Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Japan;
Korea, Volume XVIII
Index
-
Acheson–Yoshida notes. See
U.N. operations in Far East
under
Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty,
U.S.-Japan.
- Adachi, Tadashi, 270, 401
- Adair, C., 398, 402, 403
-
Adenauer, Konrad, 212, 280, 291, 322
- Afghanistan, 265–266
- AFL–CIO, 215
- Africa, 267
- Algeria, 16
- Amory, Robert, Jr., 315
-
Anderson, Robert B.,
317–318, 319, 323, 413
- Arabian Oil Company, 406–407, 412–413
- Argentina, 318
- Arms control, 262
- Asakai, Koichiro, 74, 218, 221, 259, 268, 278, 280, 333, 401, 404
-
Asanuma, Inejiro, 303
- Atomic Energy Commission, U.S., 540
- Ayub Khan, Mohammad, 265
- Bacon, Ruth E., 681n
- Baldridge, Capt. Elwood, 64
-
Bane, David M.,
164n
, 167n
, 170n
, 184n
, 196n
, 214n
, 221n
, 268, 398, 401, 404, 410, 498n
, 499n
, 514n
,
515n
, 556n
, 599n
, 606n
, 615n
, 624n
, 627n
, 634n
, 645n
, 653n
, 656n
, 662n
, 665n
, 670n
, 672n
, 676n
, 679n
, 687n
- Korean (ROK) political situation,
554–555
- Baran, Saul, 403
-
Barbis, George M.,
425n
, 435n
, 436n
, 440n
, 457n
, 471n
, 496n
, 497n
, 498n
, 503n
, 515n
, 522n
, 529n
- Becker, George H., Jr., 403
-
Becker, Loftus E.,
64, 67, 68, 90
- Beech, Keyes, 607–608
- Berlin, Germany, 262
- Blankinship, Byron E. 224, 231n
, 238n
, 249n
- Blaser, Arthur F., Jr., 226, 229n
- Boggs, Marion W., 160, 324, 483, 554, 610, 665, 710, 713
- Bohlen, Charles E., 140
- Bonins. See
Ryukyus and Bonins.
-
Booth, Lt. Gen. Donald P.,
161, 224, 389, 392
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 100, 106n
, 107n
, 108, 111,
116, 119n
, 231n
, 232,
238n
, 249n
, 251
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 373, 374
- Bourguiba, Habib, 266
- Brazil, 209
- Bureau of the Budget, U.S., 311, 313, 708
-
Burke, Adm. Arleigh A.:
- Korea, Republic of:
- Armed Forces, 562, 563, 564
- Unilateral actions against DPRK, U.S. policy re, 569
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces, 444
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 59n
, 65,
66, 67,
68, 691
-
Burns, Lt. Gen. Robert W.,
92, 161, 169, 175n
, 224, 290, 357, 389, 391, 392
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 96, 99, 100, 106, 107,
108, 111, 113, 116, 119, 121, 125,
126, 131, 139, 140, 153, 156, 163,
176n
, 177, 181,
184n
, 187n
, 188, 191,
193, 194, 196, 198, 201, 204, 231n
, 232,
236, 238n
, 244,
245, 246, 249n
,
250, 251, 252, 283
- Air defense arrangements, 168n
-
Calhoun, John A.,
306n
- Cargo, William I., 687n
- Carmody, R. J., 493n
,
499n
- Cassilly, Thomas, 58, 64, 74
- Catholic Church (ROK), 466–467, 607–608, 629–630
-
Chang Myon, 524, 525, 621, 661
-
Eisenhower, meeting with, 672n
- Exchange rate, 690
- Korean (ROK)
political situation:
- Assassinations of government officials, possible, 466–467
- Consultation with McConaughy re, 689–690
- Crisis of 1960, 629–630
- National Assembly elections of 1958, 465–466
- National Assembly elections of 1960, 666, 673n
, 674, 677
- National Security Law, 541–542
- Presidential election of 1960, 596, 599, 603n
, 605n
, 607
- Prime Minister, election as, 681
- Resignation as vice president, 633–634
- Stable political environment, efforts to achieve, 693–696
- Korean reunification, 464–465
- Personal safety, fear for, 466–467
- Police forces, 695
- Chang T’aek-sang, 512
- China, People’s Republic of (PRC), 76–77
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 329
- Japan:
- Political offensive against, 359–361, 380–381, 384
- Relations with, 115, 263–264, 277–278, 287, 342, 387–388, 390, 391, 392, 406, 420–421
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces:
- Communist-Allied communications re, 455–456
- Communist proposal (1958), 436–437, 448
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 109
- Tibet, incursion into, 266
- U.S. policy toward, 263
-
Cho Bong-am, 433–434, 461–462
- Cho Chae-ch’on, 605, 677
-
Cho Chong-hwan, 428, 507n
, 556, 557, 558
-
Cho Pyong-ok, 512, 513, 516–517, 533, 542, 596, 600n
, 607
- Choi, Duk-Shin 631, 632, 633n
- Chon Song-ch’on, 555n
- Chong Un-gap, 547
- Chou En-lai, 440n
, 448
- Chu Yo-han, 548–549
- Chun Taek-po, 648n
- Commerce, U.S. Department of, 311, 313, 323
- Congress, U.S.:
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 328
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 117n
, 127,
139, 188, 237–238, 241, 284, 294
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 274–275, 373–374
- Cummings, Gen. Emerson L., 619
-
Cutler, Robert, 432n
, 463, 464
- Cyprus, 16
- Daniels, Paul C., 443n
- de Gaulle, Charles, 267, 280, 281
- de la Mare, A. J., 447n
-
Decker, Gen. George H.:
- Korea, Republic of:
- Economic situation, 492, 494
- U.S. military presence, 476–477
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces:
- Modern military equipment for, 493–494
- Reduction of forces, 425, 427–429, 431, 438–439, 446, 449, 452–455, 468, 479–480, 493, 499, 505–507
- Defense, U.S. Department of (see also
Joint Chiefs of Staff):
- Japan:
- Korea, Republic of:
- U.S. military assistance, 582n
- U.S. military presence, 424,
476
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces:
- Combat readiness issue, 560
- Modern military equipment for, 450–451, 493–494, 497–498, 501
- Reduction of forces, 449–450, 468–471, 493–494, 499–501, 560–561
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 121, 232, 239,
248
- Administrative Agreement, 174,
177
- Air defense arrangements, 168n
Consultation formula,
90–91, 107
- State–Defense discussion re, 64–69
- U.N. operations in Far East and (Acheson–Yoshida notes), 256
- U.S. base rights in Japan, 90,
91
- Ryukyus and Bonins:
- Territorial waters issue, 282
- Deming, Olcott H., 100, 106n
, 107n
, 108, 111, 116, 119n
, 161
-
Dillon, C. Douglas, 280, 333n
, 596n
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 327, 354, 355
- Japan, 73n
, 221, 412
- Japanese-U.S. economic relations:
- Dollar discrimination, 226–229
- Japanese import restrictions, 226–229, 411–412
- U.S. economic policy toward Japan, 322, 323
- Korea, Republic of:
- Unilateral actions against DPRK, U.S. policy re, 553
- U.S. economic assistance, 665
- U.S. military assistance, 594,
708, 709–710
- U.S. policy toward, 550, 553
- Korean (ROK) political situation,
664
- Chang–McConaughy consultation re, 687–689
- Huh caretaker government, 656–657
- National Assembly elections of 1960, 653–656
- Presidential election of 1960, 599
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 165, 254
- Administrative Agreement, 170–174, 176–177, 229–230
- Constitutional issues, 166–167, 185, 196–197
- Consultation formula, 167–168, 248
- Draft treaties, 164–167, 184–185
- Mutuality issue, 197
- Pacific area issue, 165, 184, 196
- Ryukyus and Bonins and, 249–250
- Signing in summer of 1959,
proposed, 159–160
- U.N. operations in Far East and (Acheson–Yoshida notes), 187–188
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 175, 249–250, 320, 321
-
Douglas, James H.,
316, 319–320
-
Dowling, Walter C.,
427
- Consultations in Washington, 529–531, 532–534
- Korea, Republic of:
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces:
- Modern military equipment for, 503, 583–584
- Reduction of forces, 432n
, 438, 446–447, 458–459, 477–478, 505n
, 507n
, 582–585
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- Assassinations of government officials, possible, 466–467
- Legislative deadlock, 547–549, 586
- Moderate coalition, possible, 586–587
- National Assembly elections of 1958, 465–466
- National Security Law, 508–509, 511–512, 513–514, 516, 518, 519, 520, 522n
, 523–525
- Presidential election of 1960, 589
-
Rhee government’s determination to
