty of, 49
      • Loans to countries with:
        • Securing international support for U.S. decisions on, 179
        • Standards for decisions on, 23
      • Negative responses to U.S. criticisms of, 73
      • P.L. 480 shipments to perpetrators of, 93
      • Political trials, 59, 74
      • Regional strategy plan for dealing with, 15
      • Rewarding “success”; in, 158
      • Soviet bloc role in countries with, 191, 192
      • Suspension of aid to countries with, 105, 108, 132, 136, 145, 264
      • In United States, charges of, 163, 164, 165
      • U.S. démarches on loans to nations accused of, 53, 71, 105
      • U.S. relations with oppressive governments, 200
    • Human Rights Week, 89, 96, 97, 99
    • Human Rights Yearbook, 184
    • Hummel, Arthur W., 1
    • Humphrey, Hubert H., 4
      • Carter’s meetings with Congressional leaders on foreign assistance, 23
      • Death of, 245
      • IDA loans to India, 23
      • IDCA, 328
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38
      • Messages:
      • P.L. 480, 92, 93, 210
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 238
      • Security assistance hearing, 9
      • Tlatelolco Treaty, 47
    • Hungary:
      • Human rights improvements in, 104, 172
      • Return of Crown of St. Stephen to, 103
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
    • Hunger. See World hunger
    • The Hunger Project (THP), 249
    • Hunger Staff Task Force, 231
    • Hunt, Gordon E., 108
    • Hunter, Robert, 69, 76, 80
    • Huntington, Samuel P., 76, 80, 107, 121
      • Human Rights Agency proposal, 81, 82, 85
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 85, 112, 142
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 152
      • Presidential Directive on human rights, 119
    • Hutcheson, Rick, 107, 223, 243, 283, 285, 306
    • Hyde, Henry J., 132
    • Hydropower development, 145
    • Hygiene, 330
    • Hyland, William, 19
    • IBM, 223
    • Iceland, 91
    • Ideology, 290
    • Illustrative Country Action Programs, 29
    • Immigration, 6, 104, 209
    • Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 6, 289
    • Immunizations, 215, 313, 314
    • Impact of the U.S. Stand on Human Rights (ORPA), 30
    • Imus, Richard H., 210
    • Independent Commission on International Development Issues (Brandt Commission), 274, 277, 346
    • Inderfurth, Karl F. “Rick”;:
      • Development assistance, 95
      • Genocide Convention, 167
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 107
      • Human rights performance, Jan. 1977–Dec. 1978, 172
      • Human Rights Week, 89
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 142
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 41
      • International Health Initiative, 279
      • OPIC, 150
      • P.L. 480, 93
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger, 239, 242, 246
      • Presidential Directives on human rights, 177
      • PRM on human rights, 45
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 285
      • World Hunger Working Group, 241
    • India:
      • AID funding levels for, 140, 145, 171
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Debt owed by, 207
      • Drinking water access in, 296
      • Family planning in, 308, 345
      • Food reserves in, 250
      • Grain stocks in, 234, 236
      • Human rights as factor in IFI loans, 73
      • Human rights improvements in, 43, 104, 105, 172
      • IDA loans to, 23
      • Malnutrition in, 213, 245
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 90, 265
      • Population issues in, 287, 331
      • UN High Commissioner for Human Rights proposal, 120
      • UNCHR, 120, 125
      • U.S. human rights alliance with, 149
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 139
      • U.S. population assistance to, 287
      • USIA human rights action plan for, 60
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
    • Indian Ocean, 26
    • Indians, American, 125
    • Indochina, 6, 80, 170, 266, 274
    • Indonesia:
      • Absorption of East Timor by, 29, 59, 87
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • Family planning in, 287, 308, 345
      • Human rights:
        • Country reports to Congress on, 17, 129, 180
        • Improvements in, 172
        • U.S. actions in, 87
        • Vs. other policy interests in, 105
      • Malnutrition in, 213, 245
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 90, 93, 100, 103, 105, 169, 259
      • Political prisoners in, 11, 87, 100, 102, 104, 105
      • Population issues in, 331, 339
      • UNCHR cooperation with, 125
      • U.S. démarches on loans to, 53, 71
      • U.S. human rights policy:
      • U.S. military aid to, 4, 11, 29, 38, 62, 87, 105
      • USIA human rights action plan for, 60
    • Inouye, Daniel, 23, 38, 93, 175
    • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom (see also Human Rights Foundation), 126, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 139, 142, 152, 160
    • Institute for Namibia, 342
    • Institute for Scientific and Technical Cooperation (ISTC), 263, 328
    • Intelligence Community, 72, 166
    • Intelligence and Research, Bureau of (INR), 218
    • Inter-Agency Committee to Coordinate International Health Activities (proposed), 299
    • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance (see also Foreign economic assistance; Human rights)
      • AID’s role in, 29, 31, 41, 58, 183
      • Arms Export Control Board referral of issues to, 65, 105
      • Christopher seen as making decisions for, 150
      • Country action plans developed by, 183
      • Decisions on P.L. 480 shipments, 87, 93, 100
      • Effectiveness of U.S. human rights actions in IFIs, 139
      • Establishment of, 31, 50, 73, 202
      • Implementing of human rights legislation by, 83, 113, 132, 202, 206
      • Inconsistency in votes in IFIs, 145
      • Lack of focus of, 69, 100
      • Legal mandate for, 205
      • Meetings of, 55, 71, 75, 188
      • Procedures of, 41, 100, 139, 156, 183
      • Security assistance, 144
      • Structure of, 139
      • Tasking memos sent by, 53
      • Timeframe for decision-making in, 194
      • Treasury’s role in, 29, 31, 41, 139, 156, 183, 202
    • Inter-Agency Group on the Status of Women and Children Internationally (proposal), 323
    • Interagency High Level Group on the Water Decade, 332, 335
    • Interagency Strategic Coordinating Committee, 304
    • Interagency Task Force on International Population Policy, 280, 308
    • Interagency Task Force on Tropical Forests, 346
    • Interagency Working Group for PRM–28 (Human Rights). See Human Rights Coordinating Group
    • Interagency Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, 224, 227, 230, 245
    • Interagency World Hunger Working Group. See World Hunger Working Group
    • Inter-American Court, 194, 195
    • Inter-American Development Bank (IDB):
      • Annual meeting in Guatemala, 55
      • Argentine loans from, 105
      • British position, 105
      • Caribbean Basin development, 328
      • Chilean junta as supported by, 4
      • Congressional investigation of projects of, 132
      • Delay in loans by, 53, 54, 139
      • Energy development, 328
      • Fund for Special Operations (FSO), 105, 139, 202
      • Harkin Amendment’s effect on, 1, 20, 29, 33, 73
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group role for, 9
      • Mexican rural development as financed by, 250
      • Nicaraguan loans, 80
      • Paraguayan loans, 145
      • Population assistance from, 345
      • Swedish position, 105
    • Inter-American Foundation, 80, 96, 114
    • Inter-American Human Rights Commission (IAHRC) (see also Organization of American States), 104
      • AID cooperation with, 58
      • Reports of, 17, 125, 155, 190
      • Strengthening of, 53, 73, 87
      • U.S. goals for, 29
      • USIA publicity for, 60
    • Interdependence, 328
    • Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), 290
    • Interior, U.S. Department of, 337, 343, 346
    • Internal security forces, 158
    • International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD):
      • Annual meeting (Belgrade, Sept. 1979), 331
      • Argentine railway loans by, 179
      • Caribbean Basin development, 328
      • Charter of, 139
      • Concessional window, 277
      • Consideration of loan proposals by, 40
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 335
      • Failure of loans to advance in, 179
      • Family planning programs, 287, 307, 345, 349
      • Food/grain storage facility development by, 255, 258, 269, 270
      • Human rights concerns factored into operation of, 59
      • International health role of, 306, 311, 313
      • Mexican rural development financing by, 250
      • Orchocerciasts Control Program (West Africa), 296
      • Population growth as obstacle to development, 331
      • Reuss Amendment for U.S. restrictions on loans by, 20, 33
      • U.S. abstention from votes in, 53
      • U.S. funding for, 26, 207
      • U.S. opposition to loans in, 145, 179
      • Water projects of, 296, 332
      • World Development Report (1980), 347
      • World hunger, 227, 245
    • International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 245
    • International Coffee Agreement, 277
    • International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), 17, 56, 58, 59, 87, 111, 126, 135, 178, 187, 190, 205
    • International Commission on Civil Status (CIEC), 214, 215
    • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 17, 84, 87, 91, 105, 190, 261, 266
    • International Communications Agency (ICA), 89, 128, 131, 147, 173, 325, 327, 336, 348
    • International Conference of Parliamentarians on Population and Development, 331, 349
    • International Conference on Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflict, 263
    • International Court for Human Rights proposal, 149
    • International Court of Justice (ICJ), 16
    • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. See United Nations human rights instruments
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. See United Nations human rights instruments
    • International Development Association (IDA), 23, 26, 145, 277
    • International Development Cooperation Agency (IDCA), 139
      • As umbrella organization, 263
      • Development policy statement, 328
      • Establishment of, 245, 263, 311
      • Food Aid Convention proposal, 273
      • P.L. 480 budget, 259
      • Policy statement of, 328
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343, 348
      • U.S. economic relations with LDCs, 276, 277
    • International Development Strategy (IDS), 331, 349
    • International Emergency Food Reserve, 253, 258
    • International Emergency Wheat Reserve, 243, 250
    • International Energy Agency (IEA), 290
    • International financial institutions (IFIs) (see also Human rights; Human rights policy, U.S.; Individual countries)
      • Bilateral loans vs. loans from, 105
      • Concerns over “politicizing”; work of, 105
      • Congressional legislation regarding loans through, 29, 33, 83, 105, 124, 199
      • DCC subcommittee on loans by, 315
      • Delay in approval of loans by, 53, 54, 132, 139
      • Human rights as factor in, 73, 105, 179
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group review of action on human rights and, 53
      • Implementation of U.S. human rights policy in, 40, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 71, 100, 113, 119, 156, 158
        • Congressional concerns over, 132
        • Difficulties in decision making in, 127
        • Effectiveness of actions in, 139
        • Inconsistency in, 145
        • Proposal for charter amendments to include human rights considerations, 202
      • Loans to countries with human rights violations, 23, 179
      • Reports on human rights conditions to, 58
      • Rural development projects funded by, 258
      • Securing international support for U.S. decisions on loans from, 179, 202
      • State Department strategy for dealing with Congress over human rights and, 62
      • U.S. contributions to, 23, 26
      • U.S. démarches to human rights violating countries on loans by, 53, 71, 105
      • U.S. goals for, 172, 199, 277
      • U.S. human rights policy and charters of, 63, 69
      • U.S. voting in, 62, 63, 202
      • Withdrawal of applications for loans from, 71, 132
      • World hunger, 245
    • International Food and Agriculture Assessment, 223, 227
    • International Food Corps (proposal), 2, 240, 245
      • NGOs, cooperation with, 247
    • International Food and Nutrition Policy Review, 219
    • International Food Policy Research Institute, 312
    • International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) (see also Agriculture), 215, 227, 236, 245, 250, 255, 273, 277, 315, 328
    • International Grain Agreement, 215, 255
    • International Grains Arrangement (IGA), 236
    • International health:
      • Annual report on, 299
      • As Cuban foreign policy tool, 295
      • As issue in Africa, 295
      • Children and mothers, 311
      • DOD programs for, 299, 315
      • Drinking water and, 330
      • Executive branch organization for, 305
      • Funding for efforts in, 328
      • Goals for, 294
      • HEW policy review of, 304, 305, 306
      • HEW role in, 311, 315
      • IBRD role in, 296, 306, 311
      • NGO role in, 314
      • Population and, 349
      • Private sector involvement in, 306
      • Problems in, 293
      • Research and training centers for, 304, 306, 309, 314
      • UNICEF’s role in, 299, 306, 313
      • U.S. proposals for, 21, 290, 291, 292
      • WHO’s role in, 294, 301, 306, 313
    • International Health, Bureau of, 299
    • International Health Assessment, 227
    • International Health Attaché Program, 299
    • International Health Initiative, 301, 302
      • Carter’s approval of, 309
      • Carter’s statement on, 313, 314
      • North-South strategy and, 279
      • Proposal for, 16
      • Strategy for, 311
    • International Health Office, 289
    • International health policy, U.S.:
    • International Health Service Corp. (proposal), 306, 309, 314
    • International Indian Treaty Council, 125
    • International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 245
    • International Institute on Human Rights, proposal for, 135
    • International Labor Organization (ILO), 146, 190
      • Conference (June 1977), 63
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 335
      • Strengthening of, 206
      • U.S. withdrawal from, 63, 100, 105, 291
    • International law, 134
    • International League for Human Rights, 126, 178, 187, 190
    • International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, 245
    • International Military Education and Training (IMET), 73, 87
    • International Monetary Fund (IMF), 101, 263
    • International Olympic Committee, 166
    • International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), 307, 308, 345, 349
    • International Rescue Committee, 113
    • International Rice Research Institute, 245
    • International Rubber Agreement (1979), 277
    • International Tin Agreement, 277
    • International Undertaking on World Food Security, 245
    • International Visitors Program, 60
    • International Volunteer Corps, 162
    • International Wheat Agreement (see also Wheat)
    • International Wheat Council, 216, 223, 225, 236, 243, 250, 258, 277
