United States Concern with Political and Economic Instability in Pakistan; Implementation of the Military Defense Assistance Agreement of 19541

1. Continued from Foreign Relations, 1952–1954, vol. XI, Part 2, pp. 1818 ff.


185. Memorandum on the Substance of Discussions at a Department of State–Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting, Washington, January 14, 1955, 11:30 a.m.

Source: Department of State, State–JCS Meetings: Lot 61 D 417. Top Secret. A note on the title page reads: “State Draft. Not cleared by any of the participants.”


186. Memorandum for the Record by C.C. Kirkpatrick of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 611.90D/1–2155. Top Secret. Colonel John L. Throckmorton of ISA forwarded a copy of this memorandum to Nicholas G. Thacher, under cover of a memorandum of January 21.


187. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/1–855. Secret. Drafted by Fluker and Colonel D.M. Gordon of the Office of Foreign Military Assistance, ISA; cleared with FOA, NEA, and ED; and approved by Jernegan.


188. Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (Hensel)

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/2–1755. Secret. Hensel was in Pakistan as part of a tour of several Asian and Middle Eastern nations. The trip, which lasted from February 6 to March 10, was undertaken in order to assess the defense needs of the countries visited and evaluate U.S. military aid programs. A handwritten notation on the source text indicates that it was seen by the Secretary of State.


189. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.13/3–555. Secret. Drafted by Thacher and Jones and approved by Jernegan. Also sent to London and repeated to New Delhi.


190. National Intelligence Estimate

Source: Department of State, INR/NIE Files. Secret. National Intelligence Estimates were high-level interdepartmental reports appraising foreign policy problems. NIEs were drafted by officers from those agencies represented on the Intelligence Advisory Committee (IAC), discussed and revised by interdepartmental working groups coordinated by the Office of National Estimates of the CIA, approved by the IAC, and circulated under the aegis of the President, appropriate officers of cabinet level, and the members of the NSC. The Department of State provided all political and some economic sections of NIEs.


191. Memorandum of a Conversation, Karachi, March 30, 1955

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/3–3155. Secret. Drafted by Hildreth. Transmitted to the Department as despatch 612, March 31.


192. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790d.5–MSP/4–155. Confidential.


193. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/4–1555. Confidential. Drafted by Martha M. Black, of TAD; cleared with E, NEA, S/MSA, and FOA; and approved by Herman H. Barger, Chief of the Commercial Programs Branch, TAD.


195. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790d.5–MSP/6–3055. Secret.


196. Memorandum From the Operations Coordinator (Bishop) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs (Allen)

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/7–2855. Secret.


197. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.13/8–1255. Secret. Repeated to London, New Delhi, Dacca, and Lahore.


198. Despatch From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/8–2655. Secret.


199. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/9–1555. Secret; Priority. Repeated to Cairo for Bell. Ambassador Hildreth left Pakistan on September 12 for a 1-month visit to the United States; Gardiner was Chargé.


200. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.00/9–1955. Secret; Priority. Repeated to, London, New Delhi, Lahore, and Dacca.


201. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/10–155. Secret.


202. Telegram from the Consulate General at Lahore to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/10–455. Secret. Also sent to Karachi.


203. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/10–1055. Secret; Priority; Limit Distribution. Drafted by Hildreth and approved by Jones.


204. Letter From the Acting Secretary of State to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (Gray)

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/11–555. Secret. Drafted by Thacher.


205. Telegram From the Department of State to Embassy in Pakistan

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/11–1255. Secret. Drafted by Thacher, cleared in draft with General James K. Wilson, and approved by Jones. Repeated to New Delhi and London.


206. Letter From the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (Gray) to the Under Secretary of State (Hoover)

Source: Department of Defense, OASD/ISA Files, NESA Records, Pakistan. Secret.


207. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 711.56390D/12–1355. Top Secret; Priority. Passed to Defense.


208. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/1–1956. Secret.


209. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 611.90D/2–1756. Top Secret.


210. Telegram From the Department of State to the Secretary of State at New Delhi

Source: Department of State, Conference Files: Lot 62 D 181, CF 679. Top Secret; Priority; Eyes Only. Drafted by Hoover and approved by Barnes. The Secretary was in New Delhi as part of his post-SEATO trip to several Asian countries. Additional documentation is ibid., FE Conference Files: Lot 60 D 514.


211. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 790D.5–MSP/5–1956. Secret.


213. Memorandum of a Conversation, Karachi, July 9, 1956, 10 a.m.–noon

Source: Department of State, Karachi Embassy Files: Lot 64 F 16, 361.1 Nixon. Top Secret. Drafted by Gardiner. Forwarded from Gardiner to Allen under cover of a letter dated July 12. In telegram 85 from Karachi, July 11, Gardiner summarized the main points covered in the conversation. (Ibid., Central Files, 033.1100–NI/7–1156)

Nixon was on a brief Asian tour, organized around his visit to the Philippines for the tenth anniversary celebration of Philippine independence. Further documentation is ibid., 033.1100–NI, and ibid., Conference Files: Lot 62 D 181, CF 729A. He stopped in Pakistan on July 9 for a few hours. In telegram 2 from Karachi to Taipei, July 6, repeated to the Department as telegram 36, Gardiner extensively briefed the Vice President on Pakistani developments. (Ibid., Central Files, 033.1100–NI/7–656)


214. Telegram From the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State

Source: Department of State, Central Files, 974.7301/9–2456. Top Secret; Niact. Repeated priority to London.