retain power, 532–534, 535, 536, 585–587
-
Rhee’s decision-making system, 580–581
- Suppression of opposition forces, 462, 533
- U.S. program to influence political developments, 534–540, 587–589
- Korean reunification, 464–465
- Draper, William H., Jr., 319, 543, 545–547
-
Dulles, Allen W.,
610, 651, 664
-
Dulles, John Foster:
- Japan, 1–2,
14, 73n
, 74–84,
- Korea, Republic of (ROK), 474n
, 498, 532–534
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- National Security Law, 514–515
-
Rhee government’s determination to
retain power, 532–534
- U.S. program to influence political developments, 540n
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces:
- Communist-Allied communications re, 457, 458n
- Communist criticism of Allies’ refusal to withdraw, 503
- Communist proposal (1958), 440, 442n
, 447–449
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 8, 10, 14n
, 22,
34, 37,
59, 100
- Administrative Agreement, 89,
120–121
- Consultation formula, 90–92, 107
- Duration period of, 239–240
- Fujiyama meeting re, 74–81
- Japanese objectives, U.S. concerns about, 36–38
- Mutuality issue, 79–80
- Negotiations, 84, 88–89
- Soviet nuclear threat and, 76–77
- Treaty area, 78, 119–120
- U.S. base rights in Japan, 90,
91, 121
- U.S.-Japanese alignment and, 61–63, 80–81
- Okinawa, 16n
,
21–22
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 4n
, 31, 37, 82
- Soviet nuclear policy, 76–77
- Dunnigan, Thomas J., 387n
- East-West relations, 262–263
- Eda, Saburo, 366
-
Eisenhower, Dwight D.:
- Arms control, 262
- Asian problems, U.S.-Japanese consultation on, 264
- Development assistance programs, 267–268
- East-West relations, 262–263
- Japan, 316
- Communist political offensive against, 260–261
-
Kishi’s U.S. visit,
220n
,
259–268
- Korea (ROK), relations
with, 669, 671
-
MacArthur’s
briefing, 407–409
- U.S. economic policy toward Japan, 322, 323, 324, 336
- U.S. military assistance, 317,
318, 319, 320
- Visit to, proposed (1960), 261, 301, 302–303, 309n
, 315, 327–328, 335n
, 355, 363, 367–368, 408
- Korea, Republic of, 534n
, 665, 712
- Japan, relations with, 669,
671
-
McConaughy’s
briefing, 691–693
- Unilateral actions against DPRK, U.S. policy re, 568, 569
- U.S. military presence, 429n
, 567
- Visit to (1960), 617, 632, 664, 668–672
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces:
- Modern military equipment for, 481, 482, 563, 566
- Reduction of forces, 432n
, 481, 482, 562, 563–564, 565, 566–567, 711–712
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- Crisis of 1960, 623, 647n
, 651
- Democracy, U.S. support for, 568
- National Security Law, 522–523
- Korean reunification, 712
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 160, 222, 375
-
NSC consideration of economic
matters, 322–323
- Okinawa, 16–17, 21–22
- Visit to (1960), 354, 356n
, 371–374
-
Rhee, correspondence with, 522–523, 525n
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 161, 320, 374
- Closer relations with Japan, 321, 322
- Currency conversion, 31–32, 50
- U.S. economic assistance, 373–374
- World tour (1959), 265–266, 280
-
Eisenhower, Lt. Col. John S. D.,
371, 407, 409, 522n
, 634, 644–645, 672n
, 691n
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed
(1960), 223, 261, 291, 315, 327, 361, 408
- Communist-inspired violence preceding, 362–363, 364, 365
- Demonstrations, potential for, 325,
329–330,
359, 361
- Effect of visit, MacArthur’s assessment of, 223–224, 361–362
-
Eisenhower’s apprehensions about, 327–328
- Political cooperation in Japan for, 351–352
- Postponement/cancellation of, 330–331, 334–335, 352–353, 355–356
- Security-related concerns, 333–334, 335,
349–351,
355, 362
- Elang, W., 91n
- European trading blocs, 280
- Export-Import Bank, 339, 406–407, 417
- Fedorenko, 210
-
Felt, Adm. Harry D.,
92, 169, 221, 224, 290, 356, 389, 391, 392, 400
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 59n
, 96,
99, 100,
106n
, 107n
, 116, 119n
, 121,
125, 126, 130, 131, 139, 140, 153,
156, 163, 176n
,
177, 181, 184n
,
187n
, 188, 191,
193, 194, 196, 198, 201, 204, 231n
, 232,
236, 238n
, 244,
245, 246, 249n
,
250, 251, 252, 283
- Consultation formula, 55–56
- Mutuality issue, 53–54
- Treaty area, 102
- U.S. base rights in Japan, 55
- Nuclear weapons in Japan, 56
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 161, 175n
- Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1951), 52–56
- Forman, Douglas N., 440n
-
Fujiyama, Aiichiro, 2n
, 335n
, 386
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 307–309, 363–364
- Japanese-U.S. economic relations, 214–218
-
Kishi’s U.S. visit (1960), 219–220, 259,
268
-
LDP presidency, interest in, 386
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 6n
, 111n
, 202, 204, 206,
225, 358,
- Abrogation issue, 79, 191
- Administrative Agreement, 112–113, 121–126, 128–129, 140–153
- Collective security issue, 136, 178
- Communiqué on, 255–256
- Constitutional issues, 169–170, 178, 179–180, 181–183, 192, 193–194, 198–200, 201–202
- Consultation formula, 78–79, 102–103, 127, 200, 202, 225, 250–251, 255–256
- Diet debate on, 204–205, 296
- Draft treaties, 136, 137, 177–180
- Indirect aggression issue, 234, 252–253, 255
- Japanese interest, announcement of, 34, 43–45, 58
-
LDP factionalism and, 111–112
- New treaty, Japanese preference for, 75, 79
- “Pacific area” issue, 177–178, 191, 198, 200, 201–202
- Review of treaty, provisions for, 236–237, 245
- Ryukyus and Bonins and, 101–102, 225, 234, 251–252, 255
- Signing in summer of 1959,
proposed, 130, 195, 205
- Signing of (January 1960), 205–206
- Treaty area, 78, 127
- U.N. operations in Far East and (Acheson–Yoshida notes), 163–164, 189, 190, 244
- U.S.-Japanese alignment and, 81, 375–376
- U.S. package proposal on several issues, 200, 201–202
- Nuclear weapons issue, 78–79, 83
- Okinawa, Japan’s commitment to, 81–82
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 6n
, 44, 276
- U.N. membership for Korea and Vietnam, 276
- U.S. visits, 73–84, 221
-
Fukuda, Takeo, 111, 130, 304–305
- Fulbright, J. W., 127, 139, 328
- Funada, Naka, 204, 289, 293–294, 297–299, 327n
-
Gates, Thomas S., Jr.,
249n
, 256, 712
- General Accounting Office (GAO), 534n
- German reunification, 262
- Germany, Federal Republic of, 63, 158, 221, 222, 322, 323, 324
-
Gilstrap, Sam P.,
541–542, 543, 544
- Gleason, S. Everett, 559n
, 570
-
Goodpaster, Brig. Gen. Andrew J.,
31n
, 259n
, 301,
306n
, 331, 333n
, 355, 362, 364, 368, 373, 374
-
Gray, Gordon:
- Japan, 160, 314, 315, 316, 319,
320, 321, 322, 323
- Korea, Republic of, 553, 567, 665
- Communist renewal of hostilities, U.S. policy re, 707–708
- Political situation, 568, 664
- Unilateral actions against DPRK, U.S. policy re, 568
- U.S. military assistance, 708,
709, 710, 712
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces:
- Korean reunification, 712
-
Green, Marshall, 14n
, 38n
, 64,
471n
, 672n
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- Crisis of 1960, 605–606
- Presidential election of 1960, 603–605, 608–610
- Stable political environment, efforts to achieve, 693–696
- U.S. program to influence political developments, 686n
- Gregory, John M., Jr., 521n
-
Hagerty, James C.,
329, 349, 371
- Han Hui-sok, 544
- Harada, 392–393
- Hare, Raymond A., 656n
-
Harr, Karl G., Jr.,
159, 463, 552–553
- Harriman, W. Averell, 565
- Harrison, Capt, 126, 131, 139, 161, 163
- Hashimoto, Ryogo, 375–376
- Henderson, Gregory, 433n
- Henderson, Loy D., 645–646, 651
-
Herter, Christian A.,
276, 281, 282, 446n
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 223, 280, 327,
363
- Japan, 273, 279, 312
- China (PRC), relations
with, 277–278
-
Fujiyama’s U.S.