    • International Women’s Year:
      • AID actions around, 58
      • State Department’s activities around, 5, 52
      • World Conference of (Mexico City, 1975), 58, 310, 328, 333, 342, 349
    • International Year of the Child, 302, 323, 325
    • Internet (organization), 187
    • Interreligious Task Force on World Food Policy, 292
    • Inter-uterine devices (IUDs), 308
    • Investment, 73, 231, 237, 245
    • Iran:
      • Administration strategy for dealing with Congress over, 62
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Food as weapon in, 263
      • Hostage crisis, 5, 199, 266
      • Human rights improvement, 102, 104
      • Human rights reports, 17, 129, 167
      • Increased influence of, 209
      • Political prisoners in, 104, 105
      • Prison inspections in, 87
      • Refugees from, 200
      • Revolution (1979), 342
      • SAVAK, 82
      • UN resolution on human rights by, 94
      • UNCHR complaints on, 181
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 196
      • U.S. military aid reduction to, 4, 38
      • U.S. public concerns about, 263
      • U.S. seen as ignoring human rights record of, 105
      • USIA human rights action plan for, 60
    • Iraq, 184, 206, 292, 303
    • Ireland, 91, 94
    • Irish Institute for Public Administration, 58
    • Irons, Alden, 190, 197
    • Irrigation, 145, 278
    • Israel:
      • Administration strategy for dealing with Congress over, 62
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Human rights country reports to Congress on, 167
      • IFI charters and loans to, 63
      • Lebanon attacks by, 310
      • Occupied Territories human rights practices of, 155, 342
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 90, 259, 265
      • South Africa, relations with, 63
      • Soviet immigration to, 6, 104
      • UNCHR resolutions on, 125, 184
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 196
      • U.S. military aid to, 23, 73
      • U.S. policy for UN discussions on, 155
      • U.S. policy on human rights in, 54
      • U.S. sales of police equipment to, 206
      • U.S. seen as ignoring human rights record of, 105
      • Vance visits to, 74
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
    • Italy:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Emergency food aid by, 274
      • Human rights approach of, 24
      • Population assistance from, 345
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94
      • Soviet refugees in, 6
      • UNCHR, 94
    • Ivory Coast, 91, 125, 172, 336
    • Izvestia, 80, 96
    • Jackson, Henry M. “Scoop,”; 4
    • Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 4, 7, 73, 80, 96
    • Jacobs, Robert, 194
    • Jamaica, 90, 91, 95, 104, 140, 196
    • Janeway, Michael C., 39
    • Japan:
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Global 2000 Report, 348
      • Human rights approach of, 24
      • Human rights as factor in IFI loans, 179
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • Military budget for, 23
      • Population assistance from, 287, 345
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42, 139
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 73
    • Java, 308
    • Javits, Jacob K., 4
    • Jayawardene, Julius, 104
    • Jayne, Randy, 315, 316
    • Jefferson, Thomas, 79
    • Jenkins, Kempton, 1, 7, 10, 13, 17
    • Jennette, William, 169
    • Jet, Dennis, 210
    • Jews, 125, 166, 188
    • John Paul II, Pope, 252, 273, 274, 328
    • Johnson, Joel, 269
    • Johnson, Steven, 78, 210
    • Johnson, Thomas, 340
    • Johnson, Vernon, 247
    • Johnston, Ernest B., 236
    • Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 280
    • Jones, Ellis “Ollie,”; 70, 129, 194
    • Jones, Jim, 173
    • Jonestown, 173
    • Jordan, Amos A., 1, 74, 90, 91, 125, 259
    • Jorgenson, Raymond C., 331
    • Joseph, James A., 316
    • Journalists, 186
    • Joyce, John M., 336
    • Justice, U.S. Department of, 28, 163, 343
    • Kagnew, 42
    • Kahn, Louis E., 278
    • Kaiser, Robert G., 60
    • Kamm, Henry, 175
    • Kampelman, Max, 203
    • Kampuchea. See Cambodia
    • Katcher, David A., 319, 335
    • Katz, Julius:
      • Action memoranda on human rights, 40, 55
      • Annual commitment for grain purchases for food assistance, 228
      • CCC loan review, 78
      • D/HA, 195
      • Food policy, U.S., 258
      • Grain reserves, 236
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 1, 147
      • Human rights reports, 84
      • International financial institutions, 20, 35, 40, 55
      • International Health Initiative, 301
      • International health policy, U.S., 306
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • P.L. 480, 86, 210
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 248, 255
      • Rhodesian embargo, 26
      • World Food Council meeting, 221
      • World hunger initiatives, 240
    • Kaufman, Judy, 299
    • Kaunda, Kenneth, 252
    • Keatley, Anne G., 289
    • Kennedy, Edward M.:
      • Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care, 317
      • As Congressional human rights leader, 4, 13
      • Congressional Fellowships, 29
      • Human Rights Foundation, 114
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 285
    • Kennedy, Patrick, 299
    • Kennedy Round, 236
    • Kenney, David, 135, 190
    • Kenya:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Family planning in, 308, 345
      • Food shortages in, 275
      • Population growth study for, 338
      • Population issues in, 331
      • Transshipment of GDR military equipment to Uganda through, 192
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 139
    • Kerala, 213
    • Khama, Seretse, 141
    • Khronika Press, 187
    • Kim Tae Chung (Kim Dae-jung), 73, 104
    • Kimmitt, Robert M., 7, 30
    • King, Donald, 319
    • King, Mary, 325
    • King, Seth S., 93, 110, 243
    • Kirilin, Vladimir A., 286
    • Kissinger, Henry, 296
      • Congressional-executive relations over human rights, 4
      • Economic development, 16
      • Human rights policy of, 203
      • Security assistance cuts, 11
      • UN speeches on human rights, 21, 207
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • Vance lunch meeting with, 189
      • Visit to Israel (1975), 207
      • World Food Conference (Rome, 1974), 221
    • Klutznick, Philip, 343
    • Knoche, Enno Henry, 7, 22
    • Knowles, John, 246
    • Koch, Edward I., 4, 29
    • Kohn, Martin, 215
    • Koirala, B. J., 104
    • Kolar, Peter, 255, 258, 269, 270
    • Kolsky, Richard, 289
    • Konner, Calvin, 197
    • Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 104, 105, 196
    • Korea, Republic of:
      • Action plans for, 60, 183
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • As development success, 253
      • CCC financing of exports to, 265
      • Congressional desire for toughness toward, 105
      • Delay in votes on loans to, 132, 139
      • Emergency Measure 9, 104
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Human rights improvements, 104, 172
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 59, 195, 200, 206
      • Human rights reports, 73, 129, 167, 180
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests, 105
      • P.L. 480, 90, 93, 103, 105, 169, 259
      • Political prisoners in, 73, 100
      • Population issues in, 331
      • UNCHR scrutiny of, 125
      • U.S. démarches on loans to, 71
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87
      • U.S. military aid to, 29, 62, 105, 145
        • Arms sales for police, 87
        • Arms sales for presidential guard, 157
        • Reduction in, 4, 7, 11, 23, 38
      • U.S. troop withdrawals in, 54, 62, 105
      • U.S. votes on IFI loans to, 105, 132, 139, 202
      • USDA intermediate credit program for, 223
      • Voluntary textile export restraints, 259
    • Koreagate, 105
    • Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), 200
    • Korey, William, 16, 107, 112
    • Kovalev, Sergei, 19
    • Kratzer, Myron B., 278
    • Kreisberg, Paul H.:
      • Action memorandum on human rights, 34
      • Checklist of global challenges, 290
      • Christopher-Derian priorities lunch, 195
      • Human Rights Foundation, 117
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 64
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom proposal, 126, 134
      • International Health Initiative, 301, 302
      • International health policy, U.S., 299, 315
      • World hunger initiatives, 240
    • Kreps, Juanita M.:
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 139
      • International Health Initiative, 301
      • Population growth, 282
      • World Hunger Working Group, 231
    • Kriangsak Chamanon, 104
    • Kriebel, P. Wesley, 26
    • Kriesberg, Martin, 247, 253, 262
    • Krim, Arthur, 249
    • Krimer, William D., 38
    • Krystynak, Krys, 314
    • Kumbula, Tendayi, 87
    • Kuropas, Myron, 7
    • Kuwait, 91
    • Laase, Paul L., 339
    • Labor, U.S. Department of, 315, 323, 342
    • Labor rights, 190
    • LaFalce, John J., 132
    • Lake, Anthony:
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Agriculture, 298
      • Carter meeting with religious leaders, 267
      • Carter speech on human rights, proposed, 77
      • Christopher-Derian priorities lunch, 195
      • Community water initiative, 296
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 315, 316, 319, 335
      • Disaster relief, 290
      • Energy, 298
      • Foreign economic assistance, 298
      • Fraser foreign assistance bill amendments, 136, 138
      • Human rights:
        • Accomplishments in, 122
        • Action memoranda on, 12, 29, 33
        • Carter administration emphasis on, 8, 9
        • Review for CCC loans, 78
        • Strategy papers, 34, 105
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 117, 121, 123
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Assessment of, 105
        • Implementing of, 48
        • Improving planning and reporting, 147
        • Objectives and priorities for, 194, 205
        • PRM on, 64
        • Sanctions as used in, 157
      • Human rights reports, 84, 109
      • IDCA Development policy statement, 328
      • Inconsistency in votes in IFIs, 145
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom proposal, 126, 130, 134
      • International financial institutions, 20, 156
      • International Health Initiative, 301, 302
      • International health policy, U.S., 288, 299, 304, 306, 315
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • North-south relations, 298
      • Population policy, U.S., 287, 298
      • Role of, 5
      • Soviet economic development role in LDCs, 215
      • Technology transfer, 298
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
      • Women and children’s rights, 324
      • World Hunger Campaign, 234
      • World hunger initiatives, 240, 302
    • Lamb, Denis:
      • Carter administration’s emphasis on human rights, 51
      • Human rights reports, 61, 109, 115
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 33, 35
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 131
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 31
      • Interdepartmental meeting on human rights, 7
      • OPIC, 108
      • PRM drafts, 69
      • UN human rights resolution, 94
      • U.S. human rights strategy for United Nations, 148
    • Lamberty, Gerald P., 339
    • Lambrakis, George, 190
    • Lancaster, Carol, 234, 236, 240, 302
    • Lance, Bert, 46, 73, 282, 285
    • Land conservation, 347
    • Land reform, 253
    • Land tenure, 234, 236, 245
    • Landau, George W., 145
    • LANDSAT, 290
    • Langenberg, Donald N., 343
    • Laos, 6, 62, 95, 104, 183, 202
    • Lapham, Lewis, 7
    • Latin America:
      • Congressional delegation visit to, 132
      • Global 2000 Report, 348
      • Human rights situation in, 172
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests in, 105
      • Malnutrition in, 213
      • Nuclear weapons as prohibited in, 47
      • UNCHR actions, 184
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 196
      • U.S. security assistance to, 29, 62
      • U.S. seen as harsher on human rights in, 105
      • USIA human rights action plan for, 60
    • Law and Population Projects, 308
    • Law of the Sea, 5, 207, 290
    • Lawyers Committee for Human Rights under Law, 56, 59
    • Lawyers Committee for International Human Rights, 187
    • Lead, 290
    • Leadership Manpower Development, 314
    • Leahy, Patrick, 227, 242, 251
    • Leake, Woodrow, 211
    • Lebanon, 74, 90, 91, 310
    • Lee, Luke, 312, 323, 324, 325
    • Leet, Mildred Robbins, 310
    • “Left Communism: An Infantile Disorder”; (Lenin), 82
    • Legal aid, 59
    • Legal defense, 59, 87
    • Leigh, Monroe, 1
    • Lenin, Vladimir I., 82
    • Lesotho, 91, 95, 125
    • Less-developed countries (LDCs):
      • Agriculture in, 245, 262
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 332, 335
      • Energy development in, 298, 328
      • Family planning, 290, 349
      • Food pricing policies in, 218
      • Food production in, 214, 237, 250, 252, 257
      • Food storage facilities funded by IBRD in, 255, 258, 269, 270
      • Global 2000 Report, 348
      • Human rights vs. human needs, 16, 22, 24
      • Institutional capabilities of, 257
      • Population growth in, 287
      • Private investment in, 231, 237
      • Public education on problems of, 263
      • Science and technology transfer to, 223, 234, 236, 245, 253, 290
      • Shortfalls in grain production, 234
      • Soviet role in economic development in, 215
      • Susceptibility to U.S. influence, 209
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • United States, relations with, 207, 277
      • U.S. economic relations with, 276
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 105, 139
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 73, 105
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in, 286, 288, 292, 295
      • Women in, 308, 323, 336
    • Letelier, Orlando, 157, 202
    • Levin, Sander M., 282, 284, 289
    • Levine, Daniel, 289
    • Levitsky, Melvyn, 38
    • Lewis, Samuel W., 1, 2, 111
    • Lewis, William, Jr., 111, 133
    • Liberia, 91, 95, 105, 206, 311
    • Library of Congress, 87, 128, 131
    • Libya, 63, 175, 310
    • Linowitz, Sol:
      • As Chair of Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 246, 249, 251, 255
      • Cambodia, 261
      • Carter’s meeting with religious leaders, 272
      • Meeting with Carter, 249
      • Message from Vance, 252
      • National food policy, 254
      • PCWH final report, 271, 272, 277
      • Tokyo Summit, 257
      • Visit to China (Mar. 1979), 254
    • Lions Clubs, 306
    • Lipshutz, Robert J.:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 38, 47
      • Human Rights Agency proposal, 81
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 36, 37
      • Presidential Decision memoranda, 98
      • Ratification of UN covenants on human rights, 16, 38, 118
    • Lissy, David, 7
    • Lister, George, 17, 28, 61, 91, 106, 109, 147, 159, 169
    • Lithuania, 104
    • Livestock, 245
    • Lollis, Edward, 325, 336
    • Long, Bill, 236, 278, 337, 344, 348
    • Long, Clarence D., 23, 143
    • Long, Russell B., 23
    • Lopez Portillo, José, 331
    • Lord, Winston, 1
    • Los Angeles Times, 42, 87, 243
    • Lowenstein, Allard, 7, 8, 38, 60, 80
