Index

• Abbas, Ferhat, 430
• Abboud, Ibrahim, 177–178, 623, 630
• Abrams, Eugene B., 714n
• Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Alhaji, 221–222
• Achilles, Theodore C., 110
• Acly, Robert A., 740n
• Adeel, Omar Abdel Hamid, 596, 623
• Aden, 176
• Adenauer, Konrad, 70
• Adoula, Cyrille, 561, 585–586, 605n, 620
• Africa (see also specific countries and areas):
  • Asian minorities, 61, 64–65, 79, 92–93
  • British economic aid, 94–95
  • Chinese People’s Republic, relations with, 135–136
  • communist influence (see also Chinese People’s Republic subheadings under other subjects; Soviet bloc subheadings under other subjects; specific countries and areas), 8, 49, 67, 69–70, 82, 100–101, 130, 159
    • nationalist movements and, 8–9, 12, 25, 38, 41
  • independence (see also Newly independent countries; specific countries, areas, and organizations), 2–3, 7–8, 38, 40–44, 46–47, 49, 94
  • multilateral economic aid (see also U.S. economic aid below and under other subjects), 10, 19–20, 48, 51, 96, 105, 113, 147–148, 150, 153–154
  • neutralism, 149
  • racial policies (see also Union of South Africa; white settlers below; specific countries and areas;), 5, 8, 29, 59, 61, 63–64, 91, 122
    • U.S. domestic racial issues and, 21, 28–29, 82, 123, 731
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 41, 47, 49, 101, 148, 153–154, 157
  • tripartite talks, 44–53, 52–53, 96, 689–691
  • United States, relations with, 10, 23, 127, 151–153
  • U.S. economic aid (see also multilateral economic aid above and under other subjects), 47–48, 76–77, 127–128, 134, 156–157, 262
  • U.S. military aid, 148–149, 154–156, 155–156, 158–159
  • U.S. policy toward, 43–44, 53, 126–127, 147–149, 151–152, 159–160, 167–170, 196, 654–657
  • white settlers (see also racial policies above and under other subjects), 5, 12, 20, 54, 59, 61, 63–65, 63–66, 79, 89, 91
• Africa South of the Sahara (see also British territories; East, Central, and South Africa; French territories; French Tropical Africa; specific countries), 22–37
  • communist influence, 29, 38, 40
  • economic situation, 14–15, 31–32, 34–35
  • independence, 12, 15–16, 19–20, 25, 27–29, 39, 129–130
  • multilateral economic aid, 19–20, 105, 110, 112–113, 115–116
  • NSC discussions, 13–16, 19–22
  • OCB reports, 11–13, 39–40
  • regional cooperation, 10, 13, 32–35, 37
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 12, 25, 29, 39, 104, 114
  • United States, relations with, 14, 22, 26, 69–72, 105–106, 114, 137
  • U.S. economic aid, 16, 19–21, 27, 33–36, 39, 69–70, 99–106, 109–116, 133
  • U.S. policy toward, 12, 16, 19–21, 24–37, 39, 46
• African Front conference (Abidjan, Oct. 1960), 235, 569
• African National Congress (ANC), 12, 733
• Afro-Asian bloc (see also specific countries), 46, 69, 94, 518, 524, 609, 742, 745
• Afro-Asian conferences, 204
• Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Conference (Cairo, Dec. 1957–Jan. 1958), 8–9, 12
• Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Council, 12, 47
• Ahidjo, Ahmadou, 212
• Akintola, 222
• Aklilou. See Habtewold, Aklilou.
• Alexander, Maj. Gen. H.T., 313, 322–323
• Algeria (see also French territories; North Africa), 43, 132–133, 137, 235, 241, 250, 420, 430
• All-African People’s (Pan African) Conference (Accra, Dec. 1958), 40, 46, 63, 208
• Allen, Arthur B., 191n, 197–198n
• Allen, George V., 20, 184, 186–187, 269, 354, 375
• Alphand, Hervé, 44, 51, 68, 128–129, 468
  • Congo crisis, 333–334, 415–417, 483–484
  • Guinea, 672, 678–679, 689–691, 713–714
• Alsop, Stewart, 629
• Amory, Derek Heathcoat. See Heathcoat Amory, Derek.