visit (1959), 221
-
Hagerty’s visit to
(1960), 333
-
Kishi’s U.S. visit
(1960), 220n
, 259, 268–282
- Korea (ROK), relations
with, 275–276
- Koreans, repatriation of, 388
-
Kosaka’s U.S. visit
(1960), 398–401
- Neutralism in, 387–388
- Japanese political situation, 284,
387–388
- Japanese-U.S. economic relations, 269,
270, 271
- Korea, Republic of, 464, 567, 708,
712
- Japan, relations with, 275–276
- Unilateral actions against DPRK, U.S. policy re, 568, 569
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces:
- Combat readiness issue, 560,
563
- Modern military equipment for, 481, 502
- Reduction of forces, 432n
, 463, 478, 481, 562, 711
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- Crisis of 1960, 615–616, 623, 634–637
- Democracy, U.S. support for, 568
- National Assembly elections of 1960, 662–663, 666–667
- National Security Law, 521
- Presidential election of 1960, 600, 606–608, 624–626, 627–629
- U.S. program to influence political developments, 540n
, 589
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 126, 256, 284,
292, 375
- Administrative Agreement, 221–222
- Consultation formula, 231,
250–251
- Far East issue, 231–232
- Indirect aggression issue, 232, 238–239
- Review of treaty, provisions for, 237–238, 242–243
- Ryukyus and Bonins and, 231,
249n
- Treaty area, 106–107
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 51n
, 274, 400
- Mutual Security Treaty and, 231, 249n
- Territorial waters issue, 282
- U.N. membership for Korea and Vietnam, 276
- Herz, Martin F., 213n
- Hickenlooper, Bourke B., 127, 139
- Hillyard, H. L., 69n
- Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 367n
, 371
- Ho Chung. See
Huh
Chung
.
- Ho Jung. See
Huh
Chung
.
- Hong, 620, 621,
622
- Hoshina, Adm. Zenshiro, 101
- Howe, Capt. Thomas, 64, 398, 401
-
Huh Chung, 581, 648, 651, 653n
, 659n
, 663
-
Eisenhower, meeting with, 668–672
- Japanese-Korean relations, 648–649, 669–672
- Korean (ROK) political situation,
640, 668
- Hull, Gen. John E., 543, 545
- Hyon Sok-ho, 605
-
Ichimada, Hisato, 3
-
Ikeda, Hayato, 186, 208, 214n
, 218,
290, 291, 299, 390, 393, 394
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 309, 408
-
Kishi’s resignation, 300, 357
-
LDP president, election as, 385–386
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 288, 296, 299–300, 358n
, 399–400
- Political background, 385–386
- Prime Minister, election as, 358, 376–377, 385n
- Repatriation of Koreans in Japan, 393–394
- Soviet Union, Japan’s relations with, 392–393
- U.S.-Japanese relations, policy on, 389–390, 393, 417
-
Ikeda, Teiji, 295
- India, 7, 265, 266
- Indonesia, 7, 209,
264
- Inter-American Bank, 208–209
- International Development Agency, 281
- International Monetary Fund (IMF), 227
- International Press Institute (IPI), 558
- Iran, 266
-
Irwin, John N., II, 20n
, 90, 268, 398, 424n
-
Ishibashi, Tanzan, 277, 288, 290, 294, 296, 386
-
Ishii, Mitsujiro, 109, 291, 298–299, 300, 358, 392
- Isoda, Yoshisuke, 226, 410
- Italy, 265
- Iwai, Akira, 325, 366
- Japan (see also
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan,
proposed; Japanese political situation;
Japanese-U.S. economic relations; Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan;
Okinawa; Ryukyus and
Bonins; Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan):
- Asian problems, U.S.-Japanese consultation on, 264
- China (PRC), relations with, 115, 263–264, 277–278, 287,
342, 387–388, 390, 391,
392, 406, 420–421
- Communist aggression in Far East, 115
- Communist political offensive against, 260–261, 331–332, 359–361, 366, 369,
380–381,
384
- Defense buildup, 271–272
- Defense expenditures, 1–3, 32–33, 318, 340–341
- Development assistance programs, 6–7, 208–209, 267–268, 280–281, 339
-
Dillon’s visit (1959), 226–230
- Economic situation, 287, 319, 410,
412
- U.S. assessment of, 338–340
- F–104 program, 272–273
- Fujiyama’s U.S. visits, 73–84, 221
-
Hagerty’s visit (1960), 325, 330, 331–332, 333,
350, 359–360
- Indonesia, policy toward, 7, 209, 264
- International position and orientation, 114–116, 286–288, 341–343
-
Kishi’s U.S. visit (1960), 219–220, 259–282
- Korea (ROK), relations with, 208, 275–276, 408–409, 546,
648–649,
650, 669–672, 688, 698
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces, 444
- Koreans, repatriation of, 264n
, 275–276, 388, 389–390, 393–394, 669–670
-
Kosaka’s U.S. visit (1960), 398–407
- Kuriles and South Sakhalin issue, 17,
18, 345
- Labor movement, 399
- Neutralism in, 25, 115–116, 288, 342,
380, 387–388, 391, 417–418
-
NSC
6008:
- Approval of, 324
- Interagency disagreements in draft paper, 310–314
-
NSC discussion re, 314–324
- Text of, 335–349
- Nuclear weapons issue, 27, 41, 56, 71, 78–79, 83, 94, 115, 287
- Oil supply, 406–407, 412–413
- Overseas dispatch of troops, 47
- Regional security role, U.S. policy on, 310, 312–313, 315–316, 323–324, 345
- Reparation payments, 7, 204–205, 264
- Scientific cooperation with U.S., 279
- Self Defense Forces, 75, 340
- Soviet Union, relations with, 115,
342, 345, 392–393
- Strategic importance to U.S., 337
- Strikes and civil unrest (1960), 326, 331–332, 333,
362–363,
364–366,
381–382
- Sunagawa case, 182n
- Territorial waters issue, 282
- Trade and trade policy (see also
Japanese-U.S. economic relations), 4, 7, 279, 339–340, 404–405
- U.S.-Japanese relations, 186–187
-
MacArthur’s
report for Kennedy administration, 413–423
- U.S. military assistance, 271–272, 419–420
- U.S. military presence, 182n
, 273, 287, 341,
419n
- U.S. policy toward (see also
NSC 6008
above
), 671
- Cooperative relations, promotion of, 14–15
- Economic agenda, 347–349
- Future prospects, MacArthur’s assessment of, 382–384
- Military agenda, 345–346
- Political agenda, 344–345
- Pro-American orientation resulting from, 378–379
- Review of, 159–160
- War criminals issue, 83
- Japanese-American Committee on Security, 27–28, 43
- Japanese political situation (see also
Diet debate
under
Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty,
U.S.-Japan):
- Cabinet changes by Kishi, possible, 289, 290
- Communist Party, 338, 352
- Complacency problem, 394–397
- Crisis atmosphere of 1960, causes of, 379–382, 398–399
- Diet dissolution, possible, 283, 284, 285–286
- Elections of 1958, 43
- Elections of 1959, 185–186
- Elections of 1960, 298–299, 393, 410
- Future prospects, MacArthur’s assessment of, 384
-
Ikeda’s election as LDP president, 385–386
-
Ikeda’s election as Prime
Minister, 358, 376–377, 385n
-
Kishi’s resignation, 289, 298,
300, 315, 357–358, 359, 377, 382
-
LDP factionalism, 108–109, 110, 111–112, 288–289, 290,
291, 296, 338
- National constituency system, 186
- Police law affair, 108
- Socialist boycott of Diet, 296–297, 298,
299
- Socialist Party, 186, 338
- U.S. assessment of, 337–338
- U.S. policy on, 344–345
- U.S. public perception of, 387–388
- Japanese-U.S. economic relations, 418
- Dollar discrimination, 226–229, 269
-
GARIOA settlement, 260, 270–271, 317,
413, 421–422
- Japanese exports, 208, 215, 260,
268–269,
404
- Japanese import restrictions, 207–208, 212,
216–218,
226–229,
401–403,
405–406,
410, 411–412
- Japanese investment restrictions, 216–218
- Private economic initiatives, 270,
400–401
- Soyabeans, trade in, 405–406
- U.S. economic policy toward Japan, 322–323, 324, 336,
347–349
- U.S. import restrictions, danger of, 214–216, 228, 269
- Jenkins, Alfred, 589n
,
656n
- John XXIII, Pope, 265
- Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS):
- Japan, 1, 71
-
JCS 2180/120, 69–73
- Korea, Republic of, 474n
, 708
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces, 429–430, 560, 562,
711
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces, 443–444
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 69–73
- Consultation formula, 71, 90–91
- Duration period of, 240
- Treaty area, 104–105
- Okinawa, proposed introduction of nuclear weapons, 30–31
- Ryukyus and Bonins:
- Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1951), 52, 72
-
Jones, Howard P.,
425–426, 433, 436
-
Jones, William G..
