740.0011 European War 1939/30775: Telegram
The Chargé at Vatican City ( Tittmann ) to the Secretary of State 1
155. I have received a first person note dated August 15 from Cardinal Secretary of State.2 This is Tittmann’s 155, August 17. My 153 [bis], August 13.3 Summary follows.4
Note begins by reciting arguments already used by Holy See against bombing of Rome and states that unfortunately they went unheeded with result that there was painful surprise when the very nations that wished to spare Athens and Cairo from bombardment undertook to bombard Rome in whose favor certainly no less pressing reasons militate than those advanced for the other two cities. The first raid, note [Page 1058] continues, caused very considerable damage to Basilica of San Lorenzo while second destroyed one church and damaged another; at this rate it will be difficult to avoid danger of most serious and irreparable destruction.
Note goes on to say that the newly formed Italian Government at instance of Holy See decided to declare and render Rome an open city and that to this end suitable negotiations were begun with Allied governments through agency of Holy See. Note states that although no reply yet received from British Government, American Under Secretary of State in a letter dated August 8 informed Apostolic Delegate Washington that matter was receiving most earnest consideration of the highest U.S. authorities and that in meantime he was authorized by President to make known that in conformity with the principles of international law and treaties nothing prevented Italian Government from proceeding unilaterally to declare Rome an open city. In view of the foregoing note states at this point “you are in a position to judge whether repetitions of bombings of Eternal City are opportune while these negotiations are pending.”
Note continues that if attempts are made to justify future bombings on grounds of so-called military exigencies it may be said in reply that considerations of military objectives (which in Rome would not seem to be of great importance) ought not to prevail over (he very serious superior reasons of religion, civilization and humanity and that repetition of deadly bombardments of Rome and of so many other Italian cities with even greater intensity is because of the exasperation it causes among the masses keeping peace away instead of shortening war and is rendering impossible understanding and collaboration among peoples which alone is the guarantee of common tranquillity.
After lamenting fact that the Pope has not been spared pain of witnessing his Diocese and his children that are nearest to him so cruelly tried the note concludes[:]
“As you well know last night the Italian Government, to which I felt it my duty to communicate the reply of the Under Secretary of the United States made public the fact that it declares Rome the center of Catholicism an open city and that ‘the necessary measures are being taken according to international law’. Since it appears that matters are now well advanced the Holy See would be grateful if further negotiations could take place with the greatest possible speed in order that the desired agreement on so serious a question may be reached as soon as possible. The Holy See does not doubt that in the meantime any sort of fresh bombardment of Rome will be avoided”.
My British colleague5 has received a similar note from Cardinal Maglione and is telegraphing a summary thereof to London.
- Sent to the American Legation at Bern and transmitted in telegram No. 5094 of August 20, 1943, from the Minister in Switzerland (Harrison) to the Acting Secretary of State; received in Washington in three sections between 3:01 and 4:50 p.m., August 20 (after Hull had left for the Quebec Conference). A copy was forwarded to Hull at Quebec by pouch on August 21, and the War Department on that date sent a paraphrase by telegram to the United States Delegation at Quebec.↩
- Luigi Cardinal Maglione.↩
- Not printed. In this message Tittmann had reported that be understood that Maglione had received “our reply” (see Welles’ note to Cicognani dated August 8, 1943, ante, p. 572), which had been transmitted to the Italian Government. He had also stated: “London apparently has not yet answered.” (740.0011 European War 1939/30705)↩
- Tittmann forwarded the full text of Maglione’s note to Washington as an enclosure to his despatch No. 229, August 19, 1943. For the full text, which reached Washington on September 9, see Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. ii, pp. 941–943.↩
- Sir D’Arey Osborne.↩