    • Lowenstein, Jaines, 87
    • Lowrance, William W., 299, 314, 315
    • Luers, William H., 7, 61, 123, 128, 129, 131
    • Lugar, Richard, 92
    • Luxembourg, 91
    • Luzzato, Francis, 247
    • Lynton, Stephen J., 157
    • Macias Nguema, Francisco, 191
    • MacLaine, Shirley, 242, 245
    • Maclean, John, 42
    • Madagascar, 310
    • Maguire, Andrew, 275
    • Mahler, Halfdan, 292, 306
    • Mahler, Thomas, 279
    • Mahon, George, 23
    • Majority rule:
      • As U.S. objective in Rhodesia, 73
      • U.S. support in South Africa for, 8, 26
    • Malaria, 301
    • Malawi:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Interagency group discussion of loans to, 41
      • Political prisoners released in, 104
      • UNCHR scrutiny of, 125
      • U.S. démarches on loans to, 53, 71
    • Malaysia, 91, 95
    • Mali, 91, 95, 245, 336
    • Malnutrition:
    • Malthus, Thomas Robert, 234
    • Manila Communiqué, 250
    • Marcos, Ferdinand, 42, 102, 104, 105
    • Marine creatures, 290, 346, 347
    • Marine pollution, 289, 290
    • Marks, Leonard, 107, 112, 134
    • Marriage, 308
    • Marshall Plan, 263
    • Martens, Robert J., 70, 91, 106, 109, 115, 130
    • Martin, David, 198
    • Martin, Edwin, 255
    • Mass transit, 290
    • Maternal health, 311
    • Mathews, Jay, 100
    • Mathews, Jessica Tuchman. See Tuchman, Jessica
    • Matteson, Lois, 149, 310
    • Mauritania, 59, 91, 95, 245
    • Mauritius, 60
    • Maxim, Robert, 141, 194
    • Mayer, Jean, 238, 251, 253, 263, 266
    • Maynes, Charles W.:
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • Food initiative proposal for Venice economic summit, 269
      • Fraser memorandum on human rights, 56
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 52, 87, 147
      • International Food Corps proposal, 247
      • International Health Initiative, 301
      • International health policy review, 306
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • Meeting on U.S. strategy for human rights in United Nations, 146, 148, 149, 154
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 248
      • Ratification of human rights covenants and conventions, 165, 193
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • UNCHR proposal, 116
      • U.S. strategy paper on human rights in United Nations, 155, 162
      • Women’s rights and status, 325, 327, 336
      • World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, 159
    • M’baye, Keba, 125
    • McCall, Richard Lee, Jr., 341, 342
    • McClelland, Donald, 221
    • McDonald, Al, 276
    • McDonald, John W., Jr., 335
    • McDougall, Frank L., 245
    • McDougall Memorial Lecture (1977), 245
    • McEldowney, Frederick, 221, 248
    • McGhee, George C., 146
    • McGovern, George, 4, 62, 92, 242, 277
    • McHenry, Donald F., 4, 342
    • McHugh, Matthew F., 255
    • McIntyre, James T., 139, 142, 230, 243, 275, 301
      • Human Rights Foundation, 114
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 107, 112
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 139
      • International health initiative, 309, 311
      • International program uses of excess grain, 265
      • PD on human rights policy, 113, 119
      • P.L. 480 budget, 259
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger, 244, 272
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
      • World Food Program, 232, 235
      • World Hunger Working Group, 231
    • McLean, J. Phillip, 211
    • McMahon, Pat, 253
    • McNamara, Robert, 5, 59, 263, 308, 328, 331, 332
    • McNutt, Louise, 26, 28, 211, 299, 331, 339
    • Meals for Millions, 249
    • Medical diplomacy, 292, 303
    • Medical literature, 292
    • Meeker, Leonard, 4, 135
    • Melcher, John, 92
    • Mendlevitz, Lev, 203
    • Mengistu Haile Mariam, Lt. Col., 42
    • Mexico:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 104
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Desertification in, 236
      • Family planning in, 287, 308, 345
      • Global 2000 Report, 348
      • Population growth study for, 338
      • Population issues in, 287, 331, 339
      • Rural development, financing of, 250
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
      • U.S. immigration from, 209
      • USIS speakers requested in, 60
    • Mexico City, 287
    • Mexico Declaration, 250
    • Meyer, Cord, Jr., 7, 22, 30, 50
    • Meyer, Lawrence, 157
    • Mezvinsky, Edward, 125, 146, 149, 155, 163, 182, 184
    • Michel, James H., 17, 90, 108
    • Micronesia, 5
    • Middle East:
      • As UNGA agenda item, 291
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 332
      • Human rights situation in, 172
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests in, 105
      • Peacekeeping in, 73
      • Racial justice in, 77
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 196
      • U.S. position, 26
    • Migrant labor, 135
    • Military aid. See Security assistance
    • Military Assistance Program (MAP), 7, 62, 87, 136, 144
    • Miller, Arthur, 60
    • Miller, J. Erwin, 246
    • Minerals, 337
    • Minish, Joseph J., 132
    • Mink, Patsy, 282, 284, 287, 289, 301, 312, 323
    • Minnies, Todd, 299
    • Minority cultures, 28
    • Missing in action soldiers (MIAs), 6, 73
    • Missing persons, 162, 181, 184
    • Moffitt, Ronni, 157
    • Mohr, Charles, 26
    • Molander, Roger, 203, 204
    • Molineaux, Paul, 190
    • Momjian, Set, 182
    • Mondale, Walter F., 237
      • East Africa food shortages, 275
      • Food Aid Convention, 243
      • Genocide Convention, 97
      • Human rights:
        • Congressional-Executive branch relations over, 97
        • In the Soviet Union, 18
        • Proposed initiatives for, 96, 97
        • Ratification of UN covenants on, 38
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 107, 112, 113, 114, 121
      • Human rights policy, U.S, 139
      • Human Rights Week speech proposal, 97
      • Panama Canal Treaty, 97
      • P.L. 480 aid to Indonesia, 259
      • Presidential Directive on human rights, 97, 113, 119
      • PRM on human rights, 46, 73
      • Targeting aid to countries respecting human rights, 96, 97
      • Ten goals for foreign policy, 43
      • World hunger, 212
    • Mongolia, 184, 292
    • Montgomery, Gillespie V., 6
    • Montgomery, Robert, 325
    • Montville, Joseph, 299
    • Moore, Frank B., 35, 36, 96, 107, 113, 243, 275
      • Human Rights Foundation, 114
      • Interagency Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, 224
      • Ratification of UN covenants on human rights, 118
      • World hunger initiatives, 233, 242
    • Moorhead, William S., 132
    • Moose, Richard, 84, 109, 306
      • D/HA, 195
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 87, 147
      • Human rights reporting for Congress, 111, 147
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 133
      • International Health Initiative, 301
      • International health policy, 288
      • Meeting with Gilligan and Derian, 141
    • Mora, Alberto, 247
    • Morality:
      • And ratification of Genocide Convention, 53
      • Arms control and, 20
      • Human rights and, 8, 9, 68, 73, 81, 82
      • Hunger as issue of, 248, 263
    • Moran, David, 91, 115, 147, 211
    • Moran, Theodore, 215, 289
    • Morgan, Dan, 88, 93, 212
    • Morganthau, Ruth, 247
    • Morin, Laurent, 135
    • Morocco, 59, 104
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Human rights improvements in, 172
      • Human rights reports on, 129
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 90
      • Political prisoners in, 105
      • United States, relations with, 200
      • U.S. arms sales to, 105
    • Moscow Summit (May 1972), 286
    • Most Favored Nation (MFN) status, 73
    • Mount Saint Helens, 334
    • Moyers, Bill, 246
    • Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 112, 113, 207
    • Mozambique:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Food shortages in, 275
      • Political prisoners in, 104
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • U.S. medical cooperation program with, 288, 303
    • Muller, Steven, 251, 253, 254, 263
    • Multilateral Development Banks. See International Financial Institutions; Individual banks
    • Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTN), 223, 236, 245, 248, 250, 277, 328
    • Multinational corporations, 209
    • Muskie, Edmund S., 273
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Appointment as Secretary of State, 199
      • Global 2000 Study, 337, 344, 347, 348
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
      • UNGA address (Aug. 1980), 348
      • Women’s rights and status, 341
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
    • Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction (MBFR), 73
    • Myerson, Bess, 246, 251, 253, 255
    • Nachmanoff, Arnold, 127, 289
    • Namibia, 29, 105, 318
      • Changes in, 155
      • Congressional interest in, 62
      • Human rights curriculum development in, 141
      • Human rights reports on, 196
    • Narcotics, 302
    • Nash, Frank, 75
    • National Academy of Science (NAS), 60, 216, 245
    • National Advisory Council (NAC), 40, 78
    • National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies, 315
    • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 286, 306, 337
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
    • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 60
      • Bridgewater Shelby County Branch, 163
    • National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 166
    • National Cambodian Crisis Committee, 266
    • National Catholic Conference, 29
    • National Council of Churches, 187
    • National Endowment for the Arts, 128, 131
    • National Endowment for the Humanities, 128, 131
    • National Endowment for International Health Assistance (proposal), 304
    • National Health Service Corps, 306
    • National Institutes of Health, 219
      • Fogarty International Center, 304, 306, 309
    • National League of MIA Families, 6
    • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 337
    • National Population Council (Nigeria), 308
    • National Research Council, 223
    • National Science Foundation, 219, 236, 304, 337
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
    • National security:
      • Food security and, 263
      • Human rights vs., 22
      • Malnutrition and, 263
      • Population increases and, 307, 338
    • National Security Council (NSC):
      • Ad Hoc Group on Population Policy, 315
        • Establishment of, 282
        • Format for evaluation of population programs, 307
        • Increased responsibility for, 299
        • Meetings of, 289
        • National security and overpopulation, 338
        • Pickering as chair of, 318
        • Population growth and national security, 338
        • Recommendations on problem areas by, 346
        • Reports of, 308, 326, 339
        • Retention of, 300, 329
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Assessment of quality of intelligence community reporting on human rights issues, 72
      • Carter’s UNGA speech (Mar. 1977), 38
      • DCC membership of, 315
      • Documents:
        • NSC–28, 46, 73
        • PD/NSC–13, 65
      • Global Issues Cluster:
      • Human rights country reports reviewed by, 167, 180
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 117
      • Human rights meetings, 19
      • Human rights policy and, 203
      • Human rights PRM draft, 22, 45, 50
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 33
      • Interagency group on human rights and foreign assistance, 29, 31, 41
      • Meetings, 19, 110
      • Memoranda, 31, 48, 49, 168
      • Paper on human rights, 188
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), Message to Congress on, 248
      • Ten goals for foreign policy, 43
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
      • World hunger initiatives, 219
      • World Hunger Working Group, 227, 230, 241
    • National Security Decision Memorandum NSDM 314, 280, 282, 287, 289, 307, 308
    • National Security Study Memorandum (NSSM–200), 287
    • Nationality Act (1952), 62
    • Nation-building, 299
    • Natural disasters, 290
    • Navy, U.S., 290
    • Neal, Stephen, 139
    • Needy people, human rights policy serving:
      • Ad Hoc Interagency Group on Human Rights memoranda, 73
      • AID paper, 58
      • Brzezinski memoranda, 33
      • Christopher memoranda, 90, 103
      • Derian/Katz/Bennett memoranda, 20
      • Derian/Lake memoranda, 145
      • Guidelines on U.S. human rights policy on, 1
      • Hartman memoranda, 17
      • Katz/Derian/Nooter memoranda, 86
      • Tuchman memoranda, 88, 150, 152
      • Vance memoranda, 91
    • Neidle, Alan F., 39
    • Neitzke, Ron, 138
    • Nelson, Clifford R., 289
    • Nelson, Theodore, 331
    • Nepal, 71, 91, 104, 105, 196, 331
    • Netherlands:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As leader in human rights activities, 4
      • Human rights as factor in IFI loans, 179
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • Population assistance from, 345
      • Public education on problems of LDCs, 263
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • UNCHR, 94
    • Neumeyer-Wallach, Marina, 203
    • Neutron bombs, 125
    • New Directions in International Health (proposed program), 306, 309
    • “New Directions”; mandate, 245, 248, 254, 263, 305
    • New International Economic Order (NIEO), 94, 187, 207, 209, 262, 278, 291
    • New Zealand, 73, 94, 245, 312
    • Newman, Edwin, 60
    • Newman, Frank, 135
    • Newsom, David D., 102, 158, 170, 327, 342
    • Nicaragua:
      • AID projects deferred in, 132
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Balance-of-payments problems, 275
      • Bowdler-Pezzullo mission to, 194, 195
      • Delay in votes on loans to, 132, 139
      • Food assistance to, 259
      • FSO loans to, 105
      • Human rights country reports to Congress on, 129, 167
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 187, 206
      • Human rights situation in, 75, 102, 104, 105, 172
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests in, 105
      • IDB loans to, 80
      • OAS/Andean Pact’s roles in, 205
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 259
      • UNCHR actions on, 184
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87, 183
      • U.S. military aid, 62, 80, 87
    • Niger, 91, 95, 245, 310
    • Nigeria, 89
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Charges of U.S. racial discrimination in UN, 163
      • Equatorial Guinea, relations with, 192
      • Family planning in, 287, 308, 345
      • Human rights improvements in, 105
      • UNCHR investigation of Equatorial Guinea, 125
      • U.S. human rights alliance with, 149
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 139
    • Nimetz, Matthew, 29, 34, 56, 84, 337, 348
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • Cambodia, 261
      • Carter-Brezhnev talks, 186
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 332, 335
      • Human rights policy, U.S., PRM on, 54, 64, 67, 68, 69
      • Role of, 5
    • Nixon, Richard M., 58, 81, 158, 238, 263
    • Nolan, Richard, 227, 242, 251, 255
    • Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) (see also Individual agencies and organizations)
      • As human rights violators, 72
      • Criteria for grants to, 135