• Anderson, Robert B., 75, 94–95, 97, 111, 152–153, 158, 183–184, 354, 377
• Angola (see also Africa South of the Sahara; East, Central, and South Africa; Portuguese territories), 6, 15, 58, 62, 90–91, 376
• Arden-Clarke, Charles Noble, 725
• Argentina, 622
• Asbjornson, Mildred, 478n, 553n
• Balewa, Abubukar Tafawa, 227–232, 624
• Barco, James W., 168, 402–405, 542–553, 556–557, 559, 596–600, 608–610
• Barnes, Nathan, 352–353
• Barrows, Leland, 212–213, 240–242
• Bartlett, Frederic P., 214
• Bassompierre, Jean de, 253, 366n, 512n
• Basutoland. See British territories; High Commission territories.
• Baudouin (King of Belgium), 77, 259, 276n
• Baum, Robert D., 435n
• Beard, John, 186
• Beaudry, Robert M., 385n
• Bechuanaland. See British territories; High Commission territories.
• Beeley, Harold S., 401–402
• Behanzin, Louis, 420
• Belgian Congo (see also Africa South of the Sahara; Congo crisis; East, Central, and South Africa; Republic of Congo), 47, 85, 89, 95–96, 220, 254, 257, 274–276
  • Angola, relations with, 6, 90
  • Belgian economic aid, 259, 263, 276
  • economic situation, 15, 30, 61, 88–89, 114, 133, 153, 254, 269–270, 274, 276n
  • foreign investment, 261, 265
  • independence (see also Congo crisis; Republic of Congo), 2, 12, 59, 133, 276
    • Belgian reform policies, 5–6, 62, 65, 77, 89, 94, 251–263, 267, 272
    • nationalist movements, 5, 89, 255–257, 262–266, 263–264, 267n, 275n, 275
  • INGA project, 254, 265
  • Schrijver Plan. See Belgian reform policies under independence above .
  • separatist movements, 77, 89, 275–276, 278n
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 263–264, 267–268, 271–275, 272
  • United States, relations with, 261–267, 272
  • U.S. economic aid, 111, 133–134, 138, 152, 259, 262, 265, 267–270, 274–276
• Belgium (see also Belgian Congo; Belgian subheadings under other subjects; Congo crisis; Republic of Congo; Ruanda-Urundi), 12, 367–368
• Bell, John O., 110, 113–115, 143, 146n, 693n
• Ben Aboud, El-Mehdi, 234
• Bérard, Armand, 416
• Berding, Andrew H., 742
• Berendsen, Ian, 533–534, 544, 568–569, 602
• Beukas, Hans J., 737
• Bing, Geoffrey, 75–76
• Black, Eugene R., 364n
• Blancké, W. Wendell, 218–219
• Blouin, Mme., 420, 528
• Blue, William L., 392n, 446n, 452n, 473n, 521n, 532n, 566n, 592n
• Board of National Estimates, 435–442
• Boggs, Hale, 152
• Boggs, Marion W., 14n, 19–22, 73–78, 126–128, 174, 708, 751
  • Belgian Congo, 257–258, 274
  • Congo crisis, 280, 353, 372–376, 421n, 442–443, 489–491, 496–497, 508–509, 607, 638–639, 642–643
  • West Africa, 93–98, 106–109
• Bohlen, Charles E., 344, 532n, 540, 537n, 549–553, 566n, 574, 577–581, 592n, 611n, 618n, 630n, 760–761
• Bolikango, Jean, 404, 418, 472, 561
• Bomans, Jan Baptist, 255
• Bomboko, Justin (see also Congo crisis: political situation), 299, 429, 567
  • Belgian technicians, 399–400, 625
  • caretaker government, 550, 555, 573, 585
  • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict, 479–482, 489, 502, 506, 518–521, 526n, 527n, 529
  • political situation, 418, 510, 528
  • Soviet bloc, 315, 322–323
  • U.N. intervention, 294, 396–397
• Bourguiba, Habib, 75, 446, 487, 646, 651
• Bowles, Chester, 629
• Bradford, Saxton, 110, 115
• Brand, Vance, 110, 112, 114
• Breitweiser, Maj. Gen. Robert A., 282n
• Brewer, William D., 52
• British East Africa (see also British territories; specific countries), 92–93
• British Somaliland (see also Somalia), 176, 181, 190, 204
• British territories (see also British East Africa; specific countries), 15, 19, 30–31, 39, 59, 61
  • independence, 2, 4–5, 12, 62, 65
• Brown, L. Dean, 45n, 415n, 433n, 713n
• Budget, U.S. Bureau of the, 96, 99, 111, 136n
• Buffum, William B., 392n, 413n, 446n, 452n, 455n, 493n
• Bull, Gen. Odd, 614, 619, 624
• Bunche, Ralph J.:
  • Congo crisis, 292n, 313, 322–323, 356n
    • Belgian troop withdrawal, 311n, 329, 334–335, 344, 396, 398
    • political situation, 354, 518, 547
    • U.N. intervention, 286–287, 289n, 303, 398, 446, 549
• Burden, William A. M., 77, 260n, 262, 267–270, 284–291, 308–309, 330–332, 343, 368n, 381–385
• Burgess, W. Randolph, 98
• Burke, Adm. Arleigh A., 95, 98, 184, 186, 346–349, 453–455, 469, 471
• Byroade, Henry A., 15, 724–726, 730–732
• Cabell, Lt. Gen. Charles P., 107, 280, 560
• Caccia, Harold S., 50–52, 640n, 689–691
• Cairo Afro-Asian Conference. See Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Conference (Cairo).
