Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

Administration briefings for Congressional leadership, 95, 364
Advisers for Johnson re, 22
McGeorge Bundy’s views on, 157, 354, 377, 393
William Bundy’s analysis of targets, 170
Cessation of, consequences of, 351
Cessation of, terms for, 90
Cessation of in exchange for halt in Soviet military deliveries to DRV, proposed, 268, 275
Chinese border buffer zone, 270, 278, 283
Chinese policy re, 153
Civilian casualties, 84, 372, 393, 409
Clifford-Taylor proposal for escalation, 269, 270
Congressional investigations re, 287
Effectiveness of, 26, 30, 153, 172, 180, 234, 236, 238, 273, 298, 341, 345
- CIA reports on, 181
- JASON report on, 439
Eisenhower’s views on, 130
Expanded strikes of April, 139
Goldberg’s de-escalation proposal, 35
Guam Conference discussions, 116
Hanoi area restrictions, 4, 17, 290, 363
Hanoi power station, 173, 174, 175, 176
Impediment to peace efforts, 105, 137
Implacable infliction of pain concept, 172
International considerations, 154
Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 22, 153, 156, 187, 231, 364
- CIA analysis, 180
- McNamara’s position, 169, 186, 194
- Rostow’s position, 162, 167, 203
- Soviets informed of, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179
Logistical base, 175, 194, 345, 372
Mortar attacks, retaliation for, 261
NSC discussions, 43
Objectives of, 84, 194
Pause in bombing for Tet, 34, 47, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78
Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 290, 292, 310, 322, 323, 324, 327, 336, 337, 339
Phuc Yen airfield, 287, 294, 312, 336, 355, 363
Port facilities, 305, 312, 317, 323
Public attitude toward, 247
Rostow’s recommendations for changes, 245
Salisbury’s report on, 3
Scenario to mollify U.S. officials, 176
SoVIET Ships damaged by, 188
Target selection, 25, 83, 84, 154, 156, 247, 287, 305, 317, 346
U.S. aircraft losses, 331, 355, 409
Wise Men’s views, 376, 377, 393

Booh Viens, Gen., 163

Booton, Bernard, 124

Bowles, Chester, 4

Bradley, Gen. Omar, 157, 376, 377, 382, 384

Brezhnev, Leonid, 64, 330, 425

Brown, George, 15, 34, 39, 41, 46, 49, 58, 63, 137, 154, 173, 174, 363, 427, 428

Brown, Harold, 187, 194, 231, 261

Bruce, David K. E., 15, 39, 41, 46, 49, 51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64, 72, 173

Bruce, R. L., 109

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 393

Bui Diem, 104, 115, 143, 144, 146, 182, 183, 190, 196, 217, 236, 243, 246, 287, 332, 373, 435

Presidential election in RVN, 266, 342
Report on visit to Saigon, 195
Thieu-Ky government, 260
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 192, 195, 213

Bunche, Ralph, 123

Bundy, McGeorge, 96, 157, 193, 209

Bombing of DRV, 157, 354, 377, 393
Military program in Vietnam, 385, 393
Negotiation issue, 377, 393
Troop augmentation by U.S., 157, 354
U.S. domestic situation, 157
U.S. information programs, 354, 377, 393
U.S. Mission in Vietnam:
- Lodge’s successor, selection of, 13, 94, 97
- Personnel for, 354
Withdrawal option, 393
Wise Men meetings, 376, 377, 382, 393

Bundy, William P., 3, 8, 9, 14, 17, 32, 40, 47, 50, 52, 57, 59, 60, 61, 68, 76, 81, 85, 91, 99, 103, 104, 153, 162, 177, 196, 213, 214, 224, 241, 242, 259, 276, 288, 301, 306, 318, 323, 327, 361, 367, 371, 395, 399, 402, 417, 421, 424, 435, 447

Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 195
Bombing of DRV:
- Chinese border buffer zone, 270, 278
- Civilian casualties, 372
- Expanded strikes of April, 139
- Hanoi power station, 174, 175
- International considerations, 154
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 156, 174, 175
- Logistical base, 175, 372
- Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 339
- Target selection, 154, 156, 170
Buttercup peace initiative, 405, 423
Chinese-DRV relations, 248
Clifford-Taylor mission, 253
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Canadian peace proposal, 204, 227, 339
- Cooper-Bundy settlement model, 184
- Japanese-DRV discussions, 7
- Marigold peace initiative, 15
- NLF–U.S. contacts, 7
- Quintanilla and Baggs-Ashmore initiatives, 20
- Soviet-U.S. discussions, 117
- UN resolutions, 156
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 373
Free World forces in Vietnam, 253
Military program in Vietnam:
- Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 154
- Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 396
- Ground action against DRV option, 154
- Haiphong mining option, 154
- JCS and State Department recommendations, comparison of, 408
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 154
- 120 Day Program proposal, 426
- Reserves call-up issue, 154
Negotiation issue, 154, 227, 248
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 272, 277, 339
Presidential election in RVN, 211
Soviet assistance to DRV, 133
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 195, 211
Troop augmentation by U.S., 154
U.S. policy on Vietnam, assessment of, 154
Wise Men, 377

Bunker, Ellsworth, 255, 302

Army of the Republic of Vietnam:
- Abrams’ assignment to, 171
- Corruption problem, 295
- Effectiveness of, 192, 400
- Maximum use of manpower, 237
- Mission reorientation, 200
- Mobilization for, 419
- Popular Forces and Regional Forces, 237
- Press coverage, 256
Buttercup peace initiative, 389, 409, 438, 452
- Press leaks, 429
- Prisoner exchanges, 383, 389, 405, 414, 429, 432, 437, 438
- Thieu informed of, 371, 383, 389
- U.S. messages to NLF, 432, 438
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
- Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program, 199, 446
- Komer’s relationship with Westmoreland, 119
- Province Chiefs’ role, 237
- RVN’s lead officer, 342
- Takeoff program, 215, 280
- Unified management of integrated civil/military effort, 167, 171, 192
Clifford-Taylor mission, 256
Communist insurgency, order of battle estimates, 297, 325, 370
Congressional testimony, 400
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- DRV-RVN contacts, 243, 356, 361, 365, 367, 379, 419
- NLF-U.S. contacts, 435, 436
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 373, 392, 419, 435
Eisenhower’s views on, 130
First 6 months in Saigon, letter on, 377
Guam Conference, 115
Humphrey’s Vietnam visit, 390
Johnson’s attitude toward, 384
Johnson-Thieu meeting, December, 442, 446
McNamara mission to Vietnam, 233, 236, 237
Military program in Vietnam:
- Acceleration of activities, 400
- Anti-infiltration initiatives, 215
- Body counts, 409
- Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 428, 436
- Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 391, 396, 419, 436, 445, 446, 448
- Johnson’s visit with troops, 442
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 215, 237, 409
- Progress in, 192, 256
- Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal, 410
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 365
Presidential election in RVN, 190, 192, 205, 256, 281, 303
- Campaigning by candidates, 264
- Censorship concerns, 192, 198, 256
- Certification of candidates, 246
- Civilian candidates, 229, 237
- Demonstrations and protests, 264
- Fairness and honesty concerns, 186, 237, 265, 320
- Favorable effects, 299
- Government harassment of opposition candidates, 205, 280, 295
- International observers, 243, 256
- Ky-Huong cooperation, 186
- Ky’s prediction for outcome, 295
- Laws re, 129, 158, 192
- Loan’s involvement on Ky’s behalf, 198, 205, 209, 218
- Loan’s removal, proposal for, 205, 209, 213
- Military-civilian balance among candidates, 171, 182
- Military’s non-participation, 163, 166, 171, 205, 210, 223
- Minh’s possible candidacy, 223, 226, 237, 243
- Minh’s support for Huong, 264
- NLF reaction, 264
- Press coverage, 256, 274
- Public relations re, 280
- Scheduling of, 192
- Thanh’s possible candidacy, 237
- 30 “introductions” requirement, 192
- U.S. covert financial support for, 251, 281, 282, 289
- U.S. involvement in partisan political trips, 191
- Validation of results, 320, 332, 338, 342
Republic of Vietnam:
- Buddhist dissidents, 342
- Constitution-making, 21
- Corruption in government, 338, 342
- Dzu’s arrest, 332
- Economic situation, 391
- Elections for House, 335, 342
- Elections for local offices, 158, 256
- Foreign exchange issue, 114
- Land reform, 419
- Military’s role in government, 264, 279
- Montagnard policy, 264
- National Reconciliation program, 264
- National unity government, proposed, 205
- NLF participation in government, 306
- Political offensive against NLF, 299
- Political situation, 171, 391
- Provincial administration, restructuring of, 419
- U.S. support for political groups, 288
Thieu-Ky campaign, 237, 303
- Certification of, 246, 251
- Senate lists, affiliation with, 264
- U.S. covert financial support, proposed, 242, 282, 289
- U.S. covert role of guidance and advice, 235, 241, 289
Thieu-Ky government:
- Addresses to Vietnamese people, U.S. preparation of, 342
- Cabinet appointments, 332, 338, 342
- Civilian participation, 229, 230, 235, 320
- Inauguration of, 366, 379
- Ky’s authority in, 232, 237, 243, 251, 260, 320
- 1968 legislative program, 446
- Prime Minister appointment, 320, 332, 338, 342
- U.S. advisory role, 320, 342
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 138
- Civilian candidates’ exploitation of, 182
- Generals’ attitude toward, 178, 223, 226, 230
- Ky’s declaration of candidacy, 163, 166, 171
- Resolution of conflict, U.S. demands for, 178, 182, 200, 202, 219, 222, 223, 225
- Thieu-Ky alliance, decision on, 226, 229, 230, 243
- Thieu-Ky talks re, 186, 192, 195, 198, 200
- Thieu’s declaration of candidacy, 178, 202
- Thieu’s resentment at Ky’s aggressiveness, 202
- Thieu’s withdrawal, proposed U.S. effort re, 209, 213, 218
- Unity of armed forces and, 163, 182, 186, 198
- U.S. covert support for Ky, proposed, 209, 213, 218, 224, 288
- U.S. intervention, possible, 182
Thieu-Ky relationship, 332
Troop augmentation by U.S., 159, 210
UN talks on Vietnam, NLF participation in, 435
U.S. Mission in Vietnam:
- Bunker’s appointment as Ambassador, 97
- Congressional visits, 436
- Embassy Chancery dedication, 342
- Lodge’s successor, selection of, 13, 94, 97
- Personnel for Bunker’s team, 119, 150
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
- “Blueprint for Vietnam” study, 296
- Bunker’s mid-year assessment, 220
- Bunker-Westmoreland public relations tour, 352
- Leverage on newly-elected RVN government, program for exercise of, 301, 366
- Political party development, funding for, 398, 417
- Postwar development planning, 220, 430
Washington trip, 395, 400, 409
Weekly reports, 158, 171, 182, 186, 192, 200, 215, 220, 237, 256, 264, 280, 291, 299, 320, 338, 342, 379, 391, 419, 426, 446

Burchett, Wilfred, 29, 362, 364, 365

Burke, John R., 211

Burns, Jame. MacGrego., 348

Buttercup peace initiative, 336, 378, 380, 452

Administration discussions, 341, 409, 420
CIA review of developments, 449
Congressional briefings, 432
Debriefing of Sau Ha, 413
Madame Vang’s talks with U.S. officials, 449
Negotiations, NLF terms for, 369, 394
Political aspects, 389, 422, 423
Press leaks re, 422, 423, 429
Prisoner exchanges, 341, 369, 383, 386, 389, 394, 405, 406, 413, 414, 429, 432, 437, 438
Propaganda-related risks for U.S., 406, 438
Thieu informed of, 371, 383, 389
U.S. messages to NLF, 432, 438

Byrd, Robert, 262, 364

Calhoun, Arch, 178, 190, 232, 243, 258, 260, 274, 284, 302, 398

Califano, Joseph, 152, 364

Cambodia, 130

Sanctuary for Communist insurgency, 409
U.S.-RVN incursions into, proposed, 149, 154, 347, 403, 404, 408, 428, 436
Canadian peace proposal, 133, 140, 204, 227, 339

Cannon, Howard D., 287

Cao Van Vien, Gen., 21, 115, 119, 145, 163, 166, 171, 186, 195, 210, 223, 226, 236, 237, 266, 295, 328, 332, 342, 406, 412, 413, 432, 438

Carmichael, Stokely, 124

Carver, George A., Jr., 115, 116, 136, 196, 204, 213, 218, 224, 242, 257, 282, 289, 314, 325, 335, 376

Case, Clifford P., 178, 336, 344

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2, 12, 93, 209, 218, 224, 250, 335

Bombing of DRV:
- Cessation of, consequences of, 351
- Cessation of in exchange for halt in Soviet military deliveries to DRV, proposed, 268, 275
- Effectiveness of, 180, 181
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 180
- Logistical base, 345
Buttercup peace initiative:
- CIA review of developments, 449
- Negotiations, NLF terms for, 394
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
- Communist organization, attack on, 254, 257
- Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program, 254
- Progress in, 91
- Training program, 254
Communist insurgency:
- Desertions of DRV regulars, 252
- Losses during infiltration, 273
- 1968 winter-spring campaigning plans, U.S. analyses of, 440
- Order of battle estimates, 297, 314, 325
Military program in Vietnam, 381, 409
Presidential election in RVN, 136, 209, 213, 271, 281, 282
Saigon Station, activities of, 254
Thieu-Ky government, 237
U.S. support for Vietnamese political groups, 288, 417

Chang. See Le Chang.