      • D/HA contacts with, 62
      • Family planning efforts by, 349
      • Food assistance by, 245, 247
      • Foundation for funding of, 96
      • Genocide convention ratification, 96, 187
      • Human rights conference for, 201, 203
      • International Food Corps cooperation with, 247
      • International health role of, 314
      • Recommendations for strengthening U.S. human rights policy, 187
      • Removal of UN consultative status of, 80, 87
      • Reports of, 190
    • Nooter, Robert H., 86
    • Nordhaus, William D., 282, 289
    • North Atlantic Council (NAC) meeting (May 1977), 24, 30
    • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 73
      • Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS), 290
    • North-South relations, 64, 280, 298
    • North-South strategy, 279
    • North-South Task Force, 335
    • Norway, 91, 94, 263, 345
    • Novak, Robert, 164
    • Nowak, Jan, 107, 112, 135
    • Nuclear arms control, 54
    • Nuclear blackmail, 209
    • Nuclear fuel cycles, 67
    • Nuclear power, 290, 337
    • Nuclear proliferation, 5, 73, 105, 209, 284
    • Nuclear reprocessing, 105
    • Nuclear testing, 26
    • Nuclear weapons:
      • Brazilian development of, 42, 105
      • Prohibition in Latin American and the Caribbean of, 47
    • Nudel, Ida, 203
    • Nureyev, Rudolf, 166
    • Nutrition:
      • As a basis for national food policy, 254
      • Chronic lack of, 257
      • FAO programs for, 313
      • Intervention programs for, 234, 236, 311
      • Marketing of products lacking in, 253
      • National Academy of Science report on food and, 212, 216, 227, 234, 236, 245, 254
    • Nye, Joseph, 301
    • Nyerere, Julius, 188
    • Oakley, Phyllis, 26, 299, 327, 336
    • Oakley, Robert B., 29, 129
    • Oberdorfer, Don, 17, 23, 253
    • Obesity, 305
    • Occupied Territories. See Palestine
    • Oceans, 290
    • Odom, William, 82
    • O’Donohue, Daniel, 24
    • Office of Management and Budget (OMB):
      • African famine aid, 276
      • AID budget cuts by, 171
      • Annual commitment for grain purchases for food assistance, 228
      • DCC membership of, 315
      • Decade on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 319, 335
      • Food and Nutrition Reorganization Study, 227
      • Human Rights Foundation, 112, 121, 142
      • International health initiatives, 315
      • P.L. 480, 210, 259, 265
      • Refugees, 170
      • Reorganization Project Staff, 223
      • Scientific research, 245
      • Security assistance, 38
      • Spring Planning Review, 309
      • Study Group for International Food Corps, 247
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 285
      • World food policy PRM, 217, 219
      • World Food Program, 235
      • World Hunger Working Group, 230
    • Official Development Assistance (ODA), 236, 263, 333
    • Ogden, Richard M., Jr., 86, 210, 236
    • OHCHR. See United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNCHR)
    • Ohira, Masayoshi, 331
    • Oil, 105, 290, 337, 347
    • Oil shale, 337
    • O’Keeffe, Charles, 242
    • Oksenberg, Michael C., 69, 72, 100, 110, 172
    • Olson, Russell, 211
    • Olympic Games, 166, 188
    • Oman, 91
    • Omang, Joanne, 343
    • Omenn, Gilbert, 219, 289
    • O’Neill, Thomas “Tip,”; 23, 196
    • Onek, Joseph, 213
    • Oplinger, Jerry, 203, 339
    • Optional Protocol to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 178
    • Orchocerciasts Control Program (West Africa), 296
    • Orfila, Alejandro, 161
    • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD):
      • Basic Human Needs strategy, 214
      • Development Assistance Committee, 29, 328
      • Environmental issues, 290
      • International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), 215, 227, 236, 245, 250, 255, 273, 277, 315, 328
      • Population issues in, 331, 349
    • Organization of American States (OAS) (see also Inter-American Human Rights Commission) [Page 1218]
      • Agenda for U.S. action in, 29
      • Human rights activity of, 2, 105, 122
      • Nicaraguan role of, 205
      • Strengthening of human rights machinery at, 95, 206
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 53
    • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 23, 209, 250, 270, 328
    • Ortiz, Frank, 13, 20, 28, 210
    • Osnos, Peter, 42
    • Ostpolitik, 24
    • O’Toole, Thomas, 263
    • Ottawa Summit (1981), 348
    • Overfishing, 245
    • Overgrazing, 252
    • Overly, James E., 336
    • Overseas broadcast facilities, 46, 49, 73
    • Overseas Development Council, 253, 292
    • Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), 139, 237, 263
      • Brazilian activities of, 108
      • DCC membership of, 315
      • Enhancement of capacity of, 328
      • Human rights reports for Congress for, 108, 167
      • IDCA authority over, 263
      • In Cambodia, 150
      • In Chile, 108, 150
      • In Uganda, 150
      • Sanctions through, 73, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160
      • Suspension of negotiations for Uruguay, 108
    • Owen, David, 42, 306
    • Owen, Henry D., 203, 226, 239
      • African famine aid, 274, 276
      • AID reorganization, 240
      • Carter meeting with religious leaders, 267, 268
      • Development assistance paper, 306
      • Food for Peace Program, 265
      • G–7 talks on population issues, 333
      • Global 2000 Report, 348
      • Human Rights Foundation, 80
      • IDCA Development policy statement, 328
      • International program uses of excess grain, 265
      • Lack of coordination in food policy, 245
      • Leadership in War on Hunger, 271
      • OPIC, 150, 152
      • P.L. 480, 93, 259
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger, 251, 263, 272, 274
      • Summit follow-up on population, 345
      • World Hunger Working Group draft report, 241
    • Owen, Robert, 195
    • Oxman, Steve:
      • Fraser foreign assistance bill amendments, 136, 137
      • Human rights:
        • Carter administration’s emphasis on, 51
        • Implementing of legislation for, 83
        • PRM drafts, 64, 69
        • Progress and retrogression in, 104
        • Strategy papers for, 124
      • Human Rights Foundation as clearinghouse, 123
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 117, 121
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 87, 132, 139
        • Implementation of, 55
      • Human rights reports, 61, 84, 86, 106, 109
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 130, 131, 135
      • International financial institutions, 156
      • OPIC, 108, 153
      • P.L. 480, 88, 90, 92
    • Ozone depletion, 337
    • Packer, Samuel H., 7
    • Pahlavi, Shah Reza, 82, 172, 196
    • Pak Chung Hee, 42, 82, 187, 200
    • Pakistan:
      • Afghani refugees in, 264
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Balance-of-payments problems, 275
      • Charges of U.S. racial discrimination in UN, 163
      • Debt owed by, 207
      • Elections postponed in, 104
      • Family planning in, 287, 308, 331
      • Human rights reports for, 203
      • Malnutrition in, 213, 245
      • P.L. 480 aid to, 90, 265
      • Political prisoners released in, 100, 104, 105
      • United States, relations with, 200
      • U.S. aid suspension to, 264
    • Palestine:
      • Arab States support for, 25, 73
      • Israeli human rights practices in, 155, 342
      • Prisoners in, 196
      • Right of self-determination for, 155
      • UNCHR resolutions on, 125
      • UNGA resolutions on, 162
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • Women under the occupation, 334, 342
    • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 317, 342
    • Palmer, Steve, 109, 147, 197, 200, 201, 203, 299
    • Palmeri, Robert, 282
    • Palmieri, Victor, 266
    • Pan American Airlines, 223
    • Panama, 91, 184, 308, 348
    • Panama Canal treaties, 5, 29, 80, 87, 96, 97, 249, 278
    • Panov, Valery, 166
    • Paraguay:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • AID projects deferred in, 132
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Delay in votes on loans to, 132, 139
      • FSO loans to, 105
      • Human rights reports, 17
      • Human rights violations in, 104
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests in, 105
      • IAHRC visits to, 53, 87
      • IDB loans to, 145
      • Interagency group discussion of loans to, 41
      • Prisoner releases in, 42, 104
      • UNCHR actions on, 125, 184
      • U.S. military aid to, 62, 206
      • U.S. seen as “punishing”; due to weakness of, 105
      • U.S. votes against IFI loans to, 132, 139, 145, 202
      • USIS exhibits on human rights, 60
      • Withdrawal of loan applications by, 71, 132
    • Paralegal services, 58, 140, 205
    • Parasites, 296, 305
    • Park, Tongsun, 105
    • Park Chung Hee, 42, 82, 187, 200
    • Parker, Daniel, 1
    • Parsons, Edmond, 253, 258
    • Pascoe, B. Lynn, 8, 28
    • Pastor, Robert A., 38, 47, 69, 72, 76, 88, 161, 164
    • Patterson, Eugene, 246
    • Patton, James, 7
    • Peace Corps, 81, 114, 207, 247, 263, 306, 325, 330, 336
    • Pearce, William R., 243
    • PEN, 111
    • People’s Temple, 173
    • Percy, Charles H., 4
    • Percy Amendment, 58, 324, 341
    • Perman, Florence, 310
    • Perry, Jack R., 26, 179, 192
    • Pertini, Sandro, 328
    • Peru:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 104
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As scheduled for P.L. 480 aid in FY 1978, 90
      • Elections in, 105
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Human rights improvement in, 43, 105, 172
      • Human rights reports, 17, 61
      • Prisoner releases in, 42, 104
      • Ratification of UN Covenants and Conventions, 193
      • UNCHR role of, 184
    • Pesticides, 290
    • Peters, Lauralee, 78, 211
    • Peterson, Esther, 231
    • Petrovsky, Boris V., 317
    • Petterson, Donald, 111
    • Pezzullo, Lawrence, 13, 145, 194, 195
    • Pfeiffer, Jane Cahill, 246
    • Pfeiffer, Robert, 201
    • Phelps, Homer R., 26
    • Philippine Development Bank, 145
    • Philippine Investment Services Organization, 145
    • Philippines:
      • Action plans for, 60, 183
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Family planning in, 287, 308, 331, 345
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 206 [Page 1220]
      • Human rights reports, 6, 17, 129, 180
      • Human rights situation in, 88, 104, 172
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests in, 105
      • IFI loans to, 100, 105, 132, 139, 145, 202
      • Interagency group discussion of loans to, 41
      • P.L. 480, 90, 169
      • Torture in, 102, 104
      • United States, relations with, 200
      • U.S. base rights in, 105
      • U.S. démarches on loans to, 53, 71
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87, 175
      • U.S. military aid to, 4, 29, 62, 105
      • U.S. sales of police equipment to, 206
    • Physicists, 181, 212
    • Pickering, Thomas, 316, 339
      • As chair of Ad Hoc Group on Population Policy, 318
      • Decade on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 335
      • Global 2000 Study, 337, 344, 347, 348
      • National Security and overpopulation, 338
      • Population/food problems, 320
      • Population policy, U.S., 321
      • Women and children’s rights, 324
      • Women in LDCs, 323
    • Pinochet, Augusto, 105, 157, 158
    • Pisano, Jane, 41
    • Pitts, John, 260
    • P.L. 480 (see also Congress, Acts of; Food assistance; Foreign economic assistance), 7
      • Afghani aid under, 90
      • African aid under, 259, 276
      • As help to U.S. agriculture, 23, 58
      • Bangladeshi aid under, 90, 93, 103, 105, 169
      • Budgeting for, 208, 259, 265, 275
      • Cambodian aid under, 261
      • Changes in political provisions of, 210
      • Chile as major recipient under, 88
      • Countries scheduled for aid in FY 1978 under, 90, 93
      • Dominican aid under, 90
      • Egyptian aid under, 90, 210, 259
      • Extension legislation for, 210, 225
      • Food reserves for stabilization of, 228
      • Foreign food assistance under, 223
      • Guinean aid under, 90, 93, 103, 105, 145, 169
      • Haitian aid under, 90, 169
      • Honduran aid under, 90
      • Human rights language in agreements under, 103, 169
      • Increase in aid under, 265
      • Indian aid under, 90, 265
      • Indonesian aid under, 90, 103, 105, 169, 259
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 87, 93, 100
      • Interagency Staff Committee, 223
      • International Development and Food Assistance Act (1977), effect on, 210
      • Israeli aid under, 90, 259, 265
      • Jamaica aid under, 90
      • Jordan aid under, 90, 259
      • Korean Republic aid under, 90, 93, 103, 105, 169, 259
      • Lack of clarity in procedures for decisions on aid through, 100
      • Lebanese aid under, 90
      • Limitations of, 210, 245
      • Moroccan aid under, 90
      • Nicaraguan aid under, 259
      • Pakistani aid under, 90, 265
      • Peruvian aid under, 90
      • Philippines aid under, 90, 169
      • Portuguese aid under, 90, 259
      • Prohibition of aid to Communist countries under, 210
      • Redirection under P. L. 9588 of, 210
      • Reporting requirements, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 100
      • Senegal aid under, 90
      • Shipment to human rights violators under, 93
      • Sierra Leone aid under, 90, 169
      • Somalia aid under, 90, 103, 105, 169
      • Special Task Force on the Operation of, 254
      • Sri Lankan aid under, 90
      • Stabilization of program levels in, 228
      • Sudanese aid under, 90
      • Syrian aid under, 90, 169
      • Tanzanian aid for, 90
      • Title One programs, 73, 75, 88, 90, 92, 93, 243, 275
      • Title Two programs, 73, 75, 88, 232, 235, 245, 259
      • Title Three programs, 169, 222, 236, 258, 308
      • Tunisian aid under, 90, 169
      • Zaire aid under, 90, 93, 103, 105, 169
      • Zambian aid under, 90
    • Poats, Rutherford, 153, 269, 273, 274
    • Pol Pot, 188, 194, 195, 266, 342
    • Poland:
      • Human rights improvements in, 104
      • MFN status for, 73
      • Political prisoners in, 104, 105
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • UNCHR resolution of, 125
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
    • Police equipment, 87, 206
    • Policy Review Committee, 282
    • Political asylum, 54, 187, 206
    • Political prisoners:
    • Political trials, 59, 74
    • “Politics as Vocation”; (Weber), 100
    • Pollution, 347
    • Population:
    • Population assistance, 287, 345, 349
    • Population Council, 297, 307
    • Population Dynamics and International Violence (Choucri), 338
    • Population policy, U.S., 308, 329
      • Annual Reports of NSC Ad Hoc Group on, 326, 339
      • Congressional-Executive branch relations over, 318, 321, 324
      • Implementation of, 298
      • Initiatives in, 297
      • Management within the State Department of, 287
      • NSDM 314, 280, 282, 287, 289, 307, 308
      • Performance evaluation of, 307
      • Reaffirmation of, 284
      • Study on, 290
    • Portugal:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Human rights country reports to Congress on, 167
      • Human rights progress in, 43, 105
      • P.L. 480 aid for, 90, 259
      • Political prisoners in, 167