• Calhoun, Chad F., 669
• Calhoun, John A., 68n, 194–195, 381n, 411n, 413n, 452n, 745n
• Cameroun (see also French territories; French Tropical Africa; West Africa), 3, 18, 56, 120, 125, 138–139, 212, 637
  • communist influence, 12, 18, 56, 502
  • United States, relations with, 10, 74, 138, 212, 242, 245
• Canada, 153, 368, 369n
• Canup, William, 45n, 278n, 291, 317n, 349–351, 386n, 402–403, 512–514, 570, 581–583, 582–584, 674n, 679n, 685n, 689n
• Cargo, William I., 303n, 392n, 446n, 488n, 532n, 566n, 584n, 592n, 602n, 605n, 740n
• Cariappa, Gen., 619
• Carlier, Georges, 251
• Carlucci, Frank C, III, 322
• Cassilly, Thomas A., 226n, 378n, 411n, 515n, 693n, 702n, 709n, 711n, 714n, 716n, 718n
• Castro, Fidel, 448
• Central African Republic (see also French Community), 218, 233
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (see also Dulles, Allen), 179, 503
• Ceylon, 346, 492–493
• Chad (see also French Community), 218, 233
• Chadbourn, Philip H., 253n, 473n, 517n, 605n
• Chase, Peter, 378n
• China, People’s Republic of, 12, 49, 110, 132, 135–136, 193, 201–202, 206, 208, 280, 301, 667
• Church, Frank, 722–723
• Cleveland, Stanley M., 262n, 265n, 270
• Colonial powers (see also Western Europe; specific countries), 12, 16, 19–20, 28, 39, 69–72, 81
• Commerce, U.S. Department of, 136n
• Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa South of the Sahara (see also Foundation for Mutual Assistance of Africa South of the Sahara), 13n
• Committee on Economic Development, 157
• Common Market, 10, 20, 31, 34–35, 39–40, 119, 206
• Commonwealth, 86, 119
• Commonwealth Trade and Economic Conference, 39n
• Conference of Independent African States, 11, 142, 167–168, 455, 651
• Conference of Principal Diplomatic and Consular Officers of North and West Africa. See Tangier Conference.
• Congo crisis (see also Belgian Congo; Republic of Congo (Léopoldville)), 282–284
  • Belgian intervention (see also Belgian troop withdrawal below ), 283–289, 297, 361
  • Belgian technicians, 327–328, 353–354, 574, 619, 622
    • Congolese position, 399, 429
    • Dayal Report, 566–567, 574, 576
    • economic situation and, 318–320, 362
    • French position, 499–500
    • political situation and, 373–374, 558
    • U.N. control proposals and, 441, 551
    • U.N. intervention and, 369, 386–389, 397, 420–421, 459, 467
    • U.N. policies, 499, 530, 532–534, 538–541, 543–544, 551–553, 564–565, 568–569, 575–581, 615, 624–625
    • U.S. position, 382, 474, 564–565, 594, 615
  • Belgian troop withdrawal (see also Katanga secession below), 353
    • African positions, 356, 395
    • Belgian position, 305, 308–310, 326, 329, 337–338, 340, 369, 442, 452, 516
    • British position, 308
    • Congolese position, 310, 323, 358, 361–363, 365, 399–400, 434
    • French position, 308, 333, 498–499
    • Ghanaian position, 390–392
    • Hammarskjöld position, 371, 396, 398, 404, 458–459, 466–467, 470
    • Katanga secession and, 340, 342, 382–383, 386–387, 393, 458
    • Soviet position, 324, 334–335, 341–342, 381, 496
    • Tunisian position, 305–306, 324
    • U.N. base occupation proposal, 383, 473
    • U.N. Security Council meetings, 346, 393–394
    • U.S. airlift assistance, 343–344, 452, 459
    • U.S. position, 327–328, 334–336, 341–342, 381–383, 393, 399n, 411–412, 425–427
  • Board of National Estimates memorandum, 435–442
  • British position, 401–402, 495, 500
  • caretaker government proposals, 550–551, 554–555, 558–559, 573, 584–588, 603–605, 615, 617, 620–621, 626, 632, 634
  • confederation proposals (see also round table meeting proposals below), 350, 353, 357, 407–408, 410, 423, 440, 474, 488, 500, 510, 533n, 569, 575