Chen Yi, 165

Chernyakov, Yuri N., 140

Cheslaw, Irving, 427

Chieu Hoi amnesty program, 44, 197

China, People’s Republic of, 49, 55, 85, 113, 117, 216, 451

Bombing of DRV and, 153, 162
Cultural Revolution, 153, 154
DRV, relations with, 123, 248
Intervention in Vietnam, possible, 165, 177, 278
U.S.-Chinese discussions re settlement in Vietnam, proposed, 151, 152

Chinh. See Pham Truong Chinh, Brig. Gen.

Chong Il-Kwon, 107

Christian, George, 19, 24, 48, 79, 88, 149, 156, 174, 176, 209, 239, 240, 270, 283, 287, 300, 305, 317, 331, 336, 341, 346, 353, 355, 363, 377, 386, 409, 420, 428, 442

Christopher, Warren, 341

Churchill, Winston, 401

Citizens Committee for Peace with Freedom in Vietnam, 377

Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program, 446

Agent Penetration Operations, 257
Anti-corruption program, 258, 395
ARVN involvement, 6, 30, 103, 135
Census Grievance Program, 257
Chieu Hoi amnesty program, 44, 197
Communist organization, attack on, 254, 257
Eisenhower’s views on, 130
Expansion of RD teams, 135
Guam Conference discussions, 116
Hamlet Evaluation System, 135
Hamlet Informant Program, 257
Humphrey’s assessment of, 390
Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program, 199, 254, 257, 409, 446
Interrogation techniques, 413
Komer’s assignment to, 94, 97
Komer’s relationship with Westmoreland, 119
Military’s involvement, 197
Office of Civil Operations, 30
Personnel requirements, 135, 409
Phoenix program. See Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program above.
Police forces, 135
Presidential election in RVN and, 215
Progress in, 30, 91, 197, 234
Province Chiefs’ role, 237
Province Interrogation Centers, 257
Province Reconnaissance Units, 257
RVN’s lead officer, 186, 342
Security for RD teams, 135
Takeoff program, 199, 215, 280
Thieu’s chain of command, 302
Training program, 197, 254
Unified management of integrated civil/military effort, 150, 167, 171, 192
U.S. ground forces’ involvement, 1, 30
Wise Men’s views, 377

Clark, Joseph, 23, 94

Clifford, Clark M. (see also Clifford-Taylor mission), 96, 193, 204, 433

Bombing of DRV, 22, 269, 270
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 156
Free World forces in Vietnam, augmentation of, 244, 269, 270
Lodge’s successor, selection of, 13
Military program in Vietnam, 238, 388, 428
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 357
Presidential election in RVN, 256
Wise Men meetings, 376, 377, 382

Clifford-Taylor mission, 238, 240, 247

Johnson’s appointment of, 244
Message to U.S. Embassies re, 253
Reports re, 269, 270, 285
Thieu and Ky, meetings with, 255, 256

Co. See Nguyen Huu Co, Gen.

Colby, William E., 7, 133, 22, 254, 350, 371, 409, 424 [Page 1147]

Communist insurgency, 110
Cambodian sanctuaries, 409
Desertions of DRV regulars, 252
Economic and political warfare, 2
Guam Conference discussions, 116
Infiltration rate, 30
Intelligence information on, 104
Losses during infiltration, 273
Mining of Saigon channel, 83
1968 winter-spring campaigning plans, U.S. analyses of, 440, 443
Order of battle estimates, 208, 234, 297, 314, 325, 370, 397, 399
RD teams targeted by, 135
Status at beginning of 1967, 2
Strategy of, 2, 6, 347, 368
Success in “small war,” 177
Terrorism and assassinations, 103
Volunteers from outside Southeast Asia, 165

Congress, U.S.:

Bombing of DRV, 95, 287, 364
Bunker’s testimony, 400
Buttercup peace initiative, 432
Debates and hearings on U.S. policy, 355, 336, 341, 431
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 96, 364, 373, 421
Free World forces in Vietnam, 346
Funding, 26, 94
Ky’s letter to, 291
Negotiation issue, 23
Resolution on U.S. policy, 94
Rusk’s refusal to testify, 431
Sunflower peace initiative, 19
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
Wavering of support for U.S. policy, 262, 344

Cooper, Charles, 119, 150

Cooper, Chester L., 7, 14, 15, 34, 140, 173, 216, 259, 362

Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 98, 133, 184, 204
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 263, 267, 272, 293
Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks (Sunflower), 39, 41, 46, 49, 51, 53, 56, 58, 59, 63, 64, 80, 137

Cooper, Joh. Sherma., 341

Dam Van Quy, Col., 338, 342

Dan Duc Khoi, 266

Dang. See Tran Bach Dang.

Dang Van Quang, Lt. Gen., 328

Davidson, Daniel I., 272, 361, 367

Davidson, Gen. Phillip, 208, 314, 325, 347

Davis, Nathaniel, 427

Davis, Richard, 411

De Gaulle, Charles, 7

Dean, Arthur, 376, 377, 382

Dean, John, 38, 407

Dean, Si. Patric., 15, 137, 427

Defense Communications Planning Group, 121

Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (see also Bombing of DRV; Communist insurgency; Pennsylvania peace initiative; Sunflower peace initiative):

China, relations with, 123, 248
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Canadian peace proposal, 140
- DRV-RVN contacts, 236, 243, 304, 356, 361, 365, 367, 379, 402, 415, 419, 442
- French-DRV discussions, 248
- Indian-DRV discussions, 4
- Italian-DRV discussions, 27
- Japanese-DRV discussions, 7, 259
- Kennedy peace proposal, 38
- Norwegian-DRV discussions (Ohio initiative), 201, 276, 287, 330
- Romanian-DRV discussions (Packers initiative), 411
- Thant peace proposal, 98, 117, 123
- U.S. proposals to DRV for talks, 127, 395
Negotiation issue:
- DRV attitude toward negotiations, 177
- DRV conditions for talks, 29, 35, 82, 201, 214, 216, 248, 329, 451
- DRV reassessment of policy, possible, 227, 248, 252
Presidential election in RVN and, 92, 146
Salisbury’s visit, 3
Soviet Union, relations with, 128, 133, 177, 425
Thant, attitude toward, 201
U.S. operations within, 350

DePuy, Maj. Gen. W. E., 135, 147, 309

Diem. See Bui Diem.

Diep Van Hung, 237

Dillon, Douglas, 376, 377, 382

Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam (see also Buttercup peace initiative; Pennsylvania peace initiative; Sunflower peace initiative), 30

Administration briefing for Congressional leadership, 364
Bebler’s initiative, 434
Canadian peace proposal, 133, 140, 204, 227, 339
Chinese-U.S. discussions, proposed, 151, 152
Cooper-Bundy settlement model, 184
Counter-productive nature of post-Sunflower initiatives, 137
DRV-RVN contacts, 236, 243, 304, 356, 361, 365, 367, 379, 415, 419, 442
U.S. text for message from Thieu to Ho Chi Minh, 402
Eastern European initiatives, 357
French-DRV discussions, 248
ICC initiative, 4, 14
Indian-DRV discussions, 4
Indonesian initiative, 227
Italian-DRV discussions, 27
Japanese-DRV discussions, 7, 259
JCS cease-fire plan, 184
Johnson’s recapitulation of, 96
Kennedy peace proposal, 38, 83, 96, 101, 105
Khanh’s initiative with NLF, 407
Marigold peace initiative, 4, 7, 15, 117, 317
NLF-U.S. contacts, 7, 435, 436
Norwegian-DRV discussions (Ohio initiative), 201, 276, 287, 330
Pell-Bo contacts, 214
Phase A-Phase B formula, 9
Polish-U.S. discussions, 9
Pope’s appeal for negotiations, 42
Primrose peace initiative, 14
Publicity re secret initiatives, 420
Quintanilla and Baggs-Ashmore initiatives, 20
Romanian-DRV discussions (Packers initiative), 411
RVN-NLF contacts, 133, 185, 330, 395, 401
Shah of Iran’s initiative, 341, 411
Soviet-U.K. discussions, 173
Soviet-U.S. discussions, 4, 7, 85, 117, 133, 341
- Johnson-Kosygin Summit, 206, 207, 216, 217
Soviet-U.S. initiatives, U.S. strategy for, 193
Soviet-U.S. joint guarantee of settlement, 165
Thant peace proposal, 98, 101, 107, 108, 111, 112, 117, 123
UN resolutions, 151, 152, 156
UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 311, 317, 319, 373, 377, 392, 419, 421, 427, 428, 435
U.S. proposals to DRV for talks, 127, 395
U.S. reassessment of policy following failure of Sunflower, 83
Verification issue, 90

Dirksen, Everett M., 19, 96, 336, 341, 344, 346, 348, 364

Do. See Tran Van Do.

Do Nhu Cong, 413

Do Phat Quang, 259

Dobrynin, Anatoliy F., 4, 7, 17, 34, 46, 85, 96, 117, 127, 137, 140, 154, 175, 206, 268

Don. See Tran Van Don, Gen.

Donald, Richard, 278

Dong. See Pham Van Dong.

Donovan, Hedley, 353, 386

Douglas, Paul H., 377

Dow, John G., 195

Draft Presidential Memorandum. See under Military program in Vietnam

Dunlap, Thomas, 258

Duong Van Minh, Gen., 21, 132, 223, 226, 237, 243, 246, 264

Duzer, Roger, 3

Dzu. See Truong Dinh Dzu.

Eban, Abba, 336

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 130, 217, 252, 268, 275, 384, 409, 426

Ellsberg, Daniel, 131

Enthoven, Alain, 155, 233

Estabrook, Robert, 36

Fanfani, Amintore, 27

Fedorenko, Nikolai, 123

Findley, Paul, 101

Fleming, Arthur, 287

Flowerree, Charles, 116

Fomin, Alexandr, 357

Fortas, Abe, 96, 355, 357, 377, 382, 387, 433

Fowler, George, 314

Fowler, Henry, 193

France, 7, 38, 248

Frankel, Max, 244

Freeman, Fulton, 20

Free World forces in Vietnam, 110, 409, 436

Augmentation of, 159, 238, 239, 240, 244, 253, 269, 270, 317, 341
Congressional resolution on, 346
Governments’ views concerning war, 269, 270
McPherson’s report on, 197
Summit of troop-contributing nations, proposed, 142, 247, 353
U.S. mission to ally governments. See Clifford-Taylor mission.

Fulbright, J. William, 19, 23, 44, 96, 124, 157, 197, 207, 262, 287, 331, 341, 355, 377, 390, 431

Galbraith, Joh. Kennet., 124, 377

Gandhi, Indira, 421

Garthoff, Raymond, 193

Gaud, William, 119, 238

Gavin, James, 377

Geneva Conference, proposed reconvening of. See Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks under Sunflower peace initiative.

Giap. See Vo Nguyen Giap, Gen.

Ginsburgh, Col. Robert N., 98, 261, 268, 296, 309

Glassboro Summit, 206, 207, 216, 217

Gleysteen, Culver, 392

Goldberg, Arthur J., 5, 23, 80, 162, 331, 353, 377, 392

Bombing of DRV, 35
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Thant peace proposal, 98, 107, 108, 112, 123
- UN resolutions, 152, 156
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 311, 319, 373, 419, 421, 428, 435
UN talks on Vietnam, NLF participation in, 435

Goldwater, Barry, 23

Goodpaster, Lt. Gen. Andrew J., 130, 135, 268, 275, 309, 384

Gore, Albert, 431

Gore-Booth, Paul, 46

Graham, Billy, 287

Greene, Frederick, 3, 204, 267, 276

Greene, Gen. Wallace M., Jr., 309, 313

Gromyko, Andrei, 133, 341

Gronouski, John A., 4, 9

Guam Conference, 106, 109, 115, 116, 117, 119, 123

Guevara, Che, 2

Guthrie, John, 8, 16, 18, 29, 32, 33, 36, 40, 81

Ha. See Sau Ha.

Ha Thuc Ky, 190, 237, 295, 320

Ha Van Lau, Col., 98, 248

Habib, Philip C., 195, 196, 204, 211, 224, 241, 259, 267, 269, 272, 301, 356, 392, 395, 396, 402, 405, 417, 423, 447

Hagerty, Jim, 400

Haines, Gen. Ralph, 404

Halls, Michael, 63

Hanh. See Nguyen Huu Hanh.