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • U.S. aid to, 296
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 73
      • USDA intermediate credit program for, 223
    • Post, Richard St. F., 111
    • Poverty, 234, 255, 308, 328, 347
    • Powell, Jody, 112, 113, 243, 273
    • Power, Sarah Goddard, 341, 342
    • Power diffusion, 209
    • Pravda, 161
    • Preeg, Ernest, 7, 20
    • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (Nixon-era), 238
    • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH):
      • AID hunger focus, 273
      • Draft charter for, 248
      • Establishment of, 244, 257
      • Executive order on, 248
      • Final report of, 267, 268, 271, 272, 277, 347
      • Guiding principles for, 251
      • Linowitz appointment as chair, 246, 249, 251, 255
      • Meetings:
        • Oct. 5, 1978, 251
        • Jan. 31, 1979, 253
        • Dec. 10, 1979, 263
        • Of the Public Participation and Communication Subcommittee, 253, 255
      • Membership of, 251
      • Message to Congress on, 245, 248
      • Preliminary report of, 263
      • Proposal for, 227, 233, 238, 239, 242, 244
      • Recommendations of, 263
      • Starvation in Cambodia, 261, 263
      • State Department views on issues before, 252
      • Update on, 255
      • USDA views on issues before, 254
    • Presidential Decision Memoranda, 98, 105, 241, 242, 301, 348
    • Presidential Directives (see also Human rights), 133
    • Presidential Medal of Freedom, 170
    • Presidential Policy Options Memoranda, 231
    • Presidential Review Memoranda (PRMs) (see also Human Rights Coordinating Group), 5
      • Human Rights PRMs, 41, 52
        • AID role in, 58
        • Analytical introduction to, 68
        • Final draft, 279
        • Frustrations raised in discussion of, 114
        • Meetings on, 49
        • Outline for, 54
        • PRM 4, 38
        • PRM 28, 46, 50, 73, 76, 81
        • Prospects for, 7, 9
        • Questions raised in, 38, 76
        • Special Coordinating Committee’s work on:
          • Comments on drafts of, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69
          • Drafting of, 45, 53
          • Study as submitted, 73
        • State Department draft vs. NSC draft, 22, 45, 50
        • Status of, 29, 30
        • United Nations human rights instruments, 165
        • Women’s rights issues in, 58
      • World food policy PRM, 217, 219
        • Memorandum PRM–8–III, 226
        • PRM–8, 227
    • Presidential Scholars in Global Health, 304, 306, 309
    • Presidential Study on Population, Resources, and Environment, 289
    • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343, 344, 346, 348
    • Press, Frank, 212, 282
      • Global 2000 Study, 337
      • Population growth, 282
      • Presidential Task Force on Global Resources and Environment, 343
      • World hunger initiatives, 212, 213, 219
      • World hunger meetings, 217, 220, 223
      • World Hunger Working Group, 231
    • Press censorship, 104
    • Preventative detention, 135, 190
    • Price support loans, 225
    • Primary health care, 317, 333, 348, 349
    • Prison inspections, 87
    • Prisoners, political. See Political prisoners
    • Prisoners of conscience, 190
    • Prisoners of war (POWs), 6, 125
    • Privacy, 290
    • Private sector, 227, 231, 237, 306
    • Private volunteer organizations (PVOs), 306, 314
    • Problems of Communism, 60
    • Project Evaluation Summaries, 307
    • Protein deficiency, 215
    • Public diplomacy, 29, 48, 53, 87, 170
    • Public education, 263, 277
    • Public health, 145
    • Public Health Service Scholarships, 306
    • Public technology, 290
    • Puerto Rico, 29
    • Putnam, 112
    • Quandt, William, 110
    • Quiet diplomacy, 11, 28, 60
    • Racial discrimination:
    • Racial justice, 77
    • Radio Free Europe (RFE), 73, 187
    • Radio Liberty, 73, 187
    • Rafshoon, Gerald, 173
    • Ragozina, Galina, 166
    • Rand Corporation, 67
    • Randolph, A. Philip, 170
    • Read, Benjamin H., 133, 324
    • Reagan, Ronald, 206
    • Red Cross, 17, 84, 87, 91, 105, 190, 261, 266
    • Refugees:
      • Afghani, 264
      • Aid under Food for Peace for, 261
      • Argentinean, 6
      • Boat people, 162
      • Bolivian, 6
      • Cambodian, 6, 170, 261, 328
      • Camps for, 6
      • Canadian UNCHR resolution on, 184
      • Chilean, 6
      • Cuban, 200
      • East African, 275, 276
      • Haitian, 6, 200
      • Indochinese, 6, 80, 170, 266
      • INS assistance to, 6
      • Iranian, 200
      • Laotian, 6
      • Liberalizing entry to, 73
      • Processing in Hong Kong of, 6
      • Resettlement of, 96, 121
      • Soviet, 6
      • Syrian, 184
      • Uruguayan, 6
      • U.S. policy on asylum for, 29, 54
      • Vietnamese, 6
      • Women as, 342
    • Regional influentials, 43
    • Regional and Political Analysis (ORPA), Office of, 30, 42
    • Reimer, Reynold, 331
    • Reinhardt, John E., 139, 325, 336
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
      • Population growth, 282
      • PRM on human rights, 73
      • Soviet role in African rights-violating countries, 191
      • USIA’s Human Rights Action Plan, 60
    • Religious discrimination, 125
    • Religious intolerance, 125, 181, 190
    • Research and Development (R&D), 290, 304
    • Research and training centers, 304, 306, 309, 314
    • Resource conservation, 209, 290
    • Respiratory diseases, 313
    • Reuss, Henry S.:
      • Congressional Fellowships, 29
      • Foreign assistance, Carter’s meetings with Congressional leaders on, 23
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 20, 29, 35, 36, 38
      • Message from Carter, 35
      • State Department consultation with, 29
      • Support for IFIs, 23
    • Reuther, David E., 321
    • Rewards, 132, 139
    • Rhodesia:
      • As U.S. human rights target, 105
      • Chrome imports from, 4, 26
      • Closing of information office, 162
      • Congressional interest in, 62
      • Human rights improvement in, 172
      • Human rights reports on, 196
      • Majority rule as objective in, 73
      • Review of U.S. policy toward, 29
      • Trade embargo against, 26
      • U.S. human rights policy, As seen by NGOs, 187
      • U.S. sanctions against, 26
    • Rice, 221, 225
    • Richardson, Henry, 69, 76, 88
    • Richardson, John, 107, 142
    • Richmond, Julius, 313, 317
    • Riggs, Fletcher, 211
    • Rizik, Philip, 197, 201, 336
    • Rockefeller, John D., III, 297
    • Rockefeller, Nelson A., 246
    • Rockefeller Foundation, 245
    • Rodino, Peter, 62
    • Rogers, Kenneth, 194, 197
    • Rogers, William D., 1
    • Roh, Charles, 210
    • Romania, 53, 71, 95, 104, 183, 206
    • Romero, Gen. Carlos H., 87, 104
    • Ronard, John, 4
    • Roosevelt, Eleanor, 60, 80, 167
    • Rose, Robert, 344
    • Rousselot, John H., 33
    • Rovine, Arthur W., 24
    • Rowe, John H., 282, 289
    • Rubber, 215, 277
    • Rubenstein, David, 244
    • Ruchti, James, 147
    • Runyon, Charles, 8, 17, 20, 91, 126, 147, 190
    • Rupprecht, Erhardt, 211
    • Rural development, 245, 250, 258, 262, 263, 319
    • Rural-to-urban migration, 339
    • Rwanda, 58
      • AID training of judicial cadres in, 141
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Human rights improvements in, 105
      • Paralegal training in, 140
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • UNCHR investigation of Equatorial Guinea, 125
    • Ryan, Deirdre, 334
    • Ryan, Leo, 173
    • Sadat, Anwar, 259
    • Sahel Development Program, 236
    • Sahel drought, 218, 234, 236, 245
    • Sakharov, Andrei, 7, 18, 19, 38
    • Salination, 252
    • Salmon, Charles, 187, 194, 198, 200, 201
    • Salzberg, John, 4, 11
    • Sanctions, 73, 132, 139, 205
    • Sanders, Edward G., 7, 282, 289
    • Sandinistas, 194
    • Sanitation (see also Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation), 311, 313, 314, 330, 332
    • Saouma, Edouard, 253, 276
    • Sartorius, James, 335
    • Satellites, 290
    • Saudi Arabia:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Increased influence of, 209
      • Science and technology transfer to, 223
      • United States, relations with, 200
      • U.S. policy toward, 298
      • U.S. seen as ignoring human rights record of, 105
      • Vance visits to, 74
    • Saunders, Harold H., 14, 104, 301
    • SAVAK, 82
    • Schaufele, William, 1
    • Schechter, Jerrold L., 19, 166, 170, 172, 175, 177, 226
    • Scheuer, James H., 318, 321, 324
    • Schistosomiasis, 21, 301
    • Schlossberg, Stephen I., 135, 246
    • Schmidt, Helmut, 42, 331
    • Schneider, Howard, 251
    • Schneider, Mark:
      • Access to information for D/HA, 195
      • As Human Rights Coordinating Group representative, 50
      • Carter administration’s emphasis on human rights, 51
      • Development assistance, 91
      • Fraser foreign assistance bill amendments, 137
      • Human Rights Foundation as clearinghouse proposal, 123
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Country-specific action plans for, 49
        • Implementation of, 52, 53, 55, 158, 188
        • Improvement in planning and reporting, 147
        • NGO suggestions for, 187
        • PRM on, 54, 73
      • Human rights reports, 61, 84, 86, 87, 109, 129, 146, 185, 190
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 126, 135
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 183
      • International financial institutions, 156, 179
      • OPIC, 108
      • P.L. 480, 86, 90, 169
      • Replacement of, 203
      • Review for CCC loans, 78
      • Security assistance, 91
    • School Breakfast Program, 263
    • School Lunch Program, 263
    • Schuker, Jill A., 325
    • Schultze, Charles, 223, 230, 243
      • Population growth, 282
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 244
      • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance (proposal), 220
      • World Hunger Working Group, 224, 229, 231
    • Schuweiler, Melvin, 211
    • Schwartz, Alan U., 135
    • Schwartz, Elliot, 289
    • Schwebel, Stephen M., 28, 94, 325, 327, 336
    • Science and Technology Policy, Office of (OSTP), 217, 219, 230, 245, 286, 299, 304, 337
    • Science transfer, 223, 234, 236, 245, 253, 290
    • Scientific literature, 292
    • Scientific research, 245
    • Scientific and technical cooperation, 286, 328
    • Scott, Austin, 26
    • Sebastian, Peter, 8, 26, 28
    • Sector Reviews, 307
    • Security assistance (see also Arms Export Control Board; Foreign economic assistance; Individual countries)
      • Benson-Fraser discussions of, 11, 13
      • Changes in levels of, 4, 7, 38, 54, 62, 73
      • Congressional prohibitions against, 105
      • Countries considered for, 91, 95
      • Criteria applied to economic aid vs., 105
      • Human rights considerations in, 29, 199
      • Humphrey Committee hearings on, 9
      • Improving coordination on decisions on, 144, 200
      • State Department strategy for dealing with Congress over human rights and, 62
      • To Asia, 62
      • To Latin America, 29, 62
    • Security and Assistance Planning and Review Commission (SAPRC), 49
    • Security Assistance Review Committee, 1
    • Seelye, Talcott, 39
    • Seitz, Ray, 269, 276, 336
    • Self-determination, 155
    • Senate, U.S.:
      • Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee, 90, 92, 233, 254
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 161
      • Appropriations Committee’s Foreign Operations Subcommittee, 17, 23, 208
      • Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee, 139
      • CEDAW, 342
      • Derian’s confirmation hearing, 29
      • Finance Committee’s International Trade Subcommittee, 236
      • Foreign Relations Committee, 91, 139, 187, 197, 312, 342
        • African Affairs Subcommittee, 26
        • Arms Control, Oceans, International Operations and Environment Subcommittee, 261
        • Congressional-Executive relations over human rights, 4
        • Foreign Assistance Subcommittee (Humphrey Committee), 9, 17, 28, 35
        • Genocide Convention, 53, 167, 170, 198
      • Humphrey Bill, 139
      • IFI Authorization Bill’s Humphrey Amendment, 29, 33, 35, 38
      • International Rubber Agreement as ratified by, 277
      • Ratification of UN covenants, 4, 62, 96, 118, 178, 187, 195
      • World hunger initiatives, 238
    • Senegal:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Human rights record of, 105
      • Increases in AID funding levels for, 140
      • P.L. 480 aid for, 90
      • Population issues in, 331
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94, 120
      • Sahelian drought in, 245
      • UNCHR, 120, 125
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 139
      • Women’s status in, 336
    • Sergeant, William, 331
    • Shabecoff, Philip, 348
    • Shaib, Bukar, 262
    • Shakow, Alex, 86, 315, 319
    • Shanghai Communiqué (1972), 26
    • Sharansky, Natan, 104
    • Shaughnessy, Daniel, 253
    • Shea, Laurel, 116
    • Shear, David, 247
    • Shem, Story, 337
    • Shestack, Jerome, 178, 203
    • Shlaudeman, Harry, 1
    • Shriver, Sargent, 246
    • Shulman, Marshall, 19, 166, 186
    • Shultz, Carl, 282, 289
    • Shurtleff, Leonard G.:
      • Carter’s UNGA speeches, 26
      • FAO, 211
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 147
      • Human rights reports, 106, 109, 111, 115
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 133
      • P.L. 480, 169
      • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 70
    • Sierra Leone, 88, 90, 91, 169
    • Sieverts, Frank A., 6, 190, 194, 197
    • Silberman, Laurence, 63
    • Silverstone, Jonathan, 17, 86, 90
    • Simmons, Adele Smith, 251
    • Simmons, Steve, 204
    • SINAI II, 207
    • Singapore, 308, 331
    • Singletary, Raymond, 251
    • Sirkin, Abraham, 9, 34
    • Smallpox eradication, 292
    • Smith, Dane F., Jr., 258, 270
    • Smith, Hedrick, 23
    • Smith, J. P., 265
    • Smith, Kathy, 299
    • Smith, Roberts, 108
    • Smith, Thomas, 111
    • Sneider, Richard L., 93
    • Sober, Sidney, 109, 129
    • Software, 290
    • Soils, 337
    • Solar energy, 290, 347
    • Solomon, Tony, 145, 156, 183
    • Somalia, 60
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • Food shortages in, 275
      • P.L. 480 aid for, 90, 103, 105, 169
      • Smallpox eradication in, 292
      • United States, relations with, 295
    • Sommer, John, 335
    • Somoza, Anastasio, 80, 194
    • Sorenson, Roger, 262
    • South Africa, Republic of:
      • As U.S. human rights target, 105
      • Congressional interest in, 62
      • Dissidents in, 105
      • Export-Import Bank credit ban to, 139
      • Human rights situation in, 172
      • Intensification of repression in, 104
      • Israel, relations with, 63
      • UNCHR resolutions on, 125
      • U.S. aid for legal defense fund in, 141
      • U.S. human rights policy toward, 206
        • As seen by NGOs, 187
        • As seen in, 42
        • Review of, 29, 194
        • Support for majority rule in, 8, 26
        • Women’s rights and status in, 336, 342
      • U.S. investment policy toward, 4
      • U.S. policy for UN discussions on, 155
    • South Asia, 172
    • South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), 317
    • South Yemen, 132, 139, 145
    • Southern Africa, 77, 275, 291
    • Southern Cone, 42, 87
    • Soviet Perceptions of Dissidence and the Helsinki Accord (ORPA), 30