509–511
- Judd, Walter H., 522n
,
525–526, 538
- Kamba, Michiko, 366n
- Kashiwagi, Yusuke, 410
- Kashiwamura, 333
- Kasuga, Ikko, 295
- Kato, T., 398, 401
- Kawashima, Shijiro, 111, 295n
, 296,
385, 386
- Kaya, Okinori, 253, 366, 376n
- Kearns-Preston, D., 403
- Khrushchev, Nikita S., 76, 262, 263, 565, 669, 692
- Kim, Helen, 529–530
- Kim Chu-yol, 614, 615
-
Kim Chung-yul:
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces, 425, 426,
427–428,
438, 439, 446, 477–478, 503, 543
- Korean (ROK) political crisis of
1960, 619,
620, 621, 622, 639, 640, 641, 642–643, 644n
-
Kim Il-sung, 436, 440n
- Kim Tal-ho, 433
- Kim To-yon, 681
- Kira, Hidemichi, 404
-
Kishi, Nobusuke, 3, 271, 279, 282
- China (PRC), Japan’s relations
with, 263–264, 277
- Communist political offensive against Japan, 260–261
- Development assistance programs, 267–268, 280–281
- East-West relations, 262–263
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 261, 330
- Political cooperation in Japan for, 351–352
- Postponement/cancellation of, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309, 352–353, 364, 367n
, 368–369, 370–371
- Security-related concerns, 350–351
- F–104 program, 272–273
- Indonesia, policy toward, 264
- Japanese political situation, 386
- Cabinet changes, possible, 289, 290
- Diet dissolution, possible, 283, 285–286
- Elections of 1959, 185–186
- Elections of 1960, 298
-
LDP factionalism, 108–109, 110, 290
- Resignation as Prime Minister, 289, 298, 300, 315, 357–358, 359, 377, 382
- Socialist Party, 186
- Japanese-U.S. economic relations:
- Korea (ROK), Japan’s relations
with, 275–276, 669
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 11, 37n
, 59, 92, 95, 109, 204, 292n
- Administrative Agreement, 121n
, 122, 128–129, 246n
- Communiqué on, 255–256
- Communist attitude toward, 109, 283
- Constitutional issues, 181,
192
- Consultation formula, 202,
247, 248, 250–251, 255–256, 260
- Diet debate on, 290, 296, 358–359, 369–370
- Exchange of ratifications, 369–370
- Indirect aggression issue, 234, 252–253, 255
- Japanese interest, announcement of, 34, 58
-
LDP factionalism and, 108–110
- Opposition in Japan, 261, 369
- Review of treaty, provisions for, 236, 240, 241, 245–246
- Ryukyus and Bonins and, 110,
234, 251–252, 255
- Signing in summer of 1959,
proposed, 130, 195
- Signing of (January 1960), 219–220
- U.N. operations in Far East and (Acheson–Yoshida notes), 189, 190
- U.S. package proposal on several issues, 201–202
- Popular attitude toward, 298, 357, 380
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 274–275
- U.S.-Japanese relations, 186–187
- U.S. visit (1960), 219–220, 259–282
- Kitazana, Naokichi, 389n
- Kiya, Masao, 409
- Kiyose, Ichiro, 293n
,
295
-
Klemstine, James A.,
589n
, 600n
- Kondo, S., 398, 401
- Kono, Ichiro, 111, 162, 186, 210–211, 224n
, 288, 289, 296, 298, 300, 358n
, 376, 386
- Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of (DPRK):
- Hijacking of ROK plane, 444–445
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces, 436–437
- Repatriation of Koreans in Japan, 264n
, 275–276, 388, 389–390, 393–394, 669–670
- U.S. policy toward, 491, 579, 706–707
- Korea, Republic of (ROK) (see also
Korean (ROK) Armed
Forces; Korean (ROK) political situation):
- Communist renewal of hostilities, U.S. policy re, 704–705, 707–708
- Economic situation, 697
- Budgetary problems, 492–493, 494–495
- Exchange rate, 543, 546, 688, 690
- Export markets, 543, 546
- Pay raises for government workers, 492–493, 495
- U.S. policy objectives, 488,
576–577, 702
-
Eisenhower–McConaughy meeting re, 691–693
-
Eisenhower’s visit (1960), 617, 632, 664,
668–672
- Future prospects, U.S. estimate re, 697–698
- Hijacking incident, 444–445
- Japan, relations with, 208, 275–276, 408–409, 546, 648–649, 650,
688, 698
- U.S.-ROK discussion re,
669–672
- Police forces, 588, 593, 648,
649, 695
- Reform and development, U.S. policy objectives re, 702–703
- Religious persecution in, 607
- Repatriation of Koreans in Japan, 264n
, 275–276, 388, 389–390, 393–394, 669–670
- U.N. membership issue, 276, 703
- Unilateral actions against DPRK, U.S. policy re, 490, 551,
553, 568–569, 570, 578,
705
- U.S. Country Team relationship, 534n
- U.S. economic assistance, 464, 539, 610n
, 612,
653n
, 665, 688
- U.S. military assistance:
- Funding cutbacks, 582–585, 594–595
- Program shortcomings, 534n
- U.S. policy revision, 708–710, 712, 713
- U.S. military presence, 463
- Dual-capable weapons, 424,
429n
,
431, 435, 476–477
- U.S. policy revision, 472–473, 475, 486, 551, 567, 569, 575, 703
- U.S. policy toward:
- Economic objectives, 488, 576–577, 702
- Military objectives, 486–487, 575, 705
- Political objectives, 487–488, 575–576, 701
- Post-crisis areas of concentration, 652–653
- Revision of (1958), 460–461, 463–464, 471–476, 480–491
- Revision of (1959), 550–554, 559–570, 571–579
- Revision of (1960), 699–713
- U.S. press in, 538
- U.S.-ROK relations, tensions in,
529–531
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces:
- Air Force, 454, 506
- Budgeting for, 454, 458–459, 470, 507
- Combat readiness issue, 550–551, 559–560, 563,
569, 573
- Coup attempt, possible, 697–698
- Dual-capable weapons issue, 435, 596–598
- Logistical support, 453
- Marine Corps, 454, 506
- Modern military equipment for:
-
DOD approved equipment,
450–451
- Financial considerations, 563,
564, 566
- Jet squadrons, 496, 497–498, 501, 502, 506
- Reduction of forces and, 481–483, 493–494, 496, 497–498, 501, 502, 503
- “Smaller modern force” option, 583–584
- Navy, 453–454, 506
- Pay scale, 459, 692
- Reduction of forces:
- Agreed Minute on, 446–447, 450, 451, 452–455, 458n
, 463, 468–471, 477–478, 505–507
- Budgeting and, 458–459
- Delivery of modern equipment and, 481–483, 493–494, 496, 497–498, 501, 502, 503
- Gradual reductions after 1959,
proposed, 551, 560–567
- Hull’s proposal for, 543, 545–546
- Mutually agreed reductions with Communists, proposed, 565, 566
- Negotiations, status report on, 478–480
- Proposals for reductions, U.S. policy on, 705, 711–712
-
ROK counterproposal of
September 1958, 496–501
-
630,000
- strength ceiling, 431–432, 438–439, 446–447, 449–450, 452, 455, 463, 469, 551, 562
-
720,000
- strength ceiling, 425–426, 427–429
- “Smaller modern force” option, 583–584
- Strength figures used in negotiations, 429–430