Harkins, Gen. Paul D., 197

Harriman, W. Averell, 7, 14, 15, 41, 49, 50, 85, 108, 115, 174, 205, 237, 259, 272, 318, 367, 395, 402

Bombing of DRV:
- Hanoi-area restrictions, 17
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, Soviets informed of, 174, 179
- Pause for Tet, 34
- Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 292
Buttercup peace initiative, 380, 414
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Canadian peace proposal, 140
- Quintanilla and Baggs-Ashmore initiatives, 20
- Romanian-DRV discussions (Packers initiative), 411
- RVN-NLF contacts, 330
- Shah of Iran’s initiative, 411
- Soviet-U.S. discussions, 133, 206, 217
Military program in Vietnam, 330, 433
NLF surrender issue, 330
Negotiation issue, 228, 380, 393, 433
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 263, 267, 292
Republic of Vietnam, NLF participation in government, 292
Soviet-DRV relations, 133, 425
Sunflower peace initiative, 46
Thieu-Ky government, 228
Wise Men meetings, 377, 380

Hart, John L., 91, 213, 218, 224, 232, 289, 302

Hart, Philip A., 195

Hartke, R. Vance, 22

Harvey, James, 354

Hayden, Carl, 364, 390

Hayden, Thomas, 406, 414

Heckler, Margaret, 287

Heineman, Ben, 157

Helms, Richard M., 20, 91, 136, 162, 170, 174, 175, 177, 193, 194, 204, 209, 238, 250, 283, 305, 351, 355, 364, 395, 422, 424

Bombing of DRV:
- Cessation of in exchange for halt in Soviet military deliveries to DRV, proposed, 268
- Effectiveness of, 180, 298, 341, 345
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 180
- Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 336
Buttercup peace initiative, 369, 383, 389, 394, 406, 409, 413, 420, 429, 432, 437, 438, 449, 452
Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 428
CIA Saigon Station, activities of, 254
Communist insurgency, order of battle estimates, 314, 325, 397, 399
Intelligence collection activities in Vietnam, 350
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 308, 336, 341, 353, 362, 363
Unfavorable outcome of the war, implications of, 316
U.S. domestic situation, 386
U.S. information programs, 336
Wise Men, 377

Hertz, Gustav, 414

Hickenlooper, Bourke B., 19, 364

Hoang Co Binh, 320

Hoang Man’Tu, 8, 18, 33, 36, 81, 117, 127

Hoang Tung, 20

Hoang Xuan Lam, Gen., 145, 163, 328, 332

Ho Chi Minh, 6, 227, 248, 329

Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Pope’s appeal for negotiations, 42
- Quintanilla and Baggs-Ashmore initiatives, 20
- Romanian-DRV discussions (Packers initiative), 411
- U.S. proposals to DRV for talks, 127
Johnson’s correspondence with, 40, 82, 117, 127
Negotiation issue, 82
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 263
Pope’s correspondence with, 42
Prisoners of war, 450
Sunflower peace initiative, 40, 82, 117

Hollings, Ernest F., 262

Holt, Harold, 154, 193, 244, 270, 317, 442

Holyoake, Keith, 270

Hoopes, Townsend, 25

Hoyt, Palmer, 386

Huan, Col., 432, 438

Hughes, Thomas L., 224, 248, 252, 259, 276, 278, 279, 287, 350

Humphrey, Hubert H., 76, 113, 174, 249, 291, 364, 390, 422, 428

Humphreys, Gen., 116

Huong. See Tran Van Huong.

Hutchinson, Brig. Gen., 116

Hyland, William, 314, 325

Iliescu, Marin, 411

India, 4

Indonesia, 113, 227, 390

Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program (ICEX), 199, 254, 257, 409, 446

Institute of Defense Analysis, 439

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 450

International Control Commission (ICC), 4, 14, 90

Isham, Heyward, 109, 272, 361, 362, 396, 402

Italy, 27

Jackson, Henry, 95, 355

Jacobson, George, 232, 302

Japan, 7, 154, 259, 356, 367, 402, 419

JASON report on bombing of DRV, 439

Javits, Jacob, 84

Jernegan, John D., 14

Jessup, Peter, 417, 424

Johnson, Gen. Harold K., 294, 305, 309, 317, 404

Johnson, Lyndon B., 1, 6, 13, 21, 24, 30, 31, 34, 41, 44, 51, 61, 91, 118, 133, 135, 158, 163, 171, 174, 178, 185, 186, 192, 202, 205, 209, 212, 218, 223, 226, 229, 230, 237, 254, 256, 264, 265, 266, 280, 291, 295, 299, 309, 320, 334, 342, 351, 359, 360, 361, 365, 366, 379, 391, 394, 415, 419, 426, 446, 452

Acheson’s relationship with, 433
Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 200, 400
Asian Development Bank, 331
Bombing of DRV:
- Administration briefings for Congressional leadership, 95, 364
- Advisers for Johnson re, 22
- McGeorge Bundy’s assessment of, 157, 354
- Cessation of in exchange for halt in Soviet military deliveries to DRV, proposed, 268
- Chinese border buffer zone, 270, 283
- Civilian casualties, 84, 409
- Effectiveness of, 172, 180, 181, 298, 341, 345
- Expanded strikes of April, 139
- Goldberg’s de-escalation proposal, 35
- Hanoi-area restrictions, 363
- Hanoi power station, 173
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 22, 162, 167, 169, 180, 194, 203
- Mortar attacks, retaliation for, 261
- NSC discussions, 43
- Pause in bombing for Tet, 47, 54, 57, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78
- Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 336
- Phuc Yen airfield, 294, 312, 336, 355, 363
- Port facilities, 305, 312, 317
- Public attitude toward, 247
- Rostow’s recommendations for changes, 245
- Scenario to mollify all U.S. officials, 176
- Target selection, 25, 83, 84, 287, 305, 317, 346
- U.S. aircraft losses, 355, 409
- Wise Men’s views, 377
Bunker, attitude toward, 384
Buttercup peace initiative:
- Administration discussions, 409
- Negotiations, NLF terms for, 369
- Political aspects, 422
- Press leaks re, 422
- Prisoner exchanges, 369, 386, 405, 438
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program, 94, 97, 150, 167, 215, 409
Clifford-Taylor mission, 238, 240, 247
- Johnson’s appointment of, 244
- Message to U.S. Embassies re, 253
- Reports, 269, 270, 285
- Thieu and Ky, meetings with, 255
Communist insurgency:
- Cambodian sanctuaries, 409
- Guam Conference discussions, 116
- Losses during infiltration, 273
- Mining of Saigon channel, 83
- 1968 winter-spring campaigning plans, U.S. analyses of, 440
- Order of battle estimates, 397, 399
- Strategy of, 368
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Administration briefing for Congressional leadership, 364
- Canadian peace proposal, 140
- Chinese-U.S. discussions, proposed, 151, 152
- DRV-RVN contacts, 442
- Johnson’s recapitulation of, 96
- Kennedy peace proposal, 38, 83, 96, 101, 105
- Marigold peace initiative, 4, 15, 317
- Pell-Bo contacts, 214
- Pope’s appeal for negotiations, 42
- Publicity re secret initiatives, 420
- Shah of Iran’s initiative, 341
- Soviet-U.S. discussions, 206, 207, 216, 217
- Soviet-U.S. initiatives, U.S. strategy for, 193
- Thant peace proposal, 101, 111, 112, 123
- UN resolutions, 151, 152, 156
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 311, 317, 319, 373, 421, 428
- U.S. proposals to DRV for talks, 127, 395
- U.S. reassessment of policy following failure of Sunflower, 83
Eisenhower’s conversation with, 384
Free World forces in Vietnam, 409
- Augmentation of, 159, 238, 239, 240, 244, 253, 269, 270, 317, 341
- Congressional resolution on, 346
- Summit of troop-contributing nations, proposed, 247, 353
Guam Conference, 106, 115, 116, 119
Ho Chi Minh’s correspondence with, 40, 82, 117, 127
Humphrey’s Vietnam visit, 390
International trip in December, 442, 446
Kennedy’s conflict with, 124
Kosygin’s correspondence with, 175, 179
Kosygin’s meetings with, 206, 207, 216, 217
Mansfield’s relationship with, 151
McNamara mission to Vietnam, 238
McNamara’s departure from Defense Department, 375
Military program in Vietnam:
- Acceleration of activities, 83, 84, 347, 357, 400
- Air support for ground troops, 305
- Anti-infiltration initiatives, 121, 313
- Body counts, 400, 409
- Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 428
- Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 409
- DMZ redeployment, 341, 344
- Draft Presidential Memorandum, 177, 194
- Haiphong mining option, 83
- Johnson’s visible command of campaign, proposed, 393
- Johnson’s visit with troops, 442
- Laos, military overflights of, 420
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 317, 409, 428
- McNamara’s criticism of Westmoreland’s management, 239
- Operation Shenandoah, 355
- Progress in, 234, 287
- Reserves call-up issue, 363
- Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal, 375, 378, 381, 385, 387, 403, 404, 410, 441
- “Stalemate” issue, 287
- “Stick-it-out” scenario, 381
- “War that can’t be won” issue, 238
- Westmoreland’s vision for 1967, 28
Negotiation issue:
- Administration discussions with Congressional leaders, 23
- DRV reassessment of policy, possible, 252
- Forms of negotiation, U.S. internal debate re, 87
- Troop augmentation by U.S. and, 221
- U.S. public relations re, 111, 113
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 326
- Administration discussions, 317, 336, 341, 346, 348, 353, 355, 357, 363
- Bombing of DRV and, 336
- DRV conditions for talks, 315
- Intelligence reports on, 308
- Katzenbach’s assessment of, 337
San Antonio formula for peace, 340, 348
Termination of, 362
U.S. messages to DRV, 321, 348, 349
U.S. public statements re, 355, 363
Pope’s correspondence with, 42
Presidential election in RVN:
- Fairness and honesty concerns, 236
- Fraud allegations, 336
- Guam Conference discussions, 115, 116
- International implications, 285
- International observers, 283, 287, 294, 303, 305
- Johnson’s letter to Thieu and Ky re, 284
- Press coverage, 287
- Results of, 303
- Summit of Vietnam allies and, 247
- U.S. covert financial support for, 250
Prisoners of war, 450
Re-election bid, 341
- Republic of Vietnam:
- Constitution-making, 115, 120
- Land reform, 115, 116
- Military’s role in government, 100, 279
- National Reconciliation program, 115
- NLF participation in government issue, 305, 444
Rusk’s refusal to testify before Congress, 431
Soviet-DRV relations, 425
State of the Union speech, 11
Sunflower peace initiative:
- Arrangements for talks, 16
- Collapse of, 77, 79, 82
- DRV response to U.S. proposal, 29
- Johnson’s correspondence with Ho Chi Minh, 40, 82
- Johnson’s discussions with Congressional leaders re, 19
- Johnson’s recapitulation of, 96
- Kennedy’s criticism of U.S. handling of, 122, 124
- Publication of Johnson-Ho correspondence, 117
- Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks, 39, 46, 48, 55, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 137, 207
- U.S. contingency planning, 54
- U.S. proposal for secret talks, 5
Thieu and Ky, communications with, 144, 284, 285, 303, 405
Thieu and Ky, meetings with, 115, 442, 446
Thieu-Ky campaign, 303
Thieu-Ky government, inauguration of, 331, 341
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict:
- Resolution of conflict, U.S. demands for, 143, 178, 219, 222, 225
- Unity of armed forces and, 144
- U.S. intervention issue, 189
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
- Deployments of troops, 287, 409
- Johnson’s decision re, 238, 240
- Negotiation issue and, 221
- Publicity re, 244, 248
- Vietnamese manpower utilization and, 159
- Westmoreland’s defense of his request, 149
U.S. domestic situation:
- Anti-war movement, 341, 363
- Communist takeover concerns, 386
U.S. information programs, 336, 341, 346, 348, 352, 386
U.S. Mission in Vietnam:
- Bunker’s appointment as Ambassador, 97
- Lodge’s resignation as Ambassador, 86
- Lodge’s successor, selection of, 23, 37, 83, 94, 97
U.S. policy on Vietnam, 88
- “Blueprint for Vietnam” study, 296, 317
- McGeorge Bundy’s assessment of, 157
- Bunker’s mid-year assessment, 220
- Congressional debates and hearings, 336, 355, 341, 431
- Congressional resolution on, 94
- Congressional support, wavering of, 262, 344
- Funding for, 11, 26, 94
- McPherson’s report on Vietnam visit, 197
- Objective of policy, proposed change in, 401
- Planning for 1968, 395
- Postwar development planning, 115
- Unfavorable outcome, implications of, 316
- Wise Men’s consideration of, 376, 377
- Withdrawal option, 377
Wilson’s correspondence with, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 74
Wise Men meetings, 376, 377, 382, 393

Johnson, Tom, 76, 238, 239, 240, 244, 270, 300, 364, 390, 420, 428

Johnson, U. Alexis, 100, 407

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 30, 110

Bombing of DRV:
- McGeorge Bundy’s assessment of, 157
- Cessation of bombing, terms for, 90
- Effectiveness of, 439
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 187
- Logistical base, 194, 372
- Objectives of, 194
- Pause in bombing for Tet, 47
- Target selection, 25, 317
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 90, 184, 227
JASON report on bombing of DRV, 439
Military program in Vietnam:
- Acceleration of activities, 357
- Anti-infiltration initiatives, 121, 313
- Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 396, 404, 418, 436
- Defeat-related concerns, 309
- Draft Presidential Memorandum, 187
- JCS and State Department recommendations, comparison of, 408
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 409
- 120 Day Program proposal, 418
- Operation York II, 418
Negotiation issue, 90
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
JCS position, 141, 177, 186
Westmoreland’s defense of his request, 149