    • Soviet Policy and Tactics for Belgrade (ORPA), 30
    • Soviet Union:
      • Afghanistan invasion by, 203, 264, 265
      • African rights-violating countries role of, 191, 192
      • Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care, 317, 328, 333, 349
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • Belgrade Conference (1977), 24, 42
      • Cambodian human rights violations, 184
      • Charges of U.S. racial discrimination in UN, 163
      • Constraints on foreign policy of, 209
      • Dissidents in, 104, 105
      • Economic development role in LDCs for, 215
      • Emigration from, 6, 104, 105, 166, 188
      • Equatorial Guinea role of, 191, 192
      • Food pricing policies in, 218
      • Health cooperation with the United States, 286, 288, 292, 295
      • Helsinki Agreement, 25, 42, 80, 96
      • Human rights deterioration in, 172
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 73
      • Indian Ocean militarization, 26
      • Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 73
      • Neutron bombs, 125
      • Olympic Games (Moscow, 1980), 166, 188
      • Political prisoners in, 82
      • Refugees in Italy from, 6
      • Religious discrimination in, 125
      • Sakharov case, 7
      • SALT II, 42, 186
      • Seen as irrelevant and unworkable, 89
      • Staffing of Human Rights Conventions by, 165
      • Sugar agreement with Cuba, 215
      • Uganda role of, 191, 192
      • UN human rights machinery, 149
      • UNCHR’s establishment, 16
      • United States, relations with, 186, 203, 264, 265
      • U.S. concern for human rights in, 18, 82
      • U.S. human rights policy, 43, 73, 206
      • U.S. seen as ignoring human rights record of, 43, 105
      • USIA human rights action plan for, 60
    • Space shuttle, 290
    • Spain:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Human rights improvement in, 43, 105, 172
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94
      • UNCHR, 94
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 54, 73
      • Western Saharan self-determination, 59
    • Spanish Sahara, 59
    • Sparkman, John J., 23, 108, 114, 139, 242, 245
    • Spear, Moncrieff, 17, 20, 24
    • Special Assistant for Consumer Affairs, Office of, 230
    • Special Assistant for Health, Office of, 219
    • Special Coordinating Committee Working Group on Human Rights, 32, 45, 52, 53, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 73
    • Special Representative for Trade Negotiations, Office of (STR), 219, 223, 230, 245, 315
    • Special Task Force on the Operation of Public Law 480, 254
    • Speth, Gus, 337, 343, 346, 347, 348
    • Spiegel, Daniel, 70, 87
    • Spiegel, John, 156, 179, 183
    • Sri Lanka:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As development success, 253
      • Criminal Justice Commission Act (1972), 104
      • Elections (1977), 104
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Human rights improvements in, 102, 188
      • Increases in AID funding levels for, 140
      • Malnutrition in, 213
      • P.L. 480 aid for, 90
      • Political prisoners, 104
      • Population issues in, 331
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 196
    • Stahnke, Paul, 20, 108
    • Stanton, Frank, 246
    • Stanton, J. William, 23, 132
    • Starvation, 209, 213, 261, 263, 266, 273, 274
    • Status of Women, Commission on:
      • 27th Session, 310
      • 28th Session, 310
    • Sterilization, 308
    • Stevens, Sayre, 7
    • Stockwell, Eugene, 246, 251, 255
    • Stone, Richard, 92, 242
    • Strategic arms limitation, 73
    • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II), 10, 42, 73, 97, 105, 167, 186
    • Strategy Development Working Group, 283
    • Strauss, Robert S., 223, 230, 231, 259
    • Strausz-Hupe, Robert, 28
    • Stroessner, Alfredo, 104
    • Strokes, 305
    • Strout, Richard L., 343, 348
    • Study Group for International Food Corps, 247
    • Sudan:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • Balance-of-payments problems, 275
      • Cultivation of fertile new land in, 245
      • Human rights improvements in, 105, 172
      • P.L. 480 aid for, 90
      • Transshipment of GDR military equipment to Uganda through, 192
    • Suffrage, 58
    • Sugar, 215
    • Suharto, 11, 331
    • Sullivan code, 162
    • Suslow, Leo A., 135
    • Swaziland, 91
    • Sweden:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As leader in human rights activities, 4
      • As major donor of development assistance, 333
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Convention against torture proposal of, 125
      • Human rights as factor in IFI loans, 73, 105, 179
      • IDB loans, 105
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • Population assistance from, 345
      • Public education on problems of LDCs, 263
      • Signing of CEDAW by, 340
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 139
      • Water and sanitation assistance, 332
    • Swift, Ann, 11, 13, 17, 29, 62, 91
    • Swing, William, 111
    • Switzerland, 91
    • Sylvester, John, 190
    • Syria, 38
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Emigration from, 105
      • Human rights improvements in, 172
      • P.L. 480 aid for, 90, 169
      • Refugees, 184
      • UNCHR actions of, 184
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 196
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • Vance visits to, 74
    • Taiwan:
      • As development success, 253
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Human rights improvements in, 102, 172
      • Human rights reports on, 196
      • Kaohsiung incident (Dec. 1979), 200
      • Torture in, 200
      • United States, relations with, 5
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42
      • U.S. sales of police equipment to, 206
    • Talmadge, Herman, 92, 93, 255
    • Tanco, Arturo, Jr., 221
    • Tanzania:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • As leader in human rights activities, 4
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Food shortages in, 275
      • International Food Corps proposal, 247
      • Invasion of Uganda by, 184
      • P.L. 480 aid for, 90
      • Political prisoners in, 105
    • Tapa, Sione, 284
    • Tariffs, 234
    • Tarnoff, Peter:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 47
      • Cambodia, 266
      • Carter meeting with Vance and Derian, 174
      • Carter talk on human rights (proposed), 77
      • Fraser memorandum on human rights, 56
      • G–7 Summit, 24
      • Human rights, 38
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Assessment of, 105
        • Credibility of, 200
        • Goals and objectives for, 194
        • NGOs’ views of, 187
      • Human rights reports by country for Congress, 84, 167, 185
      • Interagency Task Force on International Population Policy, 280
      • International health policy, 288, 306
      • Issues for transition briefing papers, 206
      • Population/food problems, 312
      • Population policy, U.S., 284, 307, 308
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), Message to Congress on, 248
      • Review of CCC loans, 78
      • Soviet bloc role in African rights-violating countries, 192
      • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance (proposal), 220
      • Women’s rights and status, 325
      • World Conference for the Decade on Women, 342
      • World hunger initiatives, 230
    • Task Force on International Health, 281, 283, 285, 288
      • “Coordination, Organization, Staffing”; (issue paper), 315
    • Tate, Dan, 242
    • Taubenfeld, Rita, 116
    • Technology transfer, 223, 234, 236, 245, 250, 253, 290, 298
    • Tefft, John, 116
    • Teitelbaum, Mike, 321
    • Terrorism, 29, 134, 209, 278
    • Textiles, 259
    • Thailand:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Family planning in, 307, 308, 345
      • Food production trends in, 312
      • Human rights reports, 129
      • Improvements in human rights, 102, 104, 172
      • Indochinese refugees in, 6, 266
      • Political prisoners in, 105
      • Population issues in, 331
      • U.S. aid for Cambodian refugees in, 261
      • U.S. démarches on loans to, 71
      • U.S. military aid to, 11, 29, 62
      • U.S. population assistance to, 287
    • Thammasat University, 104
    • Third World. See Less-developed countries (LDCs)
    • Thomas, Dylan, 43
    • Thomas, Frank, 20
    • Thompson, Barbara, 325, 336
    • Thompson, James, 7
    • Thompson, Warren E., 282, 289
    • Thornton, Thomas:
      • Human rights, Other policy interests vs., 100
      • Human rights action plans, 76
      • Memo on human rights issues in Global Issues Cluster, 188, 203
      • NSC meetings, 110
      • P.L. 480, 88
      • PRM 28, 69
      • Soviet bloc role, 192
      • World hunger initiatives, 226, 239, 241, 242
    • Thurber, James, 39
    • Tice, Donald, 17, 106
    • Tidal waves, 290
    • TIME Newstour Group, 249
    • Tin, 215, 277
    • Tinbergen, Jan, 213
    • Tlatelolco Treaty, 47
    • Todman, Terence A., 38, 39, 42, 56, 61, 84, 87, 109, 301, 306
    • Togo:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Political prisoners in, 42, 67, 104, 105
    • Tokyo Declaration (June 1979), 257
    • Tokyo Economic Summit (June 1979), 187, 257
    • Tokyo Round, 207, 245
    • Torres, Esteban E., 146
    • Torture, 1, 4, 15, 16, 190
      • Ad Hoc Committee on, 73, 87
      • In Argentina, 104
      • In Chile, 102
      • In Philippines, 102, 104
      • In Taiwan, 200
      • Of physicists in Uruguay, 60
      • Questions about, 190
      • UN concern over, 149, 154, 155
      • UN draft convention on, 125, 162, 181
    • Toth, Csanad, 341
    • Toure, Sekou, 105
    • Toussaint, Donald R., 278
    • Toxic substances, 290, 346
    • Trade barriers, 254
    • Trade embargos, 26, 160
    • Trade and investment programs, 73, 231, 237, 245
    • Trade liberalization, 245, 277
    • Transportation, U.S. Department of, 219, 343
    • Transportation infrastructure, 145, 245
    • Treasury, U.S. Department of:
      • DCC membership of, 315
      • Economic development, 328
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 33, 36, 83
      • Interagency group on human rights and foreign assistance, 29, 31, 41, 139, 156, 183, 202
      • International health policy review, 306
      • National security vs. human rights, 22
      • NSC Ad Hoc Group on Population Policy meetings, 289
      • Population growth, 280
      • Securing international support for U.S. decisions on loans, 179
      • Status of women and children, 323
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 283
      • World hunger initiatives, 219
      • World Hunger Working Group, 230
    • Tree farming, 145
    • Treverton, Gregory F., 45
    • Trinidad and Tobago, 104
    • Tropical diseases, 215, 304, 306, 313
    • Trudeau, Garry, 117
    • Truman, Harry S., 53
    • Trust Fund for South Africa, 342
    • Tsetse flies, 245
    • Tuchman, Jessica:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 161
      • Badillo Amendment, 33
      • Carter letter to Sakharov, 18
      • Carter’s UNGA speeches, 26
      • Departure from NSC staff of, 188
      • Human rights:
        • Actions on, 38, 76
        • Assessment of accomplishments in, 102
        • CIA reporting on, 22
        • Congressional-executive relations over, 160
        • In Indonesia, 11
        • Interdepartmental meetings on, 7
        • NSC meetings on, 110
        • Other policy interests vs., 100
        • Possible initiatives for, 80
        • Ratification of UN covenants on, 16, 38, 118
      • Human Rights Agency proposal, 81, 85
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group, 50
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 107, 112, 113, 117, 121
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Communist vs. non-Communist countries, 22
        • Guidelines on, 3, 4
        • Implementing in IFIs of, 127
        • Performance in, 172
        • PRM on, 30, 45, 64, 67, 68, 69
      • Human Rights Proposal, 16, 21
      • Human rights reports, 167, 180, 185
      • Human Rights Week speech proposal, 89
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 41, 67
      • NSC Ad Hoc Group on Population Policy meetings, 289
      • Olympic Games in Moscow, 166
      • OPIC, 150, 152, 153, 160
      • ORPA studies in human rights, 30
      • P.L. 480 and reporting on gross human rights violators, 88
      • Population/food problems, 312
      • Population policy, U.S., 282, 284
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger, 239
      • Presidential Directive on human rights, 76, 95, 119
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 120
      • Targeting aid to countries respecting human rights, 95
      • UN charges of U.S. civil rights violations, 163, 164
      • UN Human Rights Commission session (1979), 181
      • UNCHR establishment, proposal for, 16
      • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance (proposal), 220
      • World hunger, 212
      • World hunger initiative, 217, 219
      • World hunger meeting, 217
    • Tunisia:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Human rights reports, 129
      • P.L. 480 aid for, 90, 169
      • Population issues in, 331
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 196
      • Zionism as racism equivalence in, 63
    • Turkey:
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Greek conflict with, 5
      • Human rights country reports to Congress on, 167
      • Population growth studies for, 338
      • Population issues, 331
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 196
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 73
      • U.S. population assistance to, 287
    • Turner, Adm. Stansfield, 343
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 139
      • Population growth, 282
      • PRM on human rights, 73
      • Soviet role in African rights-violating countries, 191
    • Twaddell, William, 297
    • Typhoid fever, 330
    • Tyson, Brady, 7, 38, 146, 149
    • Uganda:
      • CCC loans to, 92
      • Coffee boycott, 80
      • Food assistance to, 236
      • Food shortages in, 275
      • German Democratic Republic military aid to, 192
      • GSP denied for, 73
      • Human rights violations in, 42, 80, 104, 172
      • Invasion by Tanzania of, 184
      • Malnutrition in, 273, 274
      • OPIC, 150
      • Soviet bloc role in, 191, 192
      • Trade embargo on, 160
      • UNCHR human rights investigation of, 125, 162, 181
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
      • U.S. policy for UN discussions on, 155
      • U.S. votes in IFIs on loans to, 63
    • Ukraine, 104
    • UN Human Rights Commission, 155
    • Under-consumption, 252
    • Underdevelopment, 347
    • Undernutrition, 263
    • Unemployment, 77, 284, 339
    • United Arab Emirates (UAE), 91, 336
    • United Arab Republic. See Egypt
    • United Auto Worker (UAW), 135
    • United Farm Workers (UFW), 80
    • United Kingdom (UK):
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As leader in human rights activities, 4
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Human rights approach of, 24
      • Human rights as factor in IFI loans, 179
      • IDB loans, 105
      • Iranian UN resolution on human rights, 94
      • Policy in UN for Cambodia, 155
      • Population assistance from, 345
      • Public education on problems of LDCs, 263