- U.S. funding cutbacks and, 582–585, 594–595
- U.S. long-term planning re, 473–474, 475–476
- Reserve components, 453, 469, 506
- U.S. policy objectives, 486–487, 575,
705
- Korean Armistice Agreement, U.S. policy re, 488–490, 577–578, 703–705
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces:
- Communist-Allied communications re, 455–456, 457–458, 467
- Communist criticism of Allies’ refusal to withdraw, 503–504
- Communist proposal (1958), 436–437
- Allied response, 442n
, 447–449
- U.S. response, 440–442
- Elections issue, 436, 440–441, 455–456
- Japanese position, 444
- State–JCS discussion re, 443–444
- U.S. position, 440–441
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- Assassinations of government officials, possible, 466–467
-
Chang–McConaughy consultation re, 687–690
-
Chang’s election as Prime Minister, 681
- Consensus lawmaking, need for, 466
- Crisis of 1960, 647, 451
- Broad-based opposition to government, 615–616
- Communist exploitation of, 628–629
- Four-point program to end, 639–645
- Martial law, 619–620
- Resignations of officials, 633–634
-
Rhee’s interpretation of events, 620–621, 629–631
- Rioting, 605–606, 614–615, 618–620, 627–628
- Student demonstrations, 618–620, 627–628, 638
- U.S. public statements on, 620n
, 622n
, 629n
, 632–633, 639n
, 643n
- U.S. response to, 621–622, 623, 634–637
- U.S.-ROK discussions re,
620–622, 627–633, 640–644
- Democracy, U.S. support for, 567–568
- Democratic tradition, 535–536
- Future prospects, U.S. estimate re, 697
- Huh caretaker government, 660
- Legislative deadlock, 541–542, 544, 547–549, 586
- Moderate coalition, possible, 586–587
- National Assembly elections of 1958, 456, 465–466
- National Assembly elections of 1960, 598, 640n
, 641–642, 644, 655,
659, 668
- National Security Law (see
also
Legislative deadlock above
):
- Amendment of, proposed, 541–542
- Crisis situation due to, 518,
519, 520, 525n
, 527
- Legislative debate on, 508–509, 511–512, 513–514
- Passage of, 518, 520
- Press, impact on, 509, 513, 514
- Repressive intent of, 516–517, 535
- Rhee’s position, 515–516, 524–525
- U.S. protests to Rhee, 521,
522–526
- U.S.-ROK discussion re,
513–515, 516, 526–528
- U.S.-ROK relations, impact
on, 529–530
- Newspaper closings, 555, 556–558
- Parliamentary (cabinet) system, 668
-
Huh’s policy re,
659–661
- Legislative debate on, 653–654, 660–661, 662n
, 664
- Proposal for, 640n
, 642, 645
- Public attitude toward, 658–659
- U.S. attitude toward, 656,
665–666
- Presidential election of March, 1960, 571, 589,
610
- Campaign incidents, 600–605, 607–608
- Electoral manipulation by government, opposition concerns
re, 509–511
- Opposition candidates, 596,
599, 600
- U.S. expressions of concern to ROK officials, 606–608
- U.S. public reaction, 608–610
- U.S. response to, 624–626, 627–629, 631–633
- Vice-presidential contest, 571, 600
- Presidential election of July, 1960. See
National Assembly elections of 1960
above.
- Regulation of political parties, 554–555
-
Rhee government’s determination to retain
power, 509–511, 532–534, 535,
536, 585–587
-
Rhee’s decision-making system, 580–581
-
Rhee’s resignation, 638n
, 639–645
- Stable political environment, efforts to achieve, 693–696
- Suppression of opposition forces (see also
National Security Law above
), 433–434, 461–462, 533,
555
- U.S. policy objectives, 487–488, 575–576, 701
- U.S. program to influence political developments:
- Basic principles of, 685–686
- Compromise, encouragement of, 541–542
-
Dowling’s proposal,
534–540, 587–588
- Economic sanctions, 610n
, 612
- Elections, focus on, 665–667, 674–675, 676–678, 679–680
-
McConaughy
proposal, 611–613, 616–618
-
Parsons’ analyses of, 589–594, 681–686
-
Yun’s election as President,
681
- Korean reunification (see also
Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign
forces):
-
Kosaka, Zantaro, 390, 394, 417
- China (PRC), Japan’s relations
with, 391, 406
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 398
- Japanese political situation, 398–399
- Japanese-U.S. economic relations:
- Korea (ROK), Japan’s relations
with, 408–409
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 399–400
- Neutralism in Japan, 391
- Oil supply, 406–407
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 400
- Trade barriers used against Japan, 404–405
- U.S. military presence in Japan, 419n
- U.S. visit (1960), 398–407
- Kuriles and South Sakhalin issue, 17, 18, 345
- Kwak, 580–581
-
Kwak Sang-hun, 668, 694
- Lacy, William S.B., 530
-
Lane, Samuel O.,
440n
, 447n
, 463, 471n
, 478n
, 502n
,
503n
, 515n
, 521n
, 550n
, 554n
, 596n
, 599n
, 615n
, 618n
, 624n
, 634n
, 653n
- Lang, William E., 68, 175n
- Lansdale, Col. Edward G., 545
- Latin American economic development, 208–209
- Law of the Sea Conference (1960), 282
-
Lay, James S., Jr.,
310, 336, 474–475, 484, 559n
, 570n
, 572, 700
- Ledovski, Andrei, 442n
-
Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman L.,
449n
, 468n
- Korea, Republic of:
- Armed Forces, 430, 566, 711
- Communist renewal of hostilities, U.S. policy re, 708
- Unilateral actions against DPRK, U.S. policy re, 568–569
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 64–65, 67–68, 69
- Leonhart, William, 214n
, 350n
- Little, Charles J., 50n
- Long, Edward T., 594n
,
596n
- MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 409
-
MacArthur, Douglas, II, 38n
, 444, 650n
,
693
- China (PRC), Japan’s relations
with, 390, 391, 420–421
- Communist political offensive against Japan, 359–361, 366, 369,
380–381,
384
- Defense expenditures in Japan, 2–3, 32–33
- Development assistance programs, 6–7, 208–209
-
Dillon’s visit to Japan
(1959), 226–230
-
Eisenhower, briefing for, 407–409
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 354, 361, 408
- Communist-inspired violence preceding, 362–363, 364, 365
- Demonstrations, potential for, 325, 329–330, 359, 361
- Effect of visit, assessment of, 223–224, 361–362
- Postponement/cancellation of, 301, 303–309, 330–331, 352–353, 363–364, 367n
, 368–369, 370–371, 395–397
- Security-related concerns, 349–351, 362
-
Fujiyama’s U.S. visit (1958), 74
-
Hagerty’s visit to Japan
(1960), 325,
330, 331–332
- Japanese political situation, 384,
387
- Cabinet changes by Kishi, possible, 289, 290
- Complacency problem, 394–397
- Crisis atmosphere of 1960, causes
of, 379–382