Jones, James “Jim,” 124, 205, 225, 226, 287, 305, 317, 377, 386

Jorden, William J., 14, 106, 144, 164, 185, 197, 212, 266, 272, 295, 296, 300, 304, 350, 356

Kaiser, Philip, 80

Kaplan, Harold, 300, 348

Katzenbach, Nicholas deB. (see also McNamara mission to Vietnam), 8, 20, 38, 47, 57, 76, 81, 83, 147, 149, 154, 156, 162, 170, 193, 205, 209, 213, 214, 216, 222, 241, 253, 269, 270, 278, 301, 318, 327, 335, 367, 372, 396, 405, 421, 423, 447

Bombing of DRV:
- McGeorge Bundy’s recommendations, 354
- Cessation of bombing in exchange for halt in Soviet military deliveries to DRV, proposed, 268
- Effectiveness of, 236
- Expanded strikes of April, 139
- Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 336, 337
Buttercup peace initiative, 414, 432
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program, 395
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 152, 184, 319, 395, 401
Free World forces in Vietnam, augmentation of, 244
Lodge’s successor, selection of, 37
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 277, 333, 336, 337, 357
Presidential election in RVN:
- Fairness and honesty concerns, 236
- Run-off issue, 148
- Thanh’s possible candidacy, 249
- Validation of results, 242
Press coverage of Vietnam, 238
Republic of Vietnam economic situation, 395
Sunflower peace initiative, 333
Thieu-Ky government, inauguration of, 331
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict:
- Dual candidacies, consequences of, 196
- Resolution of conflict, U.S. demands for, 219, 225
- U.S. covert support for Ky, proposed, 224
U.S. information programs, 336
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
- Objective of policy, proposed change in, 401
- Planning for 1968, 395
- “Prognosis for Vietnam” report, 374
- RVN’s increased responsibility, 401
Wise Men, 377

Kaul, T. N., 4, 14

Kennan, George, 377

Kennedy, Edward M., 341

Kennedy, Jacqueline, 292, 414

Kennedy, Robert F., 7, 38, 44, 55, 83, 96, 101, 105, 122, 124

Khang. See Le Nguyen Khang, Gen.

Khanh. See Nguyen Khanh.

Kieu. See Nguyen Van Kieu.

Kilpatrick, James J., 287

Kinh, Amb., 8

Kirbow, Charles, 287

Kissinger, Henry A., 227

Administration assessments of, 317
Pennsylvania peace initiative:
- Administration discussions, 267, 346, 357
- Bombing of DRV and, 290, 310, 322, 324, 327
- DRV conditions for talks, 315
- DRV messages to U.S., 343
- Instructions for Kissinger, 272, 277, 307, 318, 323, 333, 358
- Katzenbach’s assessment of, 337
- Kissinger-Bo meeting, proposed, 307, 310, 322, 324, 326, 329, 334, 340, 349
- Kissinger’s meetings with Marcovich and Aubrac, 286, 359, 360, 362
- Marcovich-Aubrac meetings with DRV officials, 263, 293, 310, 324, 326, 329, 334, 341, 349
- Re-opening of contacts, possible, 420
- Secrecy concerns, 315, 333, 420
- Termination of, 362
- U.S. messages to DRV, 318, 321, 322, 329, 349

Kistiakowsky, George, 313

Knight, John, 317

Kohler, Foy D., 8, 34, 46, 76, 85, 121, 133, 170, 174, 259, 335, 417, 424

Komer, Robert W., 6, 100, 149, 171, 190, 230, 232, 238, 302, 328

Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 131
Bombing of DRV, 234
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
- Anti-corruption program, 258
- Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program, 199, 254, 409, 446
- Komer’s assignment to, 94, 97
- Komer’s relationship with Westmoreland, 119
- Personnel requirements, 409
- Progress in, 234
- RVN’s lead officer, 342
- Security for RD teams, 135
- Takeoff program, 199, 280
- Unified management of integrated civil/military effort, 150, 167, 192
Communist insurgency:
- Order of battle estimates, 208, 234, 297, 314, 325, 370
- Strategy of, 347
Guam Conference, 115, 116, 119
Military program in Vietnam:
- Acceleration of activities, 347
- Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 347
- Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 409
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 234, 347
- NLF, proposed focus on, 147
- Progress in, 91, 208, 234, 347
- Westmoreland’s replacement with Abrams, consideration of, 347
Presidential election in RVN, 30, 274
Republic of Vietnam:
- Foreign exchange issue, 114
- Land reform, 116
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 143, 189
Troop augmentation by U.S., 147, 159, 189
U.S. Mission in Vietnam:
- Lodge’s resignation as Ambassador, 86
- Lodge’s successor, selection of, 13, 37
- Personnel for Bunker’s team, 119, 150
U.S. policy on Vietnam, 24, 91
Visit to Vietnam (Feb.), 91

Korea, Republic of, 197, 269, 270

Koren, Henry L. T., 135

Kosygin, Alexei N., 15, 34, 128, 137, 236, 364, 420, 425

Johnson’s correspondence with, 175, 179
Soviet-U.S. discussions re Vietnam, 85
- Johnson-Kosygin Summit, 206, 207, 216, 217
- Sunflower peace initiative, 85
- Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks, 39, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 58, 59, 64, 65, 68, 80

Kraft, Joseph, 313, 355

Kramer, Barry, 422

Kraslow, David, 420

Krimer, William D., 216

Krulak, Lt. Gen. Victor H., 6

Kuchel, Thomas, 341

Ky. See Nguyen Cao Ky, Air Vice Marshal.

La Pira, Giorgio, 27

Laise, Carol, 138

Lam (RVN), 445, 448

Lam, Gen. See Hoang Xuan Lam, Gen.

Lam, Maj., 132

Lansdale, Edward G., 12, 119, 138, 232, 258, 302, 320

Laos, 49, 51, 130

U.S. military overflights, 420
U.S.-RVN incursions into, proposed, 149, 154, 215, 234, 237, 317, 347, 403, 404, 408, 409, 428

Lapham, 398

Larmon, Sigard, 386

Larson, Gen., 192, 287, 317

Le Chang, 8, 16, 18, 29, 33, 36, 40, 81

Le Nguyen Khang, Gen., 145, 196, 332, 342

Le Phuoc Sang, 192, 338, 342

Le Quang Liem, 338

Le Tung Son, 98

Lee Kuan Yew, 355

LeMay, Gen. Curtis, 157

Leonhart, William, 159, 167, 238, 301, 374, 409

Lewandowsky, Januscz, 7

Lilienthal, David, 91, 92, 115, 430

Lincoln, Abraham, 127

Linh Quang Vien, Gen., 145, 338

Lippmann, Walter, 157, 354

Loan. See Ngo Minh Loan; Nguyen Ngoc Loan, Gen.

Loc. See Nguyen Van Loc; Vinh Loc, Gen.

Locke, Eugene, 97, 115, 158, 166, 189, 190, 192, 197, 209, 210, 223, 232, 234, 238, 274, 296, 302, 317, 342, 389, 398, 406, 412, 413, 415

Lodge, Henr. Cabo., 27, 100

Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 45, 103, 104
Bombing of DRV, 75
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program, 30, 103, 377
Communist insurgency, 103, 104
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 7, 112, 133
Farewell call on Ky, 146
Guam Conference, 106, 115, 116
Military program in Vietnam, 44, 121, 377, 393
National Liberation Front, recruitment by, 104
Postwar planning, 92
Presidential election in RVN, 294, 305
- “American candidate” issue, 132
- DRV, effect on, 92
- Guam Conference discussions, 116
- Laws re, 129
- Major presidential slates, 21
- Military-civilian balance among candidates, 125, 126, 129
- Minh’s possible candidacy, 132
- Organization by candidates, importance of, 134
- Scheduling of, 104
- Security for candidates, 129, 132
- U.S. involvement issue, 92
- U.S. objectives re, 99
Republic of Vietnam:
- Civil-military coupling in government, 44
- Constitution-making, 21, 45, 92, 116, 120, 129
- Demonstrations against “false peace,” 93
- Elections for local offices, 92
- Foreign exchange issue, 114
- Military’s role in government, 92, 102
- National Reconciliation program, 92
- Negotiations, position on, 109
- NLF participation in government issue, 44, 92
Sunflower peace initiative, 52, 75
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict:
- Coup, potential for, 145
- Generals’ attitude toward, 138, 145
- Ky’s views, 118
- Resolution of conflict, U.S. demands for, 138, 143
U.S. information programs, 377
U.S. Mission in Vietnam:
- Lodge’s resignation as Ambassador, 86
- Lodge’s successor, selection of, 13
- Personnel for Bunker’s team, 119
U.S. policy on Vietnam, 13, 86
Wise Men meetings, 377, 382

Long, Russell, 364

Loory, Stuart, 420

Lucet, Charles E., 317

Lucey, Archbishop, 287

Lyng, John, 201

MacDonald, Donald, 116, 288

Macovescu, Gheorghe, 411

Mahon, George, 364, 390

Mai Thi Vang, 429, 432, 437, 438, 449, 452

Mai Tho Truyen, 256

Mai Van Bo, 3, 7, 14, 20, 227

Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 38, 214, 248
Pennsylvania peace initiative:
- Bombing of DRV and, 324
- DRV conditions for talks, 315
- DRV messages to U.S., 343
- Katzenbach’s assessment of, 337
- Kissinger-Bo meeting, proposed, 307, 310, 322, 324, 326, 329, 334, 340, 349
- Marcovich-Aubrac meetings with DRV officials, 263, 293, 310, 324, 326, 329, 334, 341, 343, 349, 357, 362
- U.S. messages to DRV, 322, 329, 349
Thieu, attitude toward, 329

Malaysia, 113, 390

Male, Ray, 159

Manac’h, Etienne, 38, 83, 248

Manatos, Mike, 364

Mankiewicz, Frank, 124

Mansfield, Mike, 96, 273, 331, 341, 442

Bombing of DRV, 364
Congressional debates, 336, 341
Congressional hearings, Rusk’s refusal to testify at, 431
Congressional resolution, 94
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Chinese-U.S. discussions, proposed, 151, 152
- UN resolutions, 151, 152
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 311, 319, 373
Humphrey’s Vietnam visit, 390
Johnson’s relationship with, 151
Lodge’s successor, selection of, 94
Military’s anti-infiltration initiatives, 151
Sunflower peace initiative, 19

Mantle, Mickey, 111

Mao Tse Tung, 2, 153

Marcovich, Herbert, 263, 286, 293, 310, 315, 322, 324, 326, 329, 333, 334, 337, 341, 343, 349, 357, 359, 360, 362, 420

Marigold peace initiative, 4, 7, 15, 117, 317

Marks, Leonard, 119, 240, 287

Marshall, Gen. George C., 130, 377

Martin, Everett, 342

Martin, Paul J., 4, 133, 204, 227, 339, 377, 421, 434

Matthews, H. Freeman, 269

Maurer, Io. Gheorgh., 357, 380, 411

McCarthy, Eugene, 355

McCarthy, Richard, 346

McChristian, Maj. Gen. Joseph A., 325

McCloskey, Robert, 7

McCloy, John, 433

McConnell, Gen. John P., 294, 309, 313, 317, 420

McCormack, John, 291

McCormack, Thomas, 364

McCullough, Frank, 132

McEwen, John, 442

McGee, Gale, 377, 428

McGrory, Mary, 83

McMahon, William, 341

McNamara, Robert S. (see also McNamara mission to Vietnam), 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 19, 24, 37, 87, 88, 90, 96, 108, 115, 147, 149, 154, 156, 157, 174, 180, 189, 193, 203, 209, 225, 244, 253, 262, 269, 318, 384, 386, 400

Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 236
Bombing of DRV:
- Administration briefings for Congressional leadership, 364
- Chinese border buffer zone, 283
- Civilian casualties, 84, 409
- Congressional investigations re, 287
- Effectiveness of, 26, 181, 236, 238, 341, 439
- Hanoi power station, 173
- Impediment to peace efforts, 105
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 169, 186, 194, 231
- Logistical base, 175, 194
- NSC discussions, 43
- Objectives of, 84, 194
- Pause in bombing for Tet, 47, 54, 62, 77, 78
- Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 290, 292
- Phuc Yen airfield, 294, 336, 355, 363
- Port facilities, 305, 317
- Scenario to mollify all U.S. officials, 176
- Target selection, 25, 83, 84, 247, 287, 305, 317, 346
- U.S. aircraft losses, 331, 355, 409
Buttercup peace initiative, 383, 389, 406, 409, 413, 420, 429, 432, 437, 438, 449, 452
Cambodian sanctuaries, 409
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
- Communist organization, attack on, 257
- COMUSMACV charged with responsibility for, 167
- Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program, 409
- Personnel requirements, 409
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- DRV-RVN contacts, 236
- Kennedy peace proposal, 105
- Publicity re secret initiatives, 420
- RVN-NLF contacts, 330
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 319, 428
Free World forces in Vietnam, 409
- Augmentation of, 238, 240, 317, 341
- Congressional resolution on, 346
- Summit of troop-contributing nations, proposed, 353
Humphrey’s Vietnam visit, 390
JASON report on bombing of DRV, 439
Johnson re-election bid issue, 341
Military program in Vietnam:
- Acceleration of activities, 357
- Air support for ground troops, 305
- Anti-infiltration initiatives, 121, 313, 331, 377
- Body counts, 409
- Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 428
- DMZ redeployment, 341
- Draft Presidential Memorandum, 161, 177, 194
- Equipment situation, 409
- Haiphong mining option, 84, 105, 330
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 428
- McNamara’s criticism of Westmoreland’s management, 239
- 120 Day Program proposal, 418
- Reserves call-up issue, 177, 186, 363
- Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal, 375
- “Stalemate” issue, 275
- “War that can’t be won” issue, 238
National Liberation Front surrender issue, 330
Negotiations between NLF and RVN, necessity of, 228
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 317, 336, 346, 353, 357
- Bombing of DRV and, 290, 292
- Instructions for Kissinger, 307
- McNamara’s assessment of, 330
- U.S. messages to DRV, 348
- U.S. public statements re, 355
- Presidential election in RVN, 236, 287
- Press coverage of Vietnam, 238, 240
Republic of Vietnam:
- Foreign exchange issue, 236
- NLF participation in government, 292, 305
- U.S. support for political groups, 288
Resignation, 375
Rusk’s position on Vietnam, criticism of, 228
Sunflower peace initiative, 57, 71, 76, 77, 79
Thieu-Ky government, 228
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 143
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
- Ceiling on deployments, agreement re, 233
- Enthoven’s position, 155
- JCS position, 141, 177, 186
- Johnson’s decision re, 240
- McNamara’s recommendation for smaller increase, 161, 186, 238
- Publicity re, 240, 248
- Vietnamese manpower utilization and, 160
- Westmoreland-Sharp request, 177
U.S. domestic situation, 177, 341, 363
U.S. information programs, 240
U.S. Mission in Vietnam, 13, 97, 119
U.S. policy in Vietnam:
- “Blueprint for Vietnam” study, 296
- Credibility problems of U.S. officials, 352
- Ending war in 1967, McNamara’s focus on, 105
- Funding for, 26
Wise Men, 376, 377

McNamara mission to Vietnam, 210, 213, 220

Briefing for Johnson, 238
Meetings in Vietnam, 233, 236, 237

McNaughton, John T., 7, 20, 115, 121, 131, 133, 161, 162, 169, 177, 227

McPherson, Harry C., Jr., 185, 189, 192, 197, 238, 291, 352, 364, 431

Meehan, Francis J., 285

Meeker, Leonard, 188

Menzies, Si. Rober., 336, 341

Michalowski, Jerzy, 9

Middle East crisis, 195

Military program in Vietnam (see also Bombing of DRV; Free World forces in Vietnam; Prisoners of war; Troop augmentation by U.S.):

Acceleration of activities, 83, 84, 347, 357, 400
Acheson’s views, 433
Air support for ground troops, 305, 409
Anti-infiltration initiatives, 115, 116, 121, 151, 215, 313, 331, 377
Body counts, 197, 400, 409
Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 149, 154, 347, 403, 404, 408, 428, 436
Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 391, 396, 404, 409, 412, 415, 418, 419, 436, 442, 445, 446, 447, 448
Civilian casualties, 44, 116
Dak To fighting, 400
Defeat-related concerns, 309
DMZ redeployment, 341, 344
Draft Presidential Memorandum, 161, 187, 194, 177
Eisenhower’s views on, 130
Equipment situation, 238, 409
Ground action against DRV option, 154
Guam Conference discussions, 116
Haiphong mining option, 83, 84, 105, 154, 330
In-place teams, 350
Intelligence collection activities, 350
JCS and State Department recommendations, comparison of, 408
Johnson’s visible command of campaign, proposed, 393
Johnson’s visit with troops, 442
Laos, military overflights of, 420
Laos, proposed incursions into, 149, 154, 215, 234, 237, 317, 347, 403, 404, 408, 409, 428
Low manpower programs, emphasis on, 6
McNamara’s criticism of Westmoreland’s management, 239
Naval operations, 350
NLF, proposed focus on, 147
120 Day Program proposal, 418, 426
Operation Hickory, 176
Operation Junction City, 104, 116, 130
Operation Shenandoah, 355
Operation York II, 418
Order of battle estimates re Communist insurgency. See under Communist insurgency.
Press coverage of combat missions, 386
Progress in, 30, 91, 116, 177, 192, 208, 234, 238, 256, 287, 347
Reserves call-up issue, 154, 177, 186, 363
Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal:
- McGeorge Bundy’s position, 385
- Bunker’s position, 410
- Clifford’s position, 388
- Fortas’ position, 387
- Johnson’s decision re, 441
- McNamara’s draft for Johnson, 375
- Rostow’s position, 378
- Rusk’s position, 403
- Taylor’s position, 381
- Westmoreland’s position, 404
“Stalemate” issue, 275, 287
“Stick-it-out” scenario, 381
Vietnamese attitude toward U.S. presence, 44
“War that can’t be won” issue, 238
“War zone” tactic, 197
Westmoreland’s concept of, 416
Westmoreland’s replacement by Abrams, consideration of, 347
Westmoreland’s vision for 1967, 28
Wise Men’s views, 377

Miller, Jack, 287

Miller, Robert H., 21, 99, 196, 300, 301, 402

Minh. See Duong Van Minh, Gen.

Minh, Gen., 332

Momyer, Gen. William H., 116, 275, 287

Monnet, Jean, 430

Montagnards, 158, 264

Montague, Robert, 342

Moor, Dean, 325

Moorer, Adm. Thomas H., 309

Morse, Wayne, 96, 152, 373, 431

Morton, Thruston B., 344

Moss, John, 364

Moyers, Bill, 274

Murphy, Robert, 83, 376, 377, 382, 393

Murray, Don, 41, 46, 49, 63

Murtopo, Col. Ali, 227

Muskie, Edmund, 124, 336

Nakayama, Amb., 419

Narasimhan, 123

National Liberation Front (NLF) (see also Buttercup peace initiative; Communist insurgency):

Appeal for Vietnamese peasants, 197
Bunker fortifications, 197
Defections from, 197
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Khanh’s initiative with NLF, 407
- NLF-U.S. contacts, 7, 435, 436
- RVN-NLF contacts, 133, 185, 330, 395, 401
Elections, pledge re, 299
Military program in Vietnam, NLF as focus of, 147
Negotiation issue:
- NLF-RVN negotiations, necessity of, 228
- Soviet insistence on NLF participation, 364
Presidential election in RVN, reaction to, 264
Recruitment by, 104, 197
RVN government, NLF participation issue, 44, 92, 292, 305, 306, 444
Surrender issue, 330
UN talks on Vietnam, NLF participation in, 435

National Security Action Memoranda:

No. 328, 89
No. 362, 167

National Security Council (NSC):

568th meeting, 43
575th meeting, 319
578th meeting, 390
Special Committee, 193

Ne Win, 5, 377

Negotiation issue (see also Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam):

Acheson’s views, 433
Administration discussions with Congressional leaders, 23
McGeorge Bundy’s position, 393
William Bundy’s position, 154
Cessation of bombing, consequences of, 351
DRV attitude toward negotiations, 177
DRV conditions for talks, 29, 35, 82, 201, 214, 216, 248, 329, 451
DRV reassessment of policy, possible, 227, 248, 252
Forms of negotiation, U.S. internal debate re, 87
Guam Conference discussions, 109
Military operations during negotiations, 90
NLF-RVN negotiations, necessity of, 228
RVN position, 109
Soviet insistence on NLF participation, 364
Soviet perspective on U.S. policy re negotiations, 85
Troop augmentation by U.S. and, 221
U.S. allies’ role in negotiations, 90
U.S. public relations re, 1, 90, 111, 113
Wise Men’s views, 377, 380, 393

Negotiations Committee, 34, 133, 267, 272

New Zealand, 269, 270

Ngo Dinh Nhu, 302

Ngo Minh Loan, 201, 276, 287, 330

Nguyen Bao Tri, Gen., 163, 195, 232, 266, 332, 342

Nguyen Be, Maj., 197

Nguyen Cao Ky, Air Vice Marshal (see also Thieu-Ky campaign; Thieu-Ky government; Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict), 44, 100, 158

Army of the Republic of Vietnam:
- Corruption problem, 295
- Co’s removal, 12
- I Corps situation, 144
- Incompetence problem, 195
- Leadership changes, 328
- Local populations, relations with, 104
- Maximum use of manpower, 255
- Mobilization for, 210
- Popular Forces and Regional Forces, 237
Bombing pause for Tet, 75
Buttercup peace initiative, 437
Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 391, 396
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
- Province Chiefs’ role, 237
- Takeoff program, 280
Clifford-Taylor mission, 255, 256, 270
Communist insurgency, intelligence information on, 104
Congress (U.S.), letter to, 291
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- DRV-RVN contacts, 243, 361, 365
- RVN-NLF contacts, 185
Guam Conference, 106, 115
Johnson’s communications with, 144, 284
Johnson’s meetings with, 115
Lodge’s farewell call, 146
McNamara mission to Vietnam, 236
McPherson’s assessment of, 197
National Liberation Front, recruitment by, 104
Presidential election in RVN:
- Censorship concerns, 192, 195, 198
- Demonstrations and protests, 264
- DRV, effect on, 92, 146
- Fairness and honesty concerns, 186
- Fraud allegations, 320
- Government harassment of opposition candidates, 205, 212, 213, 295
- Guam Conference discussions, 115, 116
- International observers, 243
- Johnson’s letter to Thieu and Ky re, 284
- Ky-Huong cooperation, 186, 195, 197, 198
- Ky’s defense of electoral process to U.S. critics, 291
- Ky’s prediction for outcome, 295
- Laws re, 129
- Loan’s involvement on Ky’s behalf, 195, 197, 198, 209, 211, 218
- Loan’s removal, proposal for, 213
- Military-civilian balance among candidates, 129, 171
- Military president, need for, 12
- Military’s non-participation, 210
- Organization by candidates, importance of, 134
- Public relations re, 280
- Run-off issue, 195
- Scheduling of, 104, 195
- Security for candidates, 129
- 30 “introductions” requirement, 192, 195
- Validation of results, 320, 338, 342
Republic of Vietnam:
- Constitution-making, 12, 115, 120, 129
- Corruption in government, 104, 185, 197
- Demonstrations against “false peace,” 93
- Directorate-Assembly conflict, 195
- Economic situation, 391
- Elections for local offices, 92
- Foreign exchange issue, 114
- Land reform, 115
- Military’s role in government, 279
Sunflower peace initiative, 52, 75
Suu, assessment of, 134
Thieu’s relationship with, 232, 235, 241, 260, 302, 328, 332
Nguyen Chi Thanh, 2, 248
Nguyen Duc Thang, Gen., 103, 119, 132, 138, 145, 163, 186, 195, 197, 202, 226, 230, 232, 266, 280, 302, 328, 332, 342, 446
Nguyen Duy Trinh, 29, 36, 227, 362, 411, 451
Nguyen Hoa Hiep, 320
Nguyen Huu Co, Gen., 12, 31
Nguyen Huu Hanh, 114, 115, 119, 338, 391
Nguyen Huu Tho, 93
Nguyen Khanh, 100, 407
Nguyen Luu Vien, 100, 304, 338
Nguyen Ngoc Loan, Gen., 31, 129, 145, 164, 166, 232, 251, 266, 288
- Buttercup peace initiative, 383, 389, 406, 413, 422, 423, 429, 432, 437
- Presidential election in RVN:
  - Involvement of on Ky’s behalf, 195, 197, 198, 202, 205, 209, 211, 218
  - Removal of, proposal for, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213
- Thieu-Ky campaign, 237
- Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 178
Nguyen Thien Nhon, 338
Nguyen Van Huong, 422
Nguyen Van Kieu, 190, 192, 195, 302, 398
Nguyen Van Loc, 222, 320, 332, 338, 342, 391, 415, 432, 436
Nguyen Van Thieu, Lt. Gen. (see also Thieu-Ky campaign; Thieu-Ky government; Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict), 42, 100, 158
- Army of the Republic of Vietnam:
  - Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program, 103
  - Local populations, relations with, 103
  - Maximum use of manpower, 255
  - Mobilization for, 210, 419
  - Reorganization of, 21
- Bo’s attitude toward, 329
- Buttercup peace initiative:
  - Political aspects, 389
  - Press leaks re, 429
  - Prisoner exchanges, 383, 405, 406, 429, 432, 437
  - Thieu informed of, 371, 383, 389
- Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
  - ARVN involvement, 103
  - Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program, 446
  - Takeoff program, 280
  - Thieu’s chain of command, 302
- Clifford-Taylor mission, 255, 256, 270, 285
- Communist terrorism and assassinations, 103
- Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
  - DRV-RVN contacts, 236, 304, 356, 361, 365, 367, 379, 402, 415, 419, 442
  - NLF-U.S. contacts, 435
  - UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 392, 419, 435
- Free World forces in Vietnam, 436
- Guam Conference, 106, 115
- Johnson’s communications with, 284, 285, 303, 405
- Johnson’s meetings with, 115, 442, 446
- Ky’s relationship with, 232, 235, 241, 260, 302, 328, 332
- McNamara mission to Vietnam, 236
- Military program in Vietnam:
  - Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 436
  - Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 396, 412, 415, 419, 445, 448
  - Civilian casualties, 44
  - Vietnamese attitude toward U.S. presence, 44
- Negotiation issue, 109, 451
- Pennsylvania peace initiative, 365
- Presidential election in RVN, 197
  - “American candidate” issue, 132
  - Censorship concerns, 192
  - Demonstrations and protests, 264
  - Fairness and honesty concerns, 236, 256
  - Government harassment of opposition candidates, 302
  - Johnson’s letter to Thieu and Ky re, 284
  - Loan’s involvement on Ky’s behalf, 202, 209
  - Loan’s removal, proposal for, 213
  - Major presidential slates, 21
  - Military’s non-participation, 210
  - Minh’s possible candidacy, 132
  - Public relations re, 280
  - Scheduling of, 192
  - Security for candidates, 132
  - 30 “introductions” requirement, 192
  - Validation of results, 338, 342
- Republic of Vietnam:
  - Buddhist dissidents, 302
  - Civil-military coupling in government, 44
  - Constitution-making, 21, 45, 120
  - Corruption in government, 338
  - Elections for House, 342
  - Land reform, 419
  - Military’s role in government, 92
  - Montagnard policy, 264
  - National Reconciliation program, 92, 264
  - NLF participation in government issue, 44
  - Provincial administration, restructuring of, 419
- UN talks on Vietnam, NLF participation in, 435
- U.S. Embassy Chancery dedication, 342
- U.S. funding for political groups, 288, 398