  • Congolese position, 360–361
  • food shortages, 294, 296, 298–299, 301, 308–310, 322, 354
  • French position, 334, 483–484
  • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict (see also Ghana-Guinea-UAR support under Lumumba government below; round table meeting proposals below), 457, 459–464, 468, 471–472, 475–476, 478n, 497, 581–583
    • African positions, 501, 527
    • Belgian position, 460, 508, 521–523
    • Belgian role, 477, 596–597
    • French role, 477
    • Hammarskjöld position, 524, 529–530
    • Kasavubu position, 471–472, 486, 504–505
    • Lumumba position, 477, 480
    • Tripartite discussions, 498
    • U.N. General Assembly representation and, 580, 589–591, 597, 615
    • U.N. good offices commission proposals, 482–483, 530, 536, 539
    • U.N. intervention and, 464, 466, 475–476
    • U.N. policies, 464, 466, 475–476, 484–485, 520–521n, 530–532, 534–536, 539–547, 556–557, 587, 597
    • U.N. representation and, 479–483, 489, 502, 506, 541, 559, 580–583, 589–591, 597, 615
    • U.N. Security Council sessions and, 479–483, 489, 502, 506
    • U.S. position, 508–509, 523, 542–543
  • Katanga secession (see also Belgian technicians above), 274, 277–279, 291, 310
    • African positions, 356, 512–514
    • armed struggle, possible, 438
    • Belgian position, 310–311, 369, 574–575
    • Belgian support (see also Belgian technicians and Belgian troop withdrawal above), 316, 329, 338, 345, 350, 362, 397, 438, 458–459, 474, 513, 52, 543–544, 548, 551
    • confederation proposals and, 353, 357, 500
    • Ghanaian position, 391
    • Guinean position, 438
    • Hammarskjöld position, 445, 548
    • Lumumba position, 362, 468, 486
    • Parliament reconvention proposals and, 550
    • political situation and, 331, 344–345, 349–351, 581–583
    • Soviet bloc influence and, 458–459
    • Soviet military intervention proposals and, 349
    • Soviet position, 438
    • tribal rivalries and, 389
    • U.N. good offices commission proposals, 482–483
    • U.N. guarantee proposal, 398–399
    • U.N. policies, 412–414, 429, 433, 513, 532n, 570, 577
    • U.N. public security division agreement, 533–534, 539, 544
    • U.N. troops, admission of, 312, 317, 344–345, 370, 385–386, 402–403
      • Belgian position, 326, 338, 369, 386–387, 397–398
      • Congolese position, 397
      • French position, 333–334, 415–416
      • Hammarskjöld position, 321, 371, 392n, 396–398, 402–404
      • Tshombé position, 344–345, 402–403, 570
    • U.S. policy toward, 456–457, 512–514, 568–570, 582–584, 600–601
    • U.S. position, 317–318, 331, 345, 423–424, 43, 440, 50, 523, 54, 601–602, 615
  • Lumumba arrest, 506–507, 509, 518–521, 523–531, 524, 526–527, 547–548, 611–612, 616–618, 621–622, 642
  • Lumumba government (see also caretaker government proposals above; Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict above; Parliament reconvention proposals below; political situation below; Stanleyville secession below; U.N. intervention: Congolese opposition below), 310, 327, 359n, 366n, 367n, 408, 410, 441, 477, 497, 575
    • Ghana-Guinea-UAR support, 437, 439, 501, 510, 534, 541, 563, 593
      • Ghanaian position, 665–666
      • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict and, 501–502, 504, 539
      • Mobutu coup and, 509, 527–528
      • Soviet bloc influence and, 419–420
      • U.N. policies and, 445, 553–554, 557
      • U.S. policies and, 433, 507, 509, 536, 572
    • Hammarskjöld position, 537–538
    • Katanga secession and, 331, 349–351
    • Lumumba assassination plots, 435n, 437
    • possible opposition, 404, 407, 410, 418, 437, 444, 449
    • Soviet bloc economic aid and, 439