- Diet dissolution, possible, 283, 285–286
- Elections of 1959, 185–186
- Elections of 1960, 393
-
Ikeda’s election as
LDP president, 385–386
-
Ikeda’s election as
Prime Minister, 358, 376–377
-
Kishi’s resignation,
300, 357–358, 359, 377, 382
-
LDP factionalism, 288–289, 290, 291, 296
- Socialist boycott of Diet, 296–297
- Japanese-U.S. economic relations, 418
-
GARIOA settlement, 421–422
- Japanese exports, 208, 215
- Japanese import restrictions, 207–208, 212, 216–218
- Japanese investment restrictions, 216–218
- Private economic initiatives, 270, 401
- U.S. import restrictions, danger of, 214–216
-
Kishi’s U.S. visit (1960), 219–220, 259,
268
-
Kono’s travel abroad, 210–211
- Korea (ROK), Japan’s relations
with, 408–409
-
Kosaka’s U.S. visit (1960), 401, 404
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 36, 37n
, 94, 106, 119, 204, 283, 286, 294, 360
- Abrogation issue, 68, 93–94, 138–139, 191
- Administrative Agreement, 6, 9, 49, 67–68, 93, 97–98, 112–113, 120n
, 121–126, 128–129, 140–155, 156–158
- Collective security issue, 136, 178
- Communiqué, on, 255–256
- Constitutional issues, 138, 169–170, 178, 179–180, 181–183, 192,
193–194,
198–200,
201–202
- Consultation formula, 26, 60, 65–67, 91, 94–95, 97, 102–103, 107,
127, 139–140, 200, 202,
225, 246–247, 250–251, 255–256
- Diet debate on, 204–205, 244,
288–289,
290, 293–294, 295–299, 358–359, 369–370, 382
- Draft treaties, 8–10, 131, 134–139, 177–180
- Duration period of, 239–240
- Exchange of ratifications, 358–359, 369–370
- Indirect aggression issue, 225, 234–235, 252–253, 255
- Internal security of Japan and, 136–137
- Japanese economic objectives in Far East and, 134–135
- Japanese interest, announcement of, 34,
43–45,
58, 60–61
- Japanese pressure for, 46–47
-
Kishi’s resignation and,
300, 359
-
LDP factionalism and, 58, 108–110, 111–112
- Media coverage of, 244–245
- Mutuality issue, 64–65, 67, 97
- Negotiations, U.S. authorization of, 84n
, 88
- Objectives issue, 96–97
- Opposition within Japan, 210, 211, 295–297, 369
- Pacific area issue, 177–178, 191,
198, 200, 201–202
- Pros and cons of, 48–49
- Public relations benefits, 27–28
- Public relations campaign re, 206,
210
- Review of treaty, provisions for, 236–237, 239–242, 245–246
- Ryukyus and Bonins and, 101–102, 103–104, 118,
127, 225, 233–234, 251–252, 255
- Signing in summer of 1959, proposed, 130, 195,
205
- Signing of (January 1960), 205–206, 219–220
- State–Defense discussion re, 64–69
- Treaty area, 8–9, 28, 35, 116–117, 120n
, 137
- U.N. operations in Far East and (Acheson–Yoshida notes), 65, 69, 94, 99–100, 163–164, 188–190, 244–245
- U.S. base rights in Japan, 90, 91n
, 97–98, 117–118, 138, 142–143
- U.S. commitment to Japan, 118–119
- U.S. initiative re, 5–6, 22–23, 28–29, 35–36
- U.S. intelligence missions from bases in Japan and, 292n
- U.S.-Japanese alignment and, 24–29, 34, 61–63, 117, 418–419
- U.S. objectives, 8, 24
- U.S. package proposal on several issues, 200, 201–202
- U.S. withdrawal of forces for defense of other areas, 118
- Okinawa, 4–5, 394
-
Eisenhower’s visit, 354
- Japanese administration issue, 21
- U.S. accommodation of islanders, need for, 421
- U.S. land acquisition policy, 20
- Overseas dispatch of troops by Japan, 47
- Repatriation of Koreans in Japan, 389–390, 393–394
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 5, 19, 20–21,
50, 51n
- Japanese residual sovereignty issue, 161–162, 175
- Mutual Security Treaty and, 101–102, 103–104, 118,
127, 225, 233–234, 251–252, 255
- U.S. civilian administration of, 20–21
- U.S.-Japanese cooperation re, 20
- Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1951):
- Inequality problem, 25
- Japanese termination of, possible, 9
- Revision, pros and cons of, 47–48
- Soviet Union, Japan’s relations with, 392–393
- Strikes and civil unrest in Japan (1960), 326, 331–332, 333, 362–363, 364–366, 381–382
- Trade, Japan’s reliance on, 4, 7
- U.S.-Japanese relations, 186–187
- Report for Kennedy administration on, 413–423
- U.S. military assistance to Japan, 419–420
- U.S. military presence in Japan, 381, 419n
- U.S. policy toward Japan:
- Future prospects, assessment of, 382–384
- Pro-American orientation resulting from, 378–379
- Macdonald, Donald S., 665n
, 676n
,
679n
, 681n
, 687n
-
Macmillan, Harold, 280, 281
-
Macomber, William B., Jr.,
468n
-
Magruder, Lt. Gen. Carter B.,
639, 640, 664, 690n
, 692–693
-
Manhard, Philip W.,
596n
- Mansfield, Mike, 127, 139
-
Martin, James V., Jr.,
58, 64, 74, 88n
, 90n
, 91n
- Martin, Gen. W. K., 449n
- Masutani, 204, 298, 309
- Matsukawa, Michiya, 226
- Matsumae, Lt. Gen. Misoo, 168n
- Matsumura, 277, 289, 294, 296, 300, 386
- Matsutani, 358n
- Mauer, Ely, 449n
-
McConaughy, Walter P.,
276n
, 588n
- Korea, Republic of, 649, 663
-
Eisenhower, briefing for, 691–693
-
Eisenhower’s visit (1960), 632
- Japan, relations with, 649,
650
- U.S. policy toward, 652–653
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- Consultation with Chang re, 687–690
- Crisis of 1960, 614–615, 618–619, 620–622, 629–633, 638, 639–644, 647
-
Huh caretaker
government, 647–650
- National Assembly elections of 1960, 659–661, 673–674, 679n
- Parliamentary (cabinet) system, 658–661
- Presidential election of 1960, 599n
, 603
-
Rhee’s resignation, 639–644
- U.S. program to influence political developments, 611–613, 616–618, 667n
, 674–675, 679n
, 681, 686n
- McCone, John, 567
-
McElroy, Neil H.,
22, 37, 90, 474n
- Japan, 160, 230
- Korea, Republic of:
- Armed Forces, 560–561, 562, 564
- Unilateral actions against DPRK, U.S. policy re, 568
- U.S. military presence, 567
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 104, 126
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 29, 51n
-
Merchant, Livingston T.,
400, 401–402, 403, 589n
, 594–595, 596n
, 600n
, 634n
-
Miki, Takeo, 186, 288, 293–294, 296, 298, 300, 358n
,
376, 386
- Miller, Dudley, 503n
- Mizuta, Mikio, 409–413
-
Moore, Gen. James E.,
6n
, 20n
, 51n
- Morgan, George, 62, 64, 74
- Mori, Haruki, 74, 259, 268
- Moyer, Dr., 468n
, 690n
, 692
- Muccio, John J., 530
-
Mueller, Frederick H.,
322, 323, 404, 405, 406, 407
-
Murphy, Robert D.,
425, 430, 523, 526, 589n
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 168n
, 202
- Abrogation issue, 68, 79, 87, 93–94, 138–139, 191
-
Acheson–Yoshida notes. See
U.N. operations in Far East below
.