      • Racial discrimination in, 135
      • UNGA disappeared persons resolution, 181
      • United States, relations with, 105
      • U.S. cooperation on human rights with, 156
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 139
      • Water and sanitation assistance, 332
    • United Nations (UN) (see also Genocide Convention (1949))
      • 6th Special Session, 207
      • 7th Special Session, 207, 245
      • 10th Special Session on Disarmament, 26
      • Argentina, resolutions on, 162
      • Cambodia as discussed in, 155
      • Center for Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD), 253
      • Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (CERDS), 94
      • Conference on New and Renewable Forms of Energy (1981), 346
      • Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 38, 149, 155, 199
        • New York Times editorial on, 27
        • Transmittal to Senate of, 118
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 306, 313, 315, 316, 319, 328, 330, 332, 335
      • Decade on Women:
      • Declaration against Torture (1975), 87
      • Desertification Conference (Nairobi, 1977), 236, 278, 306
      • Draft convention against torture, 125, 162, 181
      • Drug Agency, 23
      • Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP), 348
      • ECOSOC:
        • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
        • Drinking water and sanitation, 330
        • National Resources Committee, 330
        • Reports and hearings on human rights violations, 155
        • Resolution No. 1503, 2, 73, 94, 149, 181
        • Resolution No. 1979/32, 331
        • U.S. promotion of HR in, 8, 29, 38, 146
      • Educational and Training Program for South Africa, 342
      • Environment Conference (Stockholm, 1972), 278, 296
      • Examination of U.S. ratification record on international human rights treaties, 193
      • Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), 287, 307, 308, 326, 328, 345, 349
      • Habitat Conference, 278, 296
      • Human rights activity of, 2, 105
      • Human Rights Commission, 190
        • Genocide Report, 182, 184
        • Improving human rights machinery in, 125, 149
        • Meetings:
        • National human rights commissions proposal, 125
        • Progress reports from, 155, 162
        • Resolutions and investigations of, 125
        • Return to New York of, 26, 149, 155, 181
        • Strengthening of, 16, 29, 52, 146, 148, 149
        • Subcommission on Discrimination against Minorities, 162, 181, 182, 193
          • Working Group on Communications, 163
        • UN High Commissioner for Human Rights discussion in, 120
        • U.S. representation in, 187
        • U.S. scope paper on, 181
        • U.S. view of achievements of, 125
        • Western European and Others (WEOG) Group, 8
      • Human Rights Division, 146, 148, 149, 181
      • Importance to United States of, 26
      • Interim Fund for Science and Technology, 328
      • Iranian human rights resolution, 94
      • Overview Mechanism, 248
      • Population Commission, 331
      • Population Conference (Bucharest, 1974), 236, 278, 280, 284, 296, 331, 333, 349
      • Religious intolerance declaration, 125
      • Removal of NGOs’ consultative status, 80, 87
      • Science and Technology Conference (Vienna, 1979), 234, 245, 253, 291, 298
      • Second Development Decade, 236, 252, 328
      • Strengthening of human rights machinery at, 95, 172
      • Third Development Decade, 253, 263, 287, 324, 328, 331
      • Torture as concern in, 149, 154, 155
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 29, 53, 73, 199
      • U.S. meeting on strategy for human rights in, 146, 148, 149, 154
      • U.S. policy for discussions on rights-violating countries in, 155
      • U.S. violations of civil rights as charged by, 163, 164, 165
      • Water Conference (Mar de Plata, Mar. 1977), 236, 278, 296, 306, 319
      • World Food Program, 232, 235, 245, 250, 255, 258, 266, 273, 277, 308
      • World Population Conference (Mexico City, 1984), 331
      • Year of the Child, 302, 323, 325
      • Zionism seen as racism in, 29, 63, 73, 87, 159, 317, 342
    • United Nations Association-USA (UNA–USA), 127, 187
    • United Nations Charter (see also Human rights), 134
      • Article 68, 181
      • Human rights as defined in, 73
      • Human rights as legal obligation under, 16, 28
      • Inclusion of human rights language in, 80, 122
      • U.S. support for human rights provisions in, 155
    • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF):
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 335
      • International health role of, 306, 313, 348
      • Population assistance by, 349
      • Water supplies, 296
      • World hunger role of, 245, 261, 266
    • United Nations Conference on Food (Rome, 1974), 236
    • United Nations Conference on Population (Bucharest, 1974), 236, 278, 280, 284, 296, 331, 333, 349
    • United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD) (Vienna, 1979), 234, 245, 253, 291, 298, 328
    • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 207, 243, 248, 253, 255, 258, 278, 328
    • United Nations Conference on Water (Mar del Plata, 1977), 236, 278, 296, 306, 330, 332
    • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 26, 232, 245, 250, 262, 299, 328, 335, 342
    • United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 63, 146, 190, 206
      • Executive Board Session (Sept.–Oct. 1977), 73, 87
      • General Conference, 348
    • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 290
    • United Nations General Assembly (UNGA):
      • Carter’s speeches to:
      • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 340, 342
      • Cyprus as agenda item in, 291
      • Disappeared persons resolution, 181
      • Fifth Committee, 149
      • Iranian human rights resolution, 94
      • Kissinger’s speech (Sept. 1974), 21, 207
      • Middle East as agenda item in, 291
      • Palestine resolutions in, 162
      • Resolution 30/3520, 342
      • Sessions:
      • Southern Africa as agenda item in, 291
      • U.S. promotion of human rights in, 8, 52, 146, 148, 153
      • U.S. strategy paper on human rights in, 148, 155, 162
    • United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNCHR):
      • Algerian actions in, 184
      • Argentina investigated by, 181
      • Bolivia as scrutinized by, 125
      • Brazil complaints by, 125
      • Burundi complaints by, 181
      • Cambodian resolutions in, 125, 162, 184
      • Canadian resolutions in, 125, 184
      • Chilean resolutions by, 125, 162, 181
      • Colombian role in, 184
      • Costa Rican resolution on, 87, 99
      • Cuban position, 120
      • Cuban role in, 125, 184
      • Danish position, 94
      • Equatorial Guinea as investigated by, 125, 181
      • Ethiopia as scrutinized by, 125, 181, 184
      • Guatemala actions by, 184
      • Human Rights Commission discussion of, 120
      • Indian position, 120, 125
      • Indonesian cooperation with, 125
      • Iran complaints of, 181
      • Iraqi actions in, 184
      • Irish position, 94
      • Israel resolutions of, 125, 184
      • Italian position, 94
      • Jordanian resolution, 125
      • Korean Republic scrutiny by, 125
      • Latin American actions by, 184
      • Malawi as scrutinized by, 125
      • Netherlands position, 94
      • Nicaragua actions by, 184
      • Norwegian position, 94
      • Palestine resolutions, 125
      • Panama role of, 184
      • Paraguay actions by, 125, 184
      • Peru’s role in, 184
      • Polish resolution in, 125
      • Refugee resolution in, 184
      • Senegalese position, 120, 125
      • South Africa resolutions of, 125
      • Spanish position, 94
      • Syrian actions in, 184
      • Uganda human rights investigation by, 125, 162, 181
      • UN vote on, 94
      • Uruguay actions by, 125, 181, 184
      • U.S. proposal for establishment of, 16, 26, 29, 52, 53, 73, 87, 94, 114, 116, 120, 146, 155, 181
      • Venezuelan position, 94
      • Yugoslavian actions in, 125, 184
    • United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees (UNHCR), 6, 121
    • United Nations human rights instruments (see also Genocide Convention (1949))
      • Convention on the Crime of Apartheid, 155
      • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 340, 342
      • Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 27, 38, 118, 149, 155, 199
        • Carter’s desire for ratification of, 16, 26, 28, 178
        • UN working group on countries’ failure to ratify, 193
      • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 7
        • Guarantees provided by, 44
        • New York Times editorial on, 27
        • Signing of, 79, 87, 105
        • Transmittal to Senate of, 118
        • UN working group on countries’ failure to ratify, 193
        • U.S. ratification of:
      • International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 7
        • Guarantees provided by, 44
        • New York Times editorial on, 27
        • Signing of, 79, 87, 105
        • Transmittal to Senate of, 118
        • UN working group on countries’ failure to ratify, 193
        • U.S. ratification of:
    • United Nations Trust Fund, 56
    • United Presbyterian Church, 200
    • United States Catholic Conference, 187
    • United States Information Agency (USIA), 14
      • Budget increases proposed for, 128, 131
      • Carter’s inaugural address, 208
      • Human rights action plans for, 49, 60
      • IAHRC as publicized by, 60
      • Interagency coordination on human rights, 29
      • Promotion of human rights awareness in, 73
    • United States Information Service (USIS), 60, 73
    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1, 122, 155
      • Article 21, 158
      • Carter’s endorsement of, 9, 70, 99
      • Categories of rights in, 16, 57
      • Collective vs. individual rights in, 94
      • Guarantees provided by, 44, 91
      • Internationally-recognized rights in, 29, 73
      • Signatories to, 63
      • Thirtieth Anniversary of, 155, 162, 167, 170, 173, 176, 178, 200
      • U.S. acknowledgement of, 28
    • Upper atmosphere pollution, 290, 337
    • Upper Volta, 91, 95, 105, 245
    • Urban problems, 290, 296
    • Uruguay:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • AID projects deferred in, 132
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • Delay in votes on loans to, 132, 139
      • Export-Import Bank credits, 105
      • FSO loans to, 105
      • Human rights reports, 17
      • Human rights violations in, 104
      • Human rights vs. other policy interests, 105
      • Improvements in human rights, 172
      • OPIC negotiations suspended for, 108
      • Refugees from, 6
      • Torture of physicists in, 60
      • UNCHR actions in, 125, 181, 184
      • U.S. human rights actions in, 87
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42, 196
      • U.S. military aid to, 4, 7, 11, 23, 38, 62, 87, 105
      • U.S. seen as “punishing”; due to weakness of, 105
      • U.S. votes against IFI loans to, 132, 139, 145, 202
    • U.S. Rural Community Water and Sanitation Initiative, 319
    • U.S.-Brazil Investment Guarantee Agreement, 108
    • U.S.–USSR Commission on Scientific and Technical Cooperation, 286
    • Vaky, Viron P., 195
    • Van Boven, Theodore, 149, 163, 184
    • Van Dusen, Ann, 331, 349
    • Van Dyk, Frederick T., 289
    • Van Scotter, Theron, 107
    • Vance, Cyrus N.:
      • Argentina, 66
      • Assistant Secretaries’ roles, 5
      • Badillo Amendment, 35
      • Cambodian starvation, 266
      • Carter speech on human rights (proposed), 77
      • Carter-Brezhnev talks, 186
      • Congressional cuts to funding of IFIs and AID, 124
      • Congressional testimony of, 17, 23, 38
      • Derian appointment as Human Rights Coordinator, 4
      • D/HA role in policy decision-making, 194
      • Ethiopian-U.S. relations, 42
      • Food, 212
      • Food initiative proposal for Venice economic summit, 264, 269
      • Food for Peace program, 275
      • Food policy, U.S., 223
      • Foreign assistance, 23, 144, 207, 298
      • Foreign Operations Subcommittee testimony of, 208
      • GATT, 207
      • Grain reserves, 260
      • Human rights:
        • Accomplishments in, 122
        • Action memoranda on, 12, 13, 29, 34, 126
        • Argentine improvements in, 66
        • As emphasized by, 51
        • Carter administration emphasis on, 8, 12, 14, 18
        • CIA memoranda on, 42
        • NSC meetings on, 19
        • Strategy papers for, 48, 105, 124
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group, 14, 31, 48
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 112, 117, 121
      • Human rights policy, U.S.:
        • Assessment of, 105
        • Communication abroad of, 87
        • Congressional-State Department cooperation on, 49
        • Country-specific action plans for, 53
        • Goals and objectives for, 194
        • Implementation of, 48, 53, 69
        • PRM on, 46
        • Seen by NGOs, 139, 187
      • Human rights reports, 59, 87, 143, 185
      • IFI Authorization Bill, 35, 37
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 126, 131
      • Interagency group on human rights and foreign assistance, 31
      • International Food Corps, 245, 247
      • International health initiative, 309
      • International health policy, U.S., 306
      • Jenkins briefing of, 10
      • Meetings:
        • Senate Foreign Relations Committee testimony, 312
        • With Carter and Derian, 174, 175, 176, 177
        • With Congressional human rights leaders (proposed), 13
        • With Derian, 198
        • With Kissinger, 189
      • Messages:
        • From Congressional delegation visiting Latin America, 132
        • To Linowitz, 252
      • P.L. 480, 90, 93, 259, 265
      • Population/food problems, 312, 320
      • Population policy, U.S., 282, 284, 287, 318, 321, 324, 326
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), 252, 272
      • Presidential directive on human rights, 113, 119
      • Press conference (Jan. 31, 1977), 28
      • Refugees, 170
      • Resignation of, 199
      • Rhodesian embargo, 26
      • Security assistance, 144
      • Soviet economic development role in LDCs, 215
      • Soviet role in African rights-violating countries, 191
      • Speeches:
        • Asia Society (June 1977), 297
        • Northwest Regional Conference on the Emerging International Order (Seattle, 1979), 255
        • OAS General Assembly (June 1977), 29
        • University of Georgia Law School (Law Day):
          • Ad Hoc Interagency Group on Human Rights memoranda, 73
          • Bergsten memoranda, 55
          • Bloomfield memoranda, 203
          • Christopher memoranda, 39, 52, 61
          • CIA memoranda, 42
          • Derian memoranda, 53, 77, 171
          • Human Rights Coordinating Group discussions, 50
          • Lake memoranda, 157
          • Pisano memoranda, 41
          • Tuchman memoranda, 69
          • USIA action plans on, 60
          • Vance memoranda, 48, 111
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 281, 283, 285
      • Thirtieth Anniversary of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 176
      • Tokyo Summit, 257
      • UN Water Conference, 278
      • U.S. military aid cutoff/reduction to HR offenders, 7, 38
      • Visits:
        • China (Aug. 1977), 74