Nguyen Van Tuong, 338

Nguyen Van Vy, Gen., 332, 412, 436

Nhuyen Dinh Dhuong, 33

Nikezic, Marko, 357

Nitze, Paul, 154, 187, 194, 262, 268, 270, 294, 395, 424, 447

Nixon, Richard M., 134, 409

Norstad, Gen. Lauris, 157, 377

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 113

Norway, 201, 276, 287, 330

Noyes, Crosby, 83

O’Brien, Lawrence, 124

Oehlert, Benjamin, 411

Ohio peace initiative, 201, 276, 287, 330

Olds, Col. Robin, 377

O’Neill, Thomas P., Jr., 341

Operations, military. See under Military program in Vietnam.

Order of battle estimates. See under Communist insurgency.

Pace, Frank, 83

Pacem in Terris conference, 20, 174, 214

Pacification program. See Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program.

Packers peace initiative, 411

Palliser, Michael, 41

Park, Chun. He., 270

Paul VI, Pope, 4, 27, 42, 140, 442, 445, 447, 448

Peace Corps, 157

Peace initiatives. See Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam.

Pearson, Lester, 140

Pederson, Richard, 123

Pell, Claiborne, 214, 227

Pennsylvania peace initiative:

Administration discussions, 267, 317, 336, 341, 346, 348, 353, 355, 357, 363
Bombing of DRV and, 290, 292, 310, 322, 323, 324, 327, 336, 337, 339
DRV conditions for talks, 315
DRV messages to U.S., 343, 346, 357
Instructions for Kissinger, 272, 277, 307, 318, 323, 333, 358
Intelligence reports on, 276, 308
Katzenbach’s assessment of, 337
Kissinger-Bo meeting, proposed, 307, 310, 322, 324, 326, 329, 334, 340, 349
Kissinger’s meetings with Marcovich and Aubrac, 286, 359, 360, 362
Lessons of, 363
Marcovich-Aubrac meetings with DRV officials, 263, 293, 310, 324, 326, 329, 334, 341, 343, 349, 357, 362
McNamara’s assessment of, 330
Re-opening of contacts, possible, 420
San Antonio formula for peace, 340, 348
Secrecy concerns, 315, 333, 420
Termination of, 362
Thieu informed of, 365
U.S. messages to DRV, 318, 321, 322, 329, 348, 349
U.S. public statements re, 355, 363

Percy, Charles, 346, 436

Pham Binh, 227

Pham Thi Yen, 341

Pham Truong Chinh, Brig. Gen., 195, 328

Pham Van Dong, 3, 5, 14, 216, 329, 362, 364

Pennsylvania peace initiative, 263, 277
Romanian-DRV discussions (Packers initiative), 411

Pham Van Lieu, Col., 302

Phan Khac Suu, 21, 45, 116, 126, 129, 182, 185, 237, 256, 264, 303, 320, 332

Ky’s assessment of, 134

Phan Quang Dan, 21, 256, 304

Phan Quang Don, 116

Philippine Civic Action Group, 197

Philippines, 113

Phoenix program. See Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program.

Poats, Rutherford, 114

Poland, 9

Porter, William J., 12, 13, 30, 94, 119, 131, 158

Presidential election in RVN (see also Thieu-Ky campaign; Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict):

“American candidate” issue, 132
Campaigning by candidates, 264
Censorship concerns, 192, 195, 198, 256
Certification of candidates, 246
Civilian candidates, 229, 237
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program and, 215
Common declaration of intent by candidates, 190
Demonstrations and protests, 264
Diem’s assessment of, 266
DRV, effect on, 92, 146
Dzu’s candidacy, 305
Fairness and honesty concerns, 186, 236, 237, 256, 265
Favorable effects, 299
Fraud allegations, 320, 336
Government harassment of opposition candidates, 205, 212, 213, 274, 280, 295, 302
Guam Conference discussions, 115, 116
Intelligence reports on, 136, 271
International implications, 285
International observers, 190, 243, 256, 283, 287, 294, 303, 305
Johnson’s letter to Thieu and Ky re, 284
Jorden’s views on U.S. role, 212
Ky-Huong cooperation, 186, 195, 197, 198
Ky’s defense of electoral process to U.S. critics, 291
Ky’s prediction for outcome, 295
Laws re, 129, 148, 158, 192
Loan’s involvement on Ky’s behalf, 195, 197, 198, 202, 205, 209, 211, 218
Loan’s removal, proposal for, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213
Major presidential slates, 21, 256
McPherson’s assessment of, 197
Military-civilian balance among candidates, 125, 126, 129, 171, 182
Military president, need for, 12
Military’s non-participation, 163, 164, 166, 171, 205, 210, 223
Minh’s possible candidacy, 132, 223, 226, 237, 243, 246
Minh’s support for Huong, 264
NLF reaction, 264
Organization by candidates, importance of, 134
Press coverage, 256, 274, 287, 305, 320
Public relations re, 280
Results of, 303
Run-off issue, 148, 195
Scheduling of, 104, 120, 192, 195
Security for candidates, 129, 132
Summit of Vietnam allies and, 247
Thanh’s possible candidacy, 237, 246, 249
30 “introductions” requirement, 192, 195
U.S. covert financial support for Huong, proposed, 281, 282, 289
U.S. covert involvement, 242, 281, 282
U.S. inadvertent involvement in partisan political trips, 191
U.S. involvement issue, 21, 30, 92
U.S. objectives re, 99, 205
Validation of results, 320, 332, 338, 342

President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), 204

Press coverage of Vietnam, 238, 240

Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 256
Body counts, 409
Buddhist dissidents, 342
Buttercup peace initiative, 422, 423, 429
Combat missions, 386
Presidential election in RVN, 256, 274, 287, 305, 320

Primrose peace initiative, 14

Prisoners of war (see also Prisoner exchanges under Buttercup peace initiative), 201, 281, 406, 450

Puritano, Vincent, 135

Quintanilla, Luis, 20

Rapacki, Adam, 4, 7

Read, Benjamin H., 7, 8, 14, 17, 32, 40, 50, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 69, 106, 107, 108, 127, 133, 143, 188, 214, 218, 224, 235, 241, 242, 259, 265, 267, 269, 282, 289, 307, 318, 323, 327, 335, 337, 341, 343, 349, 357, 358, 367, 396, 447

Ready, Adm., 314

Reagan, Ronald, 329, 354

Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 27

Republic of Vietnam (RVN) (see also Army of the Republic of Vietnam; Buttercup peace initiative; Presidential election in RVN; Thieu-Ky government):

Buddhist dissidents, 302, 342
Civil-military coupling in government, 44
Constitution-making, 12, 21, 45, 92, 115, 116, 120, 129
Corruption in government, 104, 185, 197, 258, 338, 342
Demonstrations against “false peace,” 93, 106
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- DRV-RVN contacts, 236, 243, 304, 356, 361, 365, 367, 379, 402, 415, 419, 442
- NLF-U.S. contacts, 435, 436
- RVN-NLF contacts, 133, 185, 330, 395, 401
- Thant peace proposal, 112
Directorate-Assembly conflict, 195
Dzu’s arrest, 332
Economic situation, 30, 391, 395
Elections for House, 342
U.S. covert involvement, 335
Elections for local offices, 92, 158, 256
Electoral laws, 129
Foreign exchange issue, 114, 236
Government-in-exile, 93
Land reform, 115, 116, 419
Military’s role in government, 92, 100, 102, 264, 279
Montagnard policy, 158, 264
National Reconciliation program, 92, 115, 264
National unity government, proposed, 205
Negotiation issue, 109, 228
NLF participation in government issue, 44, 92, 292, 305, 306, 444
Political manipulation by U.S., 254
Political offensive against NLF, 299
Political situation, 30, 171, 197, 391
Provincial administration, restructuring of, 419
Security problem, 197
U.S. support for labor, veterans, students, media, 89, 288

Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF). See Army of the Republic of Vietnam.

Resnick, 287

Reston, James “Scotty,” 346, 355, 377

Rhodes, 287

Ribicoff, Abraham, 124

Rice, Edward, 153, 169

Riesle, Victor, 341

Ritchie, C. S. A., 4

Rivers, L. Mendel, 239, 348, 354

Roberts, Chal, 420

Roche, John P., 12, 31, 117, 226

Rockefeller, Nelson, 348

Rolling Thunder. See Bombing of DRV.

Romania, 411

Romney, George, 84, 287, 409

Ronning, Chester, 96

Ross, Arthur M., 238

Rostow, Eugene V., 7, 85, 88, 108, 165, 175, 193, 259, 267, 272

Rostow, Walt W., 1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 24, 30, 32, 34, 37, 40, 44, 50, 60, 64, 84, 87, 91, 100, 106, 108, 116, 118, 137, 144, 146, 149, 156, 158, 163, 171, 172, 174, 175, 178, 185, 186, 192, 202, 205, 209, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230, 237, 238, 241, 253, 254, 256, 264, 265, 269, 270, 283, 298, 299, 306, 308, 309, 318, 320, 327, 331, 332, 334, 342, 351, 354, 355, 358, 359, 360, 364, 365, 366, 373, 379, 381, 386, 391, 393, 395, 401, 415, 426, 427, 428, 444, 447

Bombing of DRV:
- Advisers for Johnson re, 22
- Cessation of in exchange for halt in Soviet military deliveries to DRV, proposed, 268, 275
- Effectiveness of, 273, 341, 345
- Goldberg’s de-escalation proposal, 35
- Haiphong port, 312
- Hanoi power station, 173
- Impediment to peace efforts, 105
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 22, 162, 167, 203
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, Soviets informed of, 173, 176
- Mortar attacks, retaliation for, 261
- NSC discussions, 43
- Pause in bombing for Tet, 54, 57, 73
- Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 336
- Phuc Yen airfield, 312
- Rostow’s recommendations for changes, 245
- Scenario to mollify all U.S. officials, 176
- Target selection, 25, 83, 287
Buttercup peace initiative, 378, 383, 389, 406, 413, 429, 432, 437, 438, 449, 452
- Administration discussions, 341, 409, 420
- Negotiations, NLF terms for, 369
- Political aspects, 422
- Press leaks re, 422
- Prisoner exchanges, 369, 438
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program, 409
Clifford-Taylor mission, 255
Communist insurgency:
- Losses during infiltration, 273
- Mining of Saigon channel, 83
- 1968 winter-spring campaigning plans, U.S. analyses of, 440
- Order of battle estimates, 297, 370, 399
- Strategy of, 368
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Chinese-U.S. discussions, proposed, 152
- Kennedy peace proposal, 38, 83, 105
- Marigold peace initiative, 15
- Pell-Bo contacts, 214
- Quintanilla and Baggs-Ashmore initiatives, 20
- Soviet-U.S. initiatives, U.S. strategy for, 193
- Thant peace proposal, 98, 112
- UN resolutions, 152
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 311
- U.S. reassessment of policy following failure of Sunflower, 83
Free World forces in Vietnam:
- Augmentation of, 159, 244
- Congressional resolution on, 346
- Summit of troop-contributing nations, proposed, 247, 353
Johnson-Thieu meeting in December, 442
Military program in Vietnam:
- Acceleration of activities, 83, 347
- Body counts, 400
- Draft Presidential Memorandum, 177
- Haiphong mining option, 83, 105
- Intelligence collection activities, 350
- Progress in, 234
- Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal, 378, 385, 404, 410
- “Stalemate” issue, 275
- Westmoreland’s vision for 1967, 28
- Wise Men’s views, 377
Negotiation issue:
- DRV conditions for talks, 214
- DRV reassessment of policy, possible, 252
- Troop augmentation by U.S. and, 221
- Wise Men’s views, 377, 393
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 326
- Administration discussions, 317, 336, 341, 346, 348, 353, 357
- Bombing of DRV and, 336
- DRV conditions for talks, 315
- Termination of, 362
- U.S. messages to DRV, 321, 348, 349
Presidential election in RVN, 250
- Diem’s assessment of, 266
- Fraud allegations, 336
- Jorden’s views on U.S. role, 212
- Summit of Vietnam allies and, 247
Prisoners of war, U.S. efforts on behalf of, 450
Republic of Vietnam:
- Constitution-making, 120
- Military’s role in government, 102, 279
- NLF participation in government issue, 305
Sunflower peace initiative:
- Arrangements for talks, 16
- Collapse of, 80, 82
- DRV response to U.S. proposal, 29
- Johnson’s correspondence with Ho Chi Minh, 82
- Johnson’s discussions with Congressional leaders re, 19
- Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks, 39, 41, 51, 55, 57, 72, 73, 76, 80
- U.S. contingency planning, 54
- U.S. position for settlement, 16
- U.S. proposal for secret talks, 5, 10
Thieu-Ky government, civilian participation in, 304
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 21, 138, 143
Troop augmentation by U.S., 159, 221
U.S. information programs, 300, 346, 348
U.S. Mission in Vietnam:
- Lodge’s successor, selection of, 83, 97
- Personnel for Bunker’s team, 119
U.S. policy on Vietnam, 13, 88
- “Blueprint for Vietnam” study, 296
- Congressional support, wavering of, 262
- Ending war in 1967, McNamara’s focus on, 105
- Leverage on newly-elected RVN government, program for exercise of, 366
- Political party development, funding for, 424
- Postwar development planning, 430
Wise Men meetings, 376, 377, 382