- Administrative Agreement, 6, 9, 42, 49, 67–68, 87, 89, 90, 93, 97–98, 112–113, 124,
143, 157, 195n
,
198n
, 246n
- Civilian components of U.S. forces, 141–142, 171
- Conscription of U.S. citizens in Japan into U.S. forces,
149–150
- Cost claims for facilities provided by Japan, 221–222, 229–230
- Customs examination of imported goods, 41, 257, 258
- Documentation of U.S. personnel, 146
- Duty determination in civil claims, 158
- Duty-free imports by U.S. personnel, 146–147, 153–155, 173
- Extraterritorial rights of U.S. firms, 156–157, 174
- Final agreement on, 258
- Interpretive understandings, exchange of notes on, 153–155
- Japanese diversity of opinion on, 121–126, 128–129
- Japanese proposed modifications, text of, 140–153, 156–158
- Japanese proposed modifications, U.S. response to, 170–174, 176–177
- Labor problems, 148, 173, 258
- Number of U.S. personnel in Japan, notification re, 145–146
- Procurement for construction work, 147, 154, 155
- Rights of way outside U.S. bases, 156, 172
- Substantive changes, U.S. opposition to, 120–121
- Yen payments to support U.S. forces, 150, 176–177
- Appropriateness of new treaty, U.S. concerns re, 10–14
- Changes in signed treaty, concerns about, 284, 286
- Collective security issue, 136, 165, 178
- Communiqué on, 250–251, 252,
254, 255–256, 257
- Communist attitude toward, 109, 283
- Congressional debate on, 284, 294
- Constitutional issues, 12–13, 138, 166–167, 169–170, 178, 179–180, 181–183, 185,
192, 193–194, 196–197, 198–200, 201–202
- Consultation formula, 26, 60, 65–67, 88, 102–103, 107, 127,
180n
, 200, 202,
256n
, 260
- Agreement issue, 225, 231, 246–247, 248, 250–251, 255–256, 257
- Exchange of notes re, 139–140, 167–168
- Nuclear weapons and, 78–79, 94,
97
- U.S. military’s position, 41,
55–56, 71
- Waiving of jurisdiction issue, 90–92, 94–95
- Diet debate on, 204–205, 209,
213–214,
244, 283, 284, 288–289, 290, 291n
, 293–294
- Draft treaties:
- First draft by Embassy in Japan, 8–10, 37
- Japanese-modified draft, MacArthur’s assessment of, 134–139
- Japanese-modified draft, text of, 131–134
- Japanese-modified draft, U.S.-Japanese discussion re, 177–180
- Japanese-modified draft, U.S. responses to, 164–167, 184–185
- U.S. draft, text of, 85–87
- Duration period of, 239–240
- Exchange of ratifications, 358–359, 369–370
- Far East issue, 225, 231–232
-
Ikeda government’s policy
on, 399–400
- Indirect aggression issue, 225, 232, 234–235, 238–239, 252–253, 255,
257
- Internal security of Japan and, 136–137
- Japanese economic objectives in Far East and, 134–135
- Japanese interest, announcement of, 34,
43–45,
58
- Japanese objectives, U.S. concerns about, 36–38
- Japanese pressure for, 46–47
- Japanese public opinion on, 109, 360
-
Kishi’s resignation and,
300, 359
-
LDP and cabinet approval, 204, 224–225
-
LDP factionalism and, 58, 108–109, 110,
111–112
- Media coverage of, 244–245
- Mutuality issue, 53–54, 64–65, 67, 79–80, 97, 197
- Negotiations, 6, 100, 95, 111n
- New treaty, Japanese preference for, 75, 79
- Nuclear weapons in Japan, 78–79, 94, 97
- Objectives issue, 96–97
- Opposition within Japan, 210, 211, 213n
, 220,
261, 291n
, 295–297, 369
- Pacific area issue, 165,
177–178,
184, 191, 196, 198, 200, 201–202
- Pros and cons of, 48–49
- Public relations benefits, 27–28
- Public relations campaign re, 206,
209–210
- Ratification of. See
Congressional debate and Diet debate above
.
- Review of treaty, provisions for, 236–238, 239–243, 245–246
- Ryukyus and Bonins and, 12, 35, 97, 101–102, 103–105, 110, 118,
120, 127, 225, 231, 233–234, 249–250, 251–252, 255,
256
- Security Treaty revision as alternative to. See
under
Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan.
- Signing in summer of 1959, proposed, 130, 159–160, 195,
205
- Signing of (January 1960), 205–206, 258
-
Kishi as Japanese
signatory, 219–220
- Socialist draft resolutions, 59
- Soviet nuclear threat and, 76–77
- State–Defense discussion re, 64–69
- Treaty area (see also
Pacific area issue and
Ryukyus and Bonins above
), 8–9, 12, 28, 35, 127, 137
- U.N. operations in Far East and (Acheson–Yoshida notes), 65, 69, 85, 89, 94, 99–100, 163–164, 187–190, 244–245, 256
- U.S. base rights in Japan, 41, 55, 90, 91, 97–98, 114–115, 117–118, 121,
138, 142–143
- U.S. commitment to Japan, 118–119
- U.S. initiative re, 5–6, 22–23, 28–29, 35–36
- U.S. intelligence missions from bases in Japan and, 292, 293
- U.S.-Japanese alignment and, 24–29, 34, 61–63, 80–81, 375–376, 418–419
- U.S. military’s position papers, 38–42, 52–57, 69–73, 104–105
- U.S. objectives, 8, 12, 13–14, 24
- U.S. package proposal on several issues, 200, 201–202
- U.S. withdrawal of forces for defense of other areas, 118
- National Geographic Society, 232
- National Intelligence Estimates:
- National Security Council (NSC):
- Actions
- Documents:
-
NSC
5702/2, 460–461, 463–464, 471–476, 480–483
-
NSC
5817, 483–491, 550–554, 559–570
-
NSC
5907, 571–579
-
NSC
6008, 310–324, 335–349
-
NSC
6018, 699–713
- Economic matters, consideration of, 322–323
- Meetings:
-
371st (July 3, 1958), 471n
-
375th (August 7, 1958), 480–483
-
404th (April 30, 1959), 159–160
-
406th (May 13, 1959), 552–554
-
411th (June 25, 1959), 559–570
-
437th (March 17, 1960), 610
-
442 nd (April 28,
1960), 651
-
446th (May 31, 1960), 314–324
-
447th (June 8, 1960), 664–665
-
469th (December 8, 1960), 707–710
-
470th (December 20, 1960), 710–713
- National Security Law. See under
Korean (ROK) political
situation.
- Nehru, Jawaharlal, 266
- Nishihara, Naokado, 226
-
Nishio, Suehiro, 186, 377
- Nishiyama, A., 398, 401
-
Nixon, Richard M.,
564, 565–566, 651
- Nogami, Susumu, 328n
- Nuclear weapons:
- Japanese policy on, 27, 41, 56, 71, 78–79, 83, 94, 115, 287
- Okinawa, proposed introduction on, 30–31
- Soviet policy on, 76–77, 565
- Test ban, proposed, 262
- Ohata, Tetsuro, 404
- Ohno, Katsumi, 300, 358n
- Okinawa, 4–5, 321, 394
-
Eisenhower’s visit (1960), 354, 356n
, 371–374
- Japanese administration issue, 21–22
- Japanese commitment to, 81–82
- Nuclear weapons, proposed introduction of, 30–31
- U.S. accommodation of islanders, need for, 421
- U.S. “enclave” proposal, 16–17, 21
- U.S. land acquistion policy, 20, 421
- Onda, Tokuo, 366
-
Ono, Bamboka, 298, 385n
- Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), 159, 540n
- Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), 280
- Ortiz, Frank V., 463n
- Ota, Seisaku, 371–374
- Paek Nak-jun, 680
-
Paik Sun-yup, Gen., 427, 438, 446, 480
- Pakistan, 265
- Palmer, Gardner E., 545
- Paris economic conference (1960), 280
- Park Chan-il, 580, 581, 639
- Parsons, Howard L., 1n
,
36n
, 38n
, 58, 64, 74,
440n
, 447n
, 449n
, 464n
, 499n
, 503n
, 525n
, 526n
, 532n
- Korea, Republic of, 435
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces:
- Communist proposal (1958), 436–437
- Japanese position, 444
- State–JCS discussion re,
443–444
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- National Security Law, 515–517
- Suppression of opposition forces, 433–434
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 17–18, 51n
-
Parsons, J. Graham, 64, 74, 91n
, 194, 175n
,
237n
, 239, 248n
, 249n
, 254, 255, 259, 260n
, 261n
, 262n
, 263n
, 267n
, 268, 284, 285, 299, 329, 330n
, 333n
, 354n
, 356, 362, 364, 368, 371, 376, 497n
, 498n
, 499n
, 514n
, 521n
, 525n
, 545, 550n
, 554n
, 585n
,
599n
, 615n
, 616, 624n
, 627, 634n
, 653n
, 656n
, 662n
, 665n
, 670n
, 687n
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 355–356
- European trading blocs, 280
- Japan, 400–401
- China (PRC), relations
with, 277–278
-
NSC
6008, 312–314
- U.S. military presence, 273
- Korea, Republic of:
- Airplane hijacking by DPRK, 444–445
- U.S. policy toward, 471–474
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces:
- Dual-capable weapons issue, 596–598
- Reduction of forces, 473–474
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 62
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 274–275
- U.N. membership for Korea and Vietnam, 276
- Passman, Otto E., 373
- Peoples’ Republic of China. See
China, People’s Republic of.