    • Soviet bloc influence (see also Soviet bloc military aid below; U.S. intervention proposals below), 376, 455–456, 458, 472, 477, 510, 587–588 [Page 768]
      • Belgian position, 267n, 276, 314–315, 314–316, 355
      • Congolese position, 263–264, 355, 430
      • U.S. position, 280, 330, 338–339, 342, 355–356, 409, 437, 441–443, 448, 486, 563, 592–593
    • Soviet position, 408, 419
    • U.N. policies, 404, 465–469, 540, 565, 577–578, 587, 596
    • U.S. intervention proposals, 549–550
    • U.S. policy toward, 275–277, 330–332, 342, 408–410, 419, 432, 437–440, 455, 564, 573
      • covert action, 443, 503
      • Lumumba assassination proposals, 421n
    • U.S. position, 484, 486, 501, 504
  • Mobutu role, 489–490, 494–495, 497–498, 503n, 505, 509–511, 516, 525, 527, 622
    • assassination attempts, 494, 539, 549
    • caretaker government, 561, 573, 585, 587, 604–605, 620
    • Hammarskjöld position, 530, 549, 559
  • Orientale Province. See Stanleyville secession below.
  • Parliament reconvention proposals, 527, 539–540, 549–550, 575, 585, 587–588, 618
    • Hammarskjöld position, 528, 550, 552, 559
  • political situation (see also Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict above; Lumumba government above; Mobutu role above), 276, 563–564
    • Belgian technicians and, 373–374, 558
    • Katanga secession and, 331, 344–345, 349–351
    • Lumumba U.N. trip and, 354
    • Soviet position, 621–622
    • U.N. withdrawal and, 436–438
  • round table meeting proposals (see also confederation proposals above), 487–488, 510–512, 517, 533n, 595, 598–599, 601, 604
  • Senegalese position, 248
  • South Kasai separatist movement, 404n, 438, 442
  • Soviet bloc military aid, 446–447, 453–454, 466, 472, 483–484
    • U.N. responses, 458, 461–462, 465, 467–468, 470, 482, 490–491, 493
    • U.S. responses, 454, 456, 484, 487
  • Soviet bloc withdrawal, 491, 497, 516
  • Soviet military intervention proposals, 309, 315–317, 320, 322–327, 329, 335, 341, 343, 346–349, 354, 373, 381, 449–450
  • Soviet position, 297, 622
  • Soviet role in, 325, 334, 342, 355–356, 531, 609
  • Stanleyville secession, 592–593, 597, 605–609, 627n, 630–631, 638–642, 639, 642–643
  • strategic importance, 425–426
  • tripartite discussions, 415–416, 498–500, 631–635
  • U.N.-channeled economic aid, 363–365, 368, 372, 374–375, 378–380, 391, 406, 470
    • French position, 416–417, 499
    • Hammarskjöld contribution requests, 465, 485
    • Katanga secession and, 543–544, 548
    • Lumumba position, 378, 477
  • U.N. control proposals, 423, 43, 440–441, 551, 563
  • U.N. General Assembly sessions, 495–496, 500–501, 550–551, 581n, 591–592, 635–636, 639–640
    • Kasavubu seating, 567–568, 580, 589–591, 597–598, 615
    • Nkrumah speech, 663–665, 667–669
    • U.S. policies, 493–494, 662–663
  • U.N. intervention (see also Katanga secession above; U.N. General Assembly sessions above; U.N. responses under Soviet bloc military aid above; U.N. Security Council sessions below; U.S. intervention proposals below)
    • Advisory Committee, 435, 559n, 596
    • African positions, 149, 637–638
    • Afro-Asian positions, 614
    • Afro-Asian troop withdrawals, 619, 624–625, 639
    • airport and radio control, 455–456, 461, 465, 470, 474, 477, 478n, 479, 482, 485, 492, 572
    • army training, 292–293, 374, 419–420, 430, 456, 504
    • Belgian policies, 628
    • Belgian position, 311, 328, 523–524
    • Belgian technicians and, 387, 397, 420–421, 459
    • British position, 614
    • cease-fire, 484–485
    • command, 293, 321–322
    • Conciliation Commission, 559–560, 579–580, 581n, 591, 595–596, 600, 610, 626, 628, 641–643