Roy, J. Stapleton, 140

Rusk, Dean, 1, 3, 5, 19, 20, 24, 30, 34, 36, 37, 38, 41, 46, 47, 82, 84, 87, 96, 102, 133, 146, 149, 152, 156, 162, 173, 174, 186, 193, 206, 216, 237, 238, 252, 253, 268, 278, 279, 285, 354, 400, 417

Bombing of DRV:
- Administration briefings for Congressional leadership, 364
- Cessation of in exchange for halt in Soviet military deliveries to DRV, proposed, 268
- Chinese border buffer zone, 279, 283
- Effectiveness of, 341, 439
- Expanded strikes of April, 139
- Hanoi no-bomb zone, 4, 17
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, Soviets informed of, 175, 179
- Logistical base, 372
- NSC discussions, 43
- Pause in bombing for Tet, 58, 59, 61
- Pennsylvania peace initiative and, 323, 327
- Phuc Yen airfield, 294, 355, 363
- Port facilities, 323
- Scenario to mollify all U.S. officials, 176
- Target selection, 25, 247, 287, 305, 317
Buttercup peace initiative, 383, 389, 406, 413, 429, 432, 437, 438, 449, 452
- Administration discussions, 341, 409, 420
- Political aspects, 423
- Press leaks re, 423
- Prisoner exchanges, 386, 405
- Thieu informed of, 371
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
- COMUSMACV charged with responsibility for, 167
- Personnel requirements, 409
Clifford-Taylor mission, 269, 270
Communist insurgency’s Cambodian sanctuaries, 409
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Bebler’s initiative, 434
- Canadian peace proposal, 133
- Chinese-U.S. discussions, proposed, 152
- DRV-RVN contacts, 361, 367, 402
- Eastern European initiatives, 357
- ICC initiative, 4
- Kennedy peace proposal, 96, 101, 105
- Marigold peace initiative, 4, 15, 317
- Phase A-Phase B formula, 9
- Polish-U.S. discussions, 9
- Publicity re secret initiatives, 420
- Shah of Iran’s initiative, 341
- Soviet-U.S. discussions, 4, 7, 117
- Thant peace proposal, 101, 107, 108, 111, 112
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 311, 317, 319, 373, 377, 392, 421, 427, 428
- U.S. proposals to DRV for talks, 127
Free World forces in Vietnam, 409
- Augmentation of, 317
- Summit of troop-contributing nations, proposed, 353
Guam Conference, 106, 109, 115, 116
Humphrey’s Vietnam visit, 390
JASON report on bombing of DRV, 439
Johnson re-election bid issue, 341
McNamara’s criticism of Rusk’s position on Vietnam, 228
Military program in Vietnam:
- Air support for ground troops, 305, 409
- Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 403, 428
- Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 396, 409, 447
- Laos, military overflights of, 420
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 317, 403, 428
- Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal, 403
National Liberation Front surrender issue, 330
Negotiation issue:
- DRV conditions for talks, 451
- DRV reassessment of policy, possible, 227, 248
- Guam Conference discussions, 109
- NLF-RVN negotiations, necessity of, 228
- RVN position, 109
- U.S. public relations re, 111
- Wise Men’s views, 380
Pennsylvania peace initiative:
- Administration discussions, 317, 341, 346, 348, 353, 355, 357, 363
- Bombing of DRV and, 323, 327
- DRV messages to U.S., 346
- Instructions for Kissinger, 277, 307, 318, 323, 358
- U.S. messages to DRV, 318, 348
- U.S. public statements re, 355, 363
Presidential election in RVN:
- Fairness and honesty concerns, 265
- Guam Conference discussions, 116
- International observers issue, 287
- Loan’s removal, proposal for, 209
- Military-civilian balance among candidates, 125, 126
- Military’s non-participation, 164
- Press coverage, 287, 305
- U.S. covert financial support for Huong, proposed, 282, 289
- U.S. objectives re, 99
Republic of Vietnam:
- Elections for House, U.S. covert involvement in, 335
- NLF participation in government issue, 292, 305, 306
San Antonio formula for peace, 434
Sunflower peace initiative:
- Ashmore’s publicizing of, 333
- Bombing de-escalation to encourage talks, 32
- Johnson’s correspondence with Ho Chi Minh, 40
- Kennedy’s criticism of U.S. handling of, 122
- Public broadcast of information by DRV, 32
- Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks, 40, 48, 50, 57, 58, 59, 60, 68, 69
- U.S. proposal for secret talks, 8, 10, 17, 18
Thieu-Ky campaign:
- U.S. covert financial support, proposed, 282, 289
- U.S. covert role of guidance and advice, 235, 241, 289
- U.S. covert support for front group favoring Thieu and Ky, 242
Thieu-Ky government, inauguration of, 371
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 99
- Resolution of conflict, U.S. demands for, 143, 178, 183, 222
- Unity of armed forces and, 164
- U.S. intervention issue, 183
U.S. anti-war movement, 363
U.S. information programs, 341, 346, 348
U.S. Mission in Vietnam:
- Lodge’s resignation as Ambassador, 86
- Lodge’s successor, selection of, 97
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
- “Blueprint for Vietnam” study, 296
- Congressional hearings, 355, 431
- Credibility problems of U.S. officials, 352
- Fourteen Points statement, 65
- International conferences, U.S. defense of policy at, 142
- Leverage on newly elected RVN government, program for exercise of, 301
- “Prognosis for Vietnam” report, 374
Wise Men meetings, 376, 377, 380

Russell, Richard B., 19, 23, 26, 96, 197, 239, 262, 336, 354, 390

Sainteny, Jean, 7, 38

Salisbury, Harrison, 3, 7

San Antonio formula for peace, 340, 348, 434

Sato, Eisaku, 356, 402, 419

Sau Ha, 341, 389, 394, 405, 406, 413, 422, 429, 432, 437, 438, 449, 452

Saunders, Harold, 124, 193, 364

Scali, John, 357

Schlesinger, Arthur M., 124

Schoenbrun, David, 334, 362

Scott, Hugh, 287

Senior Interdepartmental Group, 30

Shah of Iran, 341, 411

Shaplen, Robert, 197

Sharp, Adm. Ulysses S. Grant, 2, 30, 78, 110, 115

Anti-infiltration initiatives, 121, 331
Bombing of DRV, 116, 194, 294
Communist insurgency order of battle estimates, 314
Guam Conference, 116
Troop augmentation by U.S., 160

Shenstone, Michael, 14

Shimoda, 259

Sidle, Brig. Gen. Winant, 325

Sieverts, Frank A., 414

Sihanouk, Princ. Norodo., 154, 292, 409

Singapore, 355

Sisco, Joseph, 7, 108, 156, 193, 267, 311, 392, 421

Smith, Abbot, 271

Smith, Bromley, 43, 84, 88, 144, 146, 269, 280, 305, 319, 390

Smith, Margare. Chas., 287, 364, 390

Smith, R. J., 298

Smyser, Richard, 3, 362

Snejdarek, Antonin, 227

Soldatov, Alexandr, 57

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 142

Souvanna Phouma, 317, 420

Soviet Union (see also Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks under Sunflower peace initiative), 228, 248

Bombing of DRV, 162
- Cessation of in exchange for halt in Soviet military deliveries to DRV, proposed, 268, 275
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, Soviets informed of, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179
- SoVIET Ships damaged by, 188
Continuance of Vietnamese war, preference for, 165
Democratic Republic of Vietnam, relations with, 128, 133, 177, 425
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Canadian peace proposal, 140
- Soviet-U.K. discussions, 173
- Soviet-U.S. discussions, 4, 7, 85, 117, 133, 206, 207, 216, 217, 341
- Soviet-U.S. initiatives, U.S. strategy for, 193
- Soviet-U.S. joint guarantee of settlement, 165
- UN resolutions, 152
- UN Security Council initiative, proposed, 319, 435
Glassboro Summit, 206, 207, 216, 217
Negotiation issue, 85, 154, 364

Spaatz, Gen. Carl, 157

Sparkman, John, 364

Special National Intelligence Estimates:

SNIE 11–11–67, 133
SNIE 14.3–67, 397, 399

Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal. See under Military program in Vietnam.

Starbird, Gen. Alfred, 121, 154

Stennis, John, 262, 287

Stevens, Bill, 386

Stewart, Michael, 85

Stimson, Henry, 94, 97

Sukarno, 113

Sukhodrev, Victor, 216

Sullivan, Leonard, 121

Sullivan, William H., 94, 97, 154, 227, 362, 408

Sunflower peace initiative (see also Pause in bombing for Tet under Bombing of DRV):

Arrangements for talks, 16, 36
Ashmore’s publicizing of, 333
Bombing de-escalation to encourage talks, 32, 33
Collapse of, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82
DRV indication of interest in secret talks, 3, 10
DRV response to U.S. proposal, 29
Johnson’s correspondence with Ho Chi Minh, 40, 82
Johnson’s discussions with Congressional leaders re, 19
Johnson’s recapitulation of, 96
Kennedy’s criticism of U.S. handling of, 122, 124
Kosygin’s analysis of, 85
Ky’s notification of, 52, 75
Publication of Johnson-Ho correspondence, 117
Public broadcast of information by DRV, 32, 33, 36
Revival of talks, efforts toward, 137
Secrecy concerns, 36
Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks, 39, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 137
- Johnson’s assessment of, 207
- Soviet rationale for involvement, 55
- U.K. rationale for involvement, 62
Suspension of U.S.-DRV contacts, 117
U.S. contingency planning, 54
U.S. position for settlement, 16
U.S. proposal for secret talks, 5, 7, 8, 10, 17, 18

Suu. See Phan Khac Suu.

Symington, W. Stuart, 287, 354

Taft, Robert, 92

Takeoff program, 199, 215, 280

Tan Buu Kiem, 341

Tan Duc, 452

Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D. (see also Clifford-Taylor mission), 76, 83, 88, 95, 96, 115, 116, 204, 279

Bombing of DRV, 393
- Chinese border buffer zone, 270
- Clifford-Taylor proposal for escalation, 269, 270
- Effectiveness of, 30, 172
- Implacable infliction of pain concept, 172
- Target selection, 84
- Wise Men’s views, 377
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program, 1, 30
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 30, 112
Free World forces in Vietnam, augmentation of, 269, 270
Huong, assessment of, 100
Lodge’s successor, selection of, 37
Military program in Vietnam, 393
- Haiphong mining option, 84
- Progress in, 30
- Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal, 381
- “Stick-it-out” scenario, 381
Negotiation issue:
- Forms of negotiation, U.S. internal debate re, 87
- U.S. public relations re, 1
- Wise Men’s views, 377
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 357
Republic of Vietnam:
- Economic situation, 30
- Military’s role in government, 100
- NLF participation in government issue, 444
- Political situation, 30
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 30
Troop augmentation by U.S., 141
U.S. information programs, 300, 377
Vietnam trip, report on, 30
Wise Men meetings, 377, 382

Tenant Farmers Union, 377

Thailand, 269, 270, 317, 341

Thang. See Nguyen Duc Thang, Gen.

Thanh. See Au Truong Thanh; Nguyen Chi Thanh.

Thant, U, 5, 243

Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam:
- Marigold peace initiative, 4
- Thant peace proposal, 98, 101, 107, 108, 111, 112, 117, 123
DRV attitude toward, 201
Presidential election in RVN, international observers for, 256

Thieu. See Nguyen Van Thieu, Lt. Gen.