        • Europe, India, Middle East (Dec. 1977–Jan. 1978), 103, 240
        • London (Aug. 1977), 74
        • Middle East (Feb. 1977), 13
        • Middle East (July–Aug. 1977), 74
        • Paris (May–June 1977), 214
        • South Africa (Oct. 1978), 318
        • South America (Nov. 1977), 87, 105
      • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance (proposal), 220
      • Women’s rights and status, 325, 327, 336, 341
      • World Food Council meeting, 221
      • World hunger initiatives, 212
      • World Hunger Working Group, 230, 231
    • Vance-Blumenthal Study on Foreign Aid, 227
    • VandenHeuvel, William J., 125, 146, 148, 149, 154, 155, 163, 182, 313
    • Vanik, Charles, 4, 277
    • Vatican City, 274
    • Veliotes, Nicholas A., 159
    • Venezuela:
      • American Convention on Human Rights, 87, 104
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Increased influence of, 209
      • Loans to Chile by, 105
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94
      • TV report on U.S. human rights policy, 60
      • UNCHR, 94
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42, 139
    • Venice economic summit, 264, 269, 270, 272, 274, 277, 333, 335, 337, 348
    • Vest, George S., 186, 301, 306
      • Annual human rights reports to Congress, 109, 147
      • Armenian genocide, 182
      • Guidelines on U.S. human rights policy, 1
      • Human rights evaluation reports, 84
      • Human rights policy improvements in planning and reporting, 147
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 183
    • Veterans Administration (VA), 306, 315
    • Viet Cong, 82
    • Vietnam, Democratic Republic of:
      • Action plans for, 183
      • Cambodian human rights violations, 184
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Human rights deterioration in, 172
      • NVA, 82
      • POW/MIAs in, 6
      • Refugees from, 6
      • United States, relations with, 63, 73, 266
      • U.S. criticism of rights violations in, 80, 104
      • U.S. human rights policy in, 206
      • U.S. prohibition of financing commodity sales to, 210
      • U.S. vote in IFIs against aid to, 62, 202
    • Vietnam War, 82
    • Visa policy, U.S., 29, 53, 62, 73, 79, 187
    • Vogelgesang, Sandra L.:
      • AID study on foreign economic assistance, 197
      • Christopher’s Senate Foreign Relations Committee testimony, 28
      • Country-specific action plans for human rights, 49
      • Disaster relief, 290
      • G–7 Summit, 24
      • Human rights:
        • Action memorandum on, 29, 34
        • Interdepartmental meeting on, 7
        • U.S. strategy for, 9
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group, 50
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 34
      • Human rights reports, 17, 190, 201
      • International financial institutions, 20
      • NSC Ad Hoc Group on Population Policy meetings, 289
      • PRM drafts, 22, 54
      • Women’s rights and status, 325
    • Voice of America (VOA), 60, 187
    • Volcanic eruptions, 334
    • Votaw, Carmen Delgado, 310
    • Wade, Rogers, 92
    • Waldheim, Elisabeth, 26
    • Waldheim, Kurt, 26, 79
    • Wales, Jane MacGregor, 336
    • Walker, Jennone:
      • AID study on foreign economic assistance, 197
      • Carter human rights speech proposal, 77
      • Fraser foreign assistance bill amendments, 138
      • Human Rights Foundation proposal, 121
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 147, 157
        • Assessment of, 105
      • Human rights reports, 109, 185, 190
      • Institute for Human Rights and Freedom, 131
      • International financial institutions, 145, 179
      • Issues for transition briefing papers, 206
      • OPIC, 108
      • Soviet economic development in LDCs, 215
      • Status and rights of women, 336
      • Women’s rights and status, 325, 327
    • Walker, Lannon, 111, 129, 133, 301
    • Walsh, Edward, 315
    • War on Hunger, 268, 271, 273
    • War on Hunger (magazine), 58
    • Warren, Charles, 231, 282, 316
    • Warvariv, Constantine, 147
    • Washburn, John, 211
    • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance (proposal), 213, 219, 220
    • Washington Conference for Women, 342
    • Washington International Human Rights Law Group, 187
    • Washington Office for Latin America (WOLA), 29
    • Waste disposal, 215, 296
    • Water (see also Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation)
      • Community initiative for, 296
      • Conference on (Mar del Plata, Mar. 1977), 236, 278, 296, 306, 330, 332
      • For drinking, 278, 296, 309, 311, 313, 314, 330, 346
      • For irrigation, 145, 245
      • IBRD projects, 296, 332
      • International assistance for, 332
      • Resource development and management, 257
      • Rural supplies of, 306, 335
      • Shortages of, 337
      • UNICEF’s projects, 296
      • Women’s status and availability of, 336
    • Water Resources Council (WRC), 278, 346
    • Water supply development, 145, 309
    • Water treatment, 215
    • Watershed protection, 278
    • Watkins, Charles, 255
    • Watson, Alexander, 210
    • Watson, Jack H., Jr., 179
      • African famine aid, 276
      • Food Aid Convention, 243
      • Food production, 207
      • Human Rights Coordinating Group, 14
      • International Health Initiative, 301
      • Task Force on International Health (proposal), 281, 283, 285
      • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance (proposal), 220
      • World Hunger Working Group, 231
    • Wattenberg, Ben J., 60
    • Weaver, James, 242
    • Weber, Max, 100
    • Weddington, Sara, 323, 342
    • Weil, Frank A., 7
    • Welfare reform, 77
    • Wells, Melissa F., 146, 148, 149
    • Wells, William W., 7
    • West Africa, 276
    • Western Europe:
      • Human rights situation in, 172
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 25, 42, 196
      • U.S. policy on human rights in, 54
      • USIA human rights action plan for, 60
    • Western Sahara, 59
    • Weston, Tom, 321
    • Wexler, Anne, 170, 337
    • Whalen, Charles W., Jr., 4
    • Wharton, Clifton, 246, 251
    • Wheat (see also International Wheat Agreement)
    • Wheat Trade Agreement, 248
    • Wheat Trade Convention (WTC), 236, 243, 255
    • White, John C.:
      • Global 2000 Study, 337
      • Grain reserves and wheat set-asides, 225
      • World Food Program, 232
    • White, Robert E., 145
    • White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health (1969), 238
    • White House Intergovernmental Relations Office (WHIGA), 230
    • Whiting, John, 8, 17
    • Whitman, Marina, 246
    • Whitney, Craig R., 42
    • WHO/UNICEF Conference of Primary Health Care (Alma Ata, Sept. 1978), 317, 328, 333, 349
    • Wildlife management, 292
    • Wilhelm, Harry, 289
    • Wilkowski, Jean, 298
    • Williams, Jim, 265
    • Wilmington Ten, 170
    • Wilson, Charles, 124, 132, 202
    • Wilson, James M., Jr., 8, 13
      • D/HA Monthly Reports, 6
      • Guidelines on U.S. human rights policy, 1, 2
      • Human rights, Brzezinski’s interdepartmental meeting on, 7
    • Winder, Joseph, 24, 40, 179
    • Wise, Phil, 268, 271, 276
    • Wisner, Frank G.:
      • AID budget, 140
      • Carter meeting with Vance and Derian, 174
      • Carter’s UNGA speeches, 291
      • Fraser foreign assistance bill amendments, 138
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 62
      • PRM on human rights, 58
      • Soviet bloc role in African rights-violating countries, 192
      • Women rights and status, 325, 327
    • Witt, Lawrence, 218, 236
    • Witteveen, H. Johannes, 105
    • Witteveen Facility, 105, 139
    • Wittwer, Sylvan, 246
    • Wolf, John, 211, 236
    • Women (see also Decade on Women)
      • Ad Hoc Working Group on Status of, 325
      • Apartheid and, 342
      • In armed conflict, 310
      • As refugees, 342
      • CEDAW, 340, 342
      • Commission on the Status of, 310
      • Development assistance and role of, 328
      • Discrimination against, 28
      • In LDCs, 308, 323, 336
      • Neo-colonialism claimed as cause of inequality of, 342
      • New position on rights of children and, 324
      • Palestinian, under the occupation, 334, 342
      • Status of, 287, 322, 323, 325, 327, 336, 341
    • Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program, 263
    • Women’s rights:
      • AID program on, 53, 58
      • In the annual country reports to Congress, 190
      • In human rights PRM, 58
      • Reports to diplomatic posts on, 325, 327
      • Status report on, 52
      • U.S. policy on, 29, 336, 341
    • Women’s Rights Movement, 58
    • Working Group on Food and Agriculture Policy, 230, 242, 243
    • Working Group on Multilateral Health Organizations, 314
    • World Bank Group, 328
    • World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD), 245, 253, 262
    • World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (Aug. 1978), 63, 73, 155, 159
    • World Conference of the International Women’s Year (Copenhagen, 1980), 310, 325, 334, 336, 340, 341, 342, 349
    • World Conference of the International Women’s Year (Mexico City, 1975), 58, 310, 328, 333, 342, 349
    • World Council of Churches, 187
    • World Development Report (1980) (IBRD), 347
    • World Food Council (WFC), 245
      • Establishment of, 250
      • International Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition, 245
      • LDCs’ institutional capabilities, 257
      • Manila Communiqué, 250
      • Meetings:
      • Mexico Declaration, 250
      • U.S. goals and objectives for U.S. mission to, 255, 277
      • World hunger, 227
    • World food crisis, 236, 252
    • World Food and Nutrition Study, 212, 227, 234, 236, 245, 254
    • World Food Program (WFP), 232, 235, 245, 250, 255, 258, 266, 273, 277, 308
    • World food security, 245, 254, 257, 258, 263
    • World Forestry Congress (Djakarta, Oct. 1978), 262
    • World Health Assembly, 284, 311, 313, 318, 319
    • World Health Initiative. See International Health Initiative
    • World Health Organization (WHO), 146
      • Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation, 335
      • International health role of, 294, 301, 306, 313
      • Meeting (Rome, 1979), 249, 328
      • Population assistance by, 349
      • Strengthening of, 292
      • Tropical Disease Research Program, 306
      • U.S. cooperation with, 299, 306, 309
      • U.S.-Soviet health cooperation in LDCs, 286
    • World Health Strategy Group, 314
    • World hunger (see also Presidential Commission on World Hunger; World hunger initiatives)
      • As moral issue, 248, 263
      • As political problem, 257
      • Challenges of and solutions for, 245
      • Congressional cooperation with White House objectives on, 236, 239
      • Congressional resolution on, 232
      • Development assistance for alleviation of, 254
      • Disagreements in implementation of actions against, 213, 219
      • Food crisis, 236, 252
      • Human rights and, 212
      • International organizations’ roles in combating, 227, 245
      • Meetings on, 212, 217, 220, 223, 242, 251, 253, 255, 263, 292
      • PD on, 241, 242
      • Private sector role in, 227
      • Public input for policy making on, 219
      • Public interest in, 238
      • U.S. national interest and, 263
    • World Hunger Campaign, 234, 236
    • World Hunger Commission. See Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH)
    • World hunger initiatives (see also Food policy, U.S.), 222, 226, 230, 236, 242, 298, 302
      • Bourne’s meeting with Carter on, 292
      • Bourne’s proposal, 240, 241
      • Congressional proposal for commission to study, 227, 233, 238, 239, 244
      • Disagreements in discussion of, 219
      • Importance of, 213, 216, 217
      • UNICEF’s role in, 245, 261, 266
      • Washington Conference on Food and Agricultural Assistance, 213, 219, 220
    • World Hunger Institute (proposal), 213
    • World Hunger Working Group (see also Ad Hoc Executive Office Working Group on World Hunger)
      • Establishment of, 224, 227, 230, 231
      • Hunger Staff Task Force, 231
      • Leadership of, 227, 229
      • Policy options paper, 231, 302
      • Presidential Commission on World Hunger (PCWH), draft charter for, 248
      • Report of, 241, 244, 245, 248
      • State Department paper for, 236
    • World Peace Through Law, 58
    • World Plan of Action for the Decade of Women, 58, 342
    • “World Population: The Silent Explosion”; (Green, Feary, and Giffler), 320, 331
    • World Population Conference (Bucharest, 1974), 236, 278, 280, 284, 296, 331, 333, 349
    • World Population Conference (Mexico City, 1984), 331
    • World Population Plan of Action (WPPA), 308, 320, 326, 331
    • Wyman, Thomas, 251
    • Year of the Child, 302, 323, 325
    • Yemen, 58, 91
    • Yemen, People’s Democratic Republic of, 132, 139, 145, 183, 202
    • Yost, Nicholas, 343
    • Young, Andrew J.:
      • Appointment as UN Ambassador of, 16
      • Byrd Amendment repeal, 38
      • Criticism of gross violators of human rights by, 80
      • Human rights policy, U.S., 139
        • Communication abroad of, 87
        • PD on, 113, 119
        • PRM on, 46
      • Human rights violations in Uganda, 42
      • International Food Corps, 245, 247
      • McDougall Memorial Lecture (1977) by, 245, 247
      • Meeting on U.S. human rights strategy in United Nations, 146, 148, 149, 154
      • PRM on human rights, 73
      • Resolution on creating UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 94
      • Visit to the Caribbean, 87
      • World hunger initiatives, 219
      • Zionism as racism equivalence, 87
    • Young, C. W. “Bill,”; 23, 139, 202
    • Young, Milton, 23, 92
    • Yugoslavia, 104
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • Human rights improvements in, 172
      • MFN status for, 73
      • Political prisoners in, 104
      • UNCHR actions of, 125, 184
      • U.S. démarches on loans to, 71
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 196
      • U.S. sales of police equipment to, 206
    • Zablocki, Clement, 58, 112, 113, 114, 126
      • Cambodia, 261
      • Food Security Act, 277
      • Foreign assistance legislation, 268
      • Fraser foreign assistance bill amendments, 136
      • Interagency Group on Human Rights and Foreign Assistance, 139
      • International Development Cooperation Act, 190
      • Wheat reserves, 225, 255
    • Zaire, 43
      • Action plans for, 183
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91, 95
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • Commission on the Status of Women, 310
      • Family planning in, 308
      • Human rights country reports to Congress on, 167
      • P.L. 480, 90, 93, 103, 105, 169
      • United States, relations with, 200
      • U.S. military aid to, 7, 105, 145
      • U.S. seen as ignoring human rights record of, 105
    • Zak, Marilyn, 169, 190
    • Zambia:
      • Alma Ata Conference of Primary Health Care, 317
      • As considered for development or security assistance, 91
      • As country of concern for rights violations, 88
      • As scheduled for P.L. 480 aid in FY 1978, 90
      • Food shortages in, 275
      • U.S. human rights policy as seen in, 42
    • Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad, 104, 331
    • Zimbabwe, 141, 196
    • Zionism, 29, 63, 73, 87, 159, 317, 342
    • Zitter, Meyer, 289
    • Zorinsky, Edward, 92