    • Congolese National Army conflicts, 549, 557, 594, 598–599, 602–603, 608, 628
    • Congolese opposition (see also troop withdrawal below), 420–424, 431, 433–434, 437, 444–445
    • Dayal discussions, 627–629
    • Dayal replacement proposals, 572, 593, 596, 612–615, 619, 623
    • Dayal Report, 566–567, 574
    • equipment, 307
    • Ethiopian troops, 195–196, 203–204, 597, 606, 633
    • financing, 153, 301–302, 340–341, 376–378
    • Force Publique disarmament proposals, 423, 444n, 445, 451–452, 454–456, 482, 486
    • French position, 302, 307, 406
    • Ghanaian position, 663–665
    • Ghanaian troops, 469, 484, 48, 509, 531, 549–550, 557
    • good offices commission proposals, 482–483, 530, 536, 539, 550–551, 555–556
    • Guinean position, 515–516
    • Guinean troops, 321, 376, 445, 468, 497, 509, 531
    • Hammarskjöld discussions, 295–298, 607–608, 610–611
    • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict and (see also good offices commission proposal above), 464, 466, 475–476, 484–485
    • Malian position, 245n, 246
    • political unit proposal, 626
    • Soviet bloc participation, 303
    • Soviet position, 300–301, 396–397, 405, 445, 448, 479, 485, 492, 531, 540, 57, 614
    • Soviet proposed amendments, 306–307, 311
    • Stanleyville incident, 448, 450–451, 453–455
    • Stanleyville secession and, 593, 608–609, 627n, 633, 640–641
    • troop makeup, 303, 307, 321, 363, 376, 383, 38, 404, 414, 416, 420, 550
    • troop withdrawal (see also Congolese opposition above), 413–414, 422–424, 431–433, 436–438, 437–438, 444–445, 448–450, 469, 476
    • UAR troops, 484, 486, 497, 509, 531, 557, 619, 624, 641
    • U.N. courts control, 482, 486
    • U.S.-British démarche, 613–616, 618–619, 623–626
    • U.S.-British draft resolution, 622, 636–638
    • U.S.-Hammarskjöld discussion, 546–553
    • U.S. participation, 293–294, 302–303, 328–329, 339–340, 343, 363
    • U.S. position, 148, 286–288, 594, 614–616, 643–644
    • U.S. support planning, 449–450, 571–573
  • U.N. Security Council sessions, 301, 305–307, 3, 346, 392–393, 401–402, 434–435, 469, 621–622
    • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict and, 479–482, 479–483, 489, 502, 506, 540
    • Lumumba U.S. trip, 34, 351–354, 359–368, 372
    • U.S. policies, 303–304, 334–336, 341–342, 393–394, 413–415, 476, 481–483
  • U.S. intervention proposals, 449–450, 469, 484, 549–550, 573, 644
  • U.S. observer proposal, 458–460
  • U.S. policies, 367–368, 381–385, 471, 600
  • U.S. statement proposal, 356
• Congo Republic. See Congo crisis; Republic of Congo; Republic of Congo (Brazzaville).
• Congress, U.S., 23, 154
  • acts of:
    • Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (P.L. 480), 84, 124, 237, 294, 696–697, 711n
    • Economic Cooperation Act (1948) (P.L. 472), 150
    • Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act (1954), 238n
    • P.L. 85-524, 23
    • U.N. Participation Act (1945) (P.L. 264), 329, 340
• Conseil de l’Entente (see also Dahomey; Ivory Coast; Niger; Upper Volta), 216–217, 235, 237, 240–241
• Cook, Charles D., 457–460, 464–468, 640–642
• Coolidge, Harold Jefferson, 429
• Cooper, Chester L., 435n
• Cooper, Henry Ford, 168
• Coote, Wendell B., 502n, 566n, 568n
• Cordier, Andrew W., 327n, 352–353
  • Congo crisis:
    • political situation, 458, 464, 477, 518, 536n, 585n
    • U.N. intervention, 289n, 396, 414, 445–446, 536n, 540, 557
• Corea, Claude, 492
• Comélis, Gen. Henri, 267n
• Council on Foreign Economic Policy (CFEP), 14n
• Couve de Murville, Maurice, 128–136, 632, 634–635, 672–673
• Crowe, Philip K., 732–734, 738, 743–744, 747–748, 750, 752–753
• Cumming, Hugh S., Jr., 355–356, 640–642, 643n
• Cutler, Gen