Thieu-Ky campaign:

Certification of, 246, 251
Front group favoring Thieu and Ky, U.S. covert support for, 242
Funding problems, 284
Opposition to, 237
Platform of, 237, 266
Senate lists, affiliation with, 264
U.S. covert financial support, proposed, 282, 289
U.S. covert role of guidance and advice, 235, 241, 289
Victory in September election, 303

Thieu-Ky government:

Addresses to Vietnamese people, U.S. preparation of, 342
Cabinet appointments, 332, 338, 342, 391, 415
Civilian participation, 228, 229, 230, 235, 304, 320
Inauguration of, 331, 341, 366, 371, 379, 390
Ky’s authority in, 232, 237, 243, 251, 260, 266, 320
1968 legislative program, 446
Prime Minister appointment, 320, 332, 338, 342, 391
Reshuffling of government, 266
Short-term and long-term program, 415
U.S. advisory role, 320, 342

Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 99

Civilian candidates’ exploitation of, 182
Coup, potential for, 31, 145, 226
Dual candidacies, consequences of, 196
Generals’ attitude toward, 138, 145, 163, 178, 223, 226, 230
Ky’s declaration of candidacy, 163, 166, 171, 222
Ky’s views, 12, 21, 118, 185
Resolution of conflict, U.S. demands for, 138, 143, 178, 182, 183, 200, 202, 219, 222, 223, 225
Thieu-Ky alliance, decision on, 226, 229, 230, 243
Thieu-Ky talks re, 186, 192, 195, 198, 200
Thieu’s declaration of candidacy, 178, 195, 196, 202, 205, 222
Thieu’s personal prestige and, 183, 195, 219
Thieu’s resentment at Ky’s aggressiveness, 202
Thieu’s withdrawal, proposed U.S. effort re, 209, 211, 212, 213, 218
Unity of armed forces and, 144, 163, 164, 182, 186, 195, 198
U.S. covert support for Ky, proposed, 209, 211, 212, 213, 218, 224
U.S. intervention issue, 182, 183, 189, 190
U.S. perspective on, 30

Thompson, Llewellyn E., Jr., 57, 165, 173, 193, 206, 306, 336

Bombing of DRV, 137, 175, 179
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 85, 127, 133, 137, 165
Soviet-DRV relations, 128, 133
Sunflower peace initiative, 7, 18, 29, 33, 36, 68, 69, 85

Thompson, Si. Rober., 169

303 Committee, 89, 281, 288, 417, 424

Throckmorton, Gen., 287

Thurmond, Strom, 23, 287

Tibbetts, Margare. Jo., 201

Tito, Jose. Bro., 411, 425

Tobias, Brig. Gen. Gaudencio V., 197

Tong. See Truong Dinh Tong.

Tran Bach Dang, 341, 369, 394, 432, 452

Tran Hoi Nam, 14

Tran Ngoc Lieng, 237

Tran Quoc Buu, 237, 242

Tran Van Do, 44, 109, 115, 143, 144, 163, 178, 219, 236, 243, 255, 338, 435, 436

Tran Van Don, Gen., 21, 132, 242

Tran Van Huong, 21, 44, 92, 100, 102, 116, 126, 129, 163, 166, 182, 185, 192, 237, 243, 256, 264, 280, 303, 320, 342

Cooperation with Ky, 186, 195, 197, 198
U.S. covert financial support for, proposed, 281, 282, 289

Tran Van Ly, 320

Trend, Burke, 41, 51, 58, 63, 66

Tri. See Nguyen Bao Tri, Gen.

Trieu Van Tuc, 320

Trinh. See Nguyen Duy Trinh.

Trinh Quoc Khanh, 222

Troop augmentation by U.S.:

McGeorge Bundy’s position, 157, 354
William Bundy’s position, 154
Ceiling on deployments, agreement re, 233
Deployments of troops, 287, 409
Enthoven’s position, 155
JCS position, 141, 177, 186
Johnson’s decision re, 238, 240
Komer’s position, 147, 189
McNamara’s recommendation for smaller increase, 161, 186, 238
Negotiation issue and, 221
Publicity re, 240, 244, 248
Vietnamese manpower utilization and, 159, 160, 210
Westmoreland-Sharp request, 110, 149, 177

Trueheart, William, 224, 350, 417, 424

Truong Dinh Dzu, 295, 303, 305, 320, 329, 332, 369

Truong Dinh Tong, 341, 369, 394, 438, 452

Truong Thai Ton, 332

Truong Van Thuan, 338

Tu. See Hoang Man’Tu.

Tunney, John V., 400

Twining, Gen. Nathan, 157

Unger, Leonard S., 5, 7, 9, 21, 99, 108, 109, 121, 125, 133, 144, 148, 164, 183, 288

United Kingdom (see also Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks under Sunflower peace initiative):

Bombing of DRV and, 154
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 173, 427

United Nations (see also UN Security Council initiative, proposed under Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam):

General Assembly discussion of Vietnam, 331
NLF participation in talks on Vietnam, 435
Presidential election in RVN, international observers for, 256
Resolutions on Vietnam, 151, 152, 156

U.S. domestic situation, 177, 386

Anti-war movement, 161, 341, 363
McGeorge Bundy’s assessment of, 157
Wise Men’s assessment of, 376, 377

U.S. information programs, 240, 300, 336, 341, 346, 348, 352, 354, 377, 386, 393

U.S. Mission in Vietnam:

Bunker’s appointment as Ambassador, 97
Congressional visits, 436
Embassy Chancery dedication, 342
Lodge’s resignation as Ambassador, 86
Lodge’s successor, selection of, 13, 23, 37, 83, 94, 97
Personnel for Bunker’s team, 119, 150, 354

U.S. policy on Vietnam (see also Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program; Military program in Vietnam), 13, 88

Achievements of, 86
Arrogance issue, 197
“Blueprint for Vietnam” study, 296, 317
McGeorge Bundy’s assessment of, 157
William Bundy’s assessment of, 154
Bunker’s mid-year assessment, 220
Bunker-Westmoreland public relations tour, 352
Ceiling to level of U.S. participation in Vietnam, public statement on, 157
Congressional debates and hearings, 336, 341, 355, 431
Congressional resolution on, 94
Congressional support, wavering of, 262, 344
Credibility problems of U.S. officials, 352
Efficient management of programs, need for, 91
Ending war in 1967, McNamara’s focus on, 105
Fourteen Points statement, 65
Funding for, 11, 26, 94
International conferences, U.S. defense of policy at, 142
Komer’s recommendations, 24
Leverage on newly elected RVN government, program for exercise of, 301, 366
McPherson’s report on Vietnam visit, 197
Objective of policy, proposed change in, 401
Optimism about, 91
Peace Corps involvement, 157
Planning for 1968, 395
Political party development, funding for, 254, 281, 398, 417, 424
Postwar development planning, 92, 115, 220, 430
“Prognosis for Vietnam” report, 374
Radio and leafletting operations in DRV, 350
RVN’s increased responsibility for all aspects of policy, 147, 401
Unfavorable outcome, implications of, 309, 316
Wise Men’s consideration of, 376, 377
Withdrawal option, 377, 393

Vance, Cyrus R., 22, 47, 76, 91, 131, 147, 149, 162, 169, 175, 177, 193, 194, 287, 428

Vanden Heuvel, William J., 38, 83

Vandenberg, Arthur, 377

Vien. See Cao Van Vien, Gen.; Linh Quang Vien, Lt. Gen.; Nguyen Luu Vien.

Viet Cong. See National Liberation Front.

Vietnam. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam; Republic of Vietnam.

Vietnamese Confederation of Trade Unions, 89, 288

Vinh Loc, Gen., 12, 163, 192, 226, 264

Vogel, Kenneth, 135

Vo Nguyen Giap, Gen., 2, 347

Vo Van Sung, 263

Vu Hong Khanh, 320

Vu Quoc Thuc, 115

Vy. See Nguyen Van Vy, Gen.

Walinsky, Adam, 124

Waller, Joh. Keit., 341

Wallner, Woodruff, 290, 407

Walsh, John, 8, 9, 25, 39, 125

Walsh, P., 298

Wang Ching-wei, 153

Warner, Denis, 213

Warnke, Paul, 193, 267, 296, 331, 395

Washington, Walter, 341

Watson, Marvin, 19, 317, 371

Wattenberg, Ben, 287

Wehrle, LeRoy, 119, 150

Westmoreland, Gen. William C., 30, 158, 209, 210, 223, 226, 230, 232, 255, 302, 400, 442

Ambassador to RVN, consideration for, 13, 23, 37, 94, 97
Army of the Republic of Vietnam:
- Abrams’ assignment to, 171
- Leadership changes, 328
- Maximum use of manpower, 347
- Mission reorientation, 200
- Mobilization for, 210
- Reorganization of, 131
Bombing of DRV:
- Civilian casualties, 409
- Limitation to areas below 20th parallel, 169
Buttercup peace initiative, 409
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
- COMUSMACV charge with responsibility for, 167
- Infrastructure Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program, 199
- Komer’s relationship with Westmoreland, 119
- RVN’s lead officer, 342
- Takeoff program, 280
Communist insurgency:
- Cambodian sanctuaries, 409
- Guam Conference discussions, 116
- 1968 winter-spring campaigning plans, U.S. analyses of, 443
- Order of battle estimates, 208, 297, 314, 325, 370
- Status at beginning of 1967, 2
- Strategy of, 2
Free World forces in Vietnam, 409
Guam Conference, 115, 116
Komer’s assessment of, 347
McNamara mission to Vietnam, 233
Military program in Vietnam:
- Air support for ground troops, 409
- Anti-infiltration initiatives, 116, 121, 313, 331
- Body counts, 409
- Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 149, 404, 428, 436
- Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 436, 448
- DMZ redeployment, 341, 344
- Equipment situation, 409
- Guam Conference discussions, 116
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 149, 404, 409
- McNamara’s criticism of Westmoreland’s management, 239
- 120 Day Program proposal, 426
- Operation York II, 418
- Progress in, 116, 177, 192, 208
- Stabilization and bombing stand down proposal, 404
- “Stalemate” issue, 275
- Westmoreland’s concept of, 416
- Westmoreland’s replacement with Abrams, consideration of, 347
- Westmoreland’s vision for 1967, 28
Thieu-Ky presidential candidacy conflict, 163, 166
Thieu-Ky relationship, 328
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
- Deployments of troops, 409
- Johnson’s decision re, 240
- Publicity re, 240, 248
- Vietnamese manpower utilization and, 159, 160, 210
- Westmoreland-Sharp request, 110, 149, 177
U.S. information programs, 240
U.S. policy on Vietnam, 352

Weyand, Gen. Fred, 197

Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 2, 87, 88, 90, 96, 115, 116, 174, 193, 261, 268, 395

Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 236
Bombing of DRV:
- McGeorge Bundy’s assessment of, 157
- Civilian casualties, 84
- Congressional investigations re, 287
- Effectiveness of, 26
- Logistical base, 175
- NSC discussions, 43
- Pause in bombing for Tet, 47, 62, 76
- Phuc Yen airfield, 287, 294, 355, 363
- Scenario to mollify U.S. officials, 176
- Target selection, 84, 287
- U.S. aircraft losses, 409
Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development program:
- Anti-corruption program, 395
- Personnel requirements, 409
Communist insurgency:
- 1968 winter-spring campaigning plans, U.S. analyses of, 443
- Order of battle estimates, 297
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam, 184
Free World forces in Vietnam, augmentation of, 239, 240, 244
Health problems, 305, 317, 336
Lodge’s successor, selection of, 97
McNamara mission to Vietnam, 233, 236, 238
Military program in Vietnam:
- Acceleration of activities, 400
- Anti-infiltration initiatives, 121, 313
- Body counts, 409
- Cambodia, proposed incursions into, 428
- Ceasefires for 1967–68 holidays, 409
- Dak To fighting, 400
- Defeat-related concerns, 309
- Laos, military overflights of, 420
- Laos, proposed incursions into, 409
- 120 Day Program proposal, 418
- Operation Shenandoah, 355
- Operation York II, 418
- Press coverage of combat missions, 386
- Progress in, 238
- Reserves call-up issue, 186, 363
- “Stalemate” issue, 275, 287
- “Stick-it-out” scenario, 381
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 353
Presidential election in RVN, 287
Press coverage of Vietnam, 240
Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks (Sunflower), 62, 76
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
- Deployments of troops, 287
- Johnson’s decision re, 240
- Vietnamese manpower utilization and, 160
- Westmoreland’s defense of his request, 149
U.S. anti-war movement, 363
U.S. information programs, 240
U.S. policy on Vietnam, Wise Men’s consideration of, 376

Wicker, Tom, 305

Wiggins, J. R., 333

Wilford, Michael, 427

Wilson, Harold, 34

Johnson’s correspondence with, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 74
Marigold peace initiative, 15
Soviet-U.K. effort to facilitate U.S.-DRV talks (Sunflower), 39, 40, 41, 46, 49, 51, 53, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 79, 80, 137

Wilson, Henr. Hal., 83

Wise Men:

Analyses of meetings, 380, 382, 393
November 1 meeting, 376
November 2 meeting, 377

Wisner, Frank, 284

Wolf, Lester, 346

Y Bham Enuol, 158, 264

Zhukov, Yuri, 128

Zinchuk, Alexander, 7, 85

Zorthian, Barry, 92, 119, 274, 287, 346, 400, 409

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume V, Vietnam, 1967

Index