- Persons, Wilton B., 373, 374
- Peterson, A.F., 600n
,
656n
, 681n
-
Pfeiffer, Harry F., Jr.,
14n
, 84n
, 107n
- Pletcher, Charles H., 50n
- Pyo Wook Han, 556, 558
-
Quarles, Donald A.,
481
- Quinlan, Bishop, 630
- Red Cross Societies, 264n
-
Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 74, 443
-
Rhee, Francesca, 580, 663
-
Rhee, Syngman, 556, 648n
,
650, 657n
, 660n
-
Eisenhower, correspondence with, 522–523, 525n
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces, 425, 428,
432n
, 446, 477,
498, 543
- Korean (ROK) economic situation,
495n
, 543
- Korean (ROK) political situation:
- Crisis of 1960, 620–622, 629–633, 634, 640–644
- Decision-making system, 580–581
- Legislative deadlock, 547–548
- National Security Law, 511–512, 515–516, 521, 522–526
- Presidential election of 1960, 571, 603, 605n
, 607
- Resignation as President, 638n
, 639–645
- Mental deterioration, 581, 633n
- Opposition forces, attitude toward, 531
-
Richards, A. L.,
463–464
- Rittenhouse, Adm. Basil N., 449n
, 468n
- Ro, Bishop, 607–608
-
Robertson, Walter S.,
1n
, 4, 447n
, 464n
, 468n
, 493n
, 498n
, 499n
, 502n
, 514n
, 532n
- Japan, 14–15, 84
- Korea, Republic of, 534n
, 546, 551
- Korean (ROK) Armed Forces, 498n
- Korean peninsula, proposed withdrawal of foreign forces, 440–442, 457–458, 503–504
- Korean (ROK) political situation,
513, 519
- National Security Law, 514–515, 526–528
- Newspaper closings, 556–558
- Regulation of political parties, 554, 555n
- U.S. program to influence political developments, 534, 540n
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 8, 23, 38, 61, 62, 64, 106n
, 107n
, 119n
, 126,
164, 167, 170, 187n
, 188, 194, 196n
- Appropriateness of new treaty, U.S. concerns re, 10–14
- Negotiations, U.S. authorization of, 84–85
- U.S. objectives, 12, 13–14
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 17, 19, 51n
, 175n
- Rogers, William, 567
- Rostow, Walt W., 683
- Rowland, William F., 464–467
- Rusk, Dean, 413
- Ryukyus and Bonins (see also
Okinawa):
- Closer relations with Japan, U.S. policy on, 311, 314, 321–322, 324, 347
- Compensation of islanders, 5, 50–51, 82–83, 274–275
- Currency conversion, 31–32, 50–51
- Duration of U.S. control, 6n
, 311, 313, 320–321, 324,
346
- Japanese administration issue, 17–18, 19
- Japanese residual sovereignty issue, 161–162, 175
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan 1960), 12, 35, 97, 101–102, 103–105, 110, 118,
120, 127, 225, 231, 233–234, 249–250, 251–252, 255,
256
- Strategic importance to U.S., 29–31
- U.S. civilian administration of, 20–21
- U.S. economic assistance, 20, 373–374
- U.S.-Japanese cooperation re, 20, 82, 274
- Sakai, Toshihiko, 226, 227
- Sakamoto, Capt., 371
- Sandri, Henry J., 431n
,
449n
, 468n
- Sangjin Chyun, 627
-
Sato, Eisaku, 223, 280, 290, 291, 309, 358n
- Development assistance programs, 208–209
-
Dillon’s visit to Japan
(1959), 226–230
- Japanese-U.S. economic relations:
-
Kono’s travel abroad, 210–211
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 288
-
Scribner, Fred C., Jr.,
564–565, 709, 712
- Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1951),
9, 25, 44, 75
- Seligmann, Albert, 206, 214n
- Shimanouchi, George, 398, 401, 404
- Shimanouchi, Toshiro, 78, 259, 268
- Shimoda, 17–18
- Shin Yong Lho, 606
- Shuff, Charles H., 449n
-
Smith, Gerard C.,
444, 471, 596n
-
Sneider, Richard L.,
106n
, 119n
, 164n
, 167n
, 170n
, 175n
, 176n
, 184n
, 187n
, 196n
, 221, 231n
, 237n
, 238n
,
242n
, 248n
, 49n
, 256n
, 268, 271n
, 274n
, 275n
, 277n
, 278n
, 279n
, 282n
, 284n
, 292n
, 312n
, 387n
, 398, 401
- Sohyo General Council of Trade Unions, 325,
326, 352, 359, 364–365
-
Song Yo-chan, Lt. Gen.,
619, 638, 646
- Southeast Asian economic development, 6–7, 208, 209, 281
- Soviet Union, 43–44,
329, 669, 692
- Afghanistan, relations with, 265–266
- East-West relations, 262–263
- Japan:
- Korean (DPRK) hijacking of ROK plane, 445
- Korean reunification, 465
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 109, 283
- Nuclear weapons, policy on, 76–77, 565
- Sparkman, John, 390
-
Sprague, Mansfield D.,84n
, 90, 468n
- Korea, Republic of:
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 66, 67, 68, 69
-
Stans, Maurice, 563, 564, 565, 566, 708–709, 711, 712
-
Steeves, John M.,
231n
, 238n
, 292n
, 301n
, 306n
, 354n
, 387n
, 589n
, 596n
, 615n
, 634n
, 645n
, 662n
, 676n
, 679n
- Korean (ROK) political situation,
600–602
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 38–42, 256–258, 375–376
- Stephens, John A., 329, 330n
, 331,
356
- Stilson, Marian S., 302n
, 623n
- Stump, Adm. Felix B., 27, 38
- Suk Sang-ok, 648n
- Sunagawa case, 182n
- Swayne, Kingdon W., 387n
- Takasaki, Tatsunosuke, 393
- Tanaka, H., 398, 401
-
Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D.,
443, 444, 445, 545
- Tibet, 266
- Togo, 74
- Top, Hideki, 298
- Treasury, U.S. Department of the, 311, 313, 317–318, 319
- Tsushima, Juichi, 3
- Tsutsumi, Yasujiro, 290n
, 299n
- Tunisia, 266
- Turkey, 265
-
Twining, Gen. Nathan F.,
316, 443, 444, 664
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 104–105
- Okinawa, proposed introduction of nuclear weapons, 30–31
- Ryukyus and Bonins, 29–31, 104–105, 321
- United Kingdom, 26, 318
- United Nations:
- Korean membership issue, 276, 703
- Korean reunification issue, 688
- U–2 intelligence missions, 292, 293, 381
- Van Fleet, Gen. James A., 327
- Vettel, Thelma E., 404, 410, 679n
- Vietnam, Republic of, 7, 276
- Warne, William E., 492, 494, 495n
- Waugh, Samuel C., 407
- Weil, T. Eliot, 427, 428
- Weiss, Seymour, 596n
,
687n
- White, John, 58, 64
- White, Lincoln, 521n
,
609n
-
White, Gen. Thomas D.,
482
- Wickel, James J., 259
- Wiley, Alexander, 127, 139
- Wilson, James, 545
- Won Yon Duu, Gen., 580
-
Yamada, Hisanari:
-
Eisenhower’s visit to Japan, proposed (1960), 307, 309, 370
- Communist-inspired violence preceding, 362–363
- Security-related concerns, 349–350
- Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty, U.S.-Japan (1960), 127, 169, 180,
183, 192
- Consultation formula, 246–247
- Indirect aggression issue, 234–235
- Review of treaty, provisions for, 245–246
- Ryukyus and Bonins and, 120n
, 233–234
- Repatriation of Koreans in Japan, 389n
- Yang. See
You Chan
Yang
.
- Yasukawa, Takeshi, 74, 268, 398, 401
- Yi Chae-hak, 544
- Yi Chong-ch’an, 667
- Yi Kang-hak, 604
-
Yi Ki-pung, 462, 513, 535, 542, 571, 581, 600, 604, 605n
, 636,
640n
, 642, 648n
- Yi Oh’ol-sung, 643
- Yi Pyong-do, 648n
- Yokomichi, 295
-
Yoshida, Shigeru, 111, 211, 212, 288, 289n
, 290, 291, 300, 301, 357–358, 376, 392, 393
-
You Chan Yang:
- Yu Chin-san, 508
-
Yu Jae Hung, Lt. Gen.,
427, 438
- Yun, S.H., 526
- Yun Chae-sul, 542, 549
- Yun Ho-pyong, 648n
-
Yun Po-sun, 677, 681
- Zengakuren student organization, 324, 326n
, 330, 331, 332, 352, 360, 364, 365–366, 381
- Zurhellen, J. Owen, 58, 64, 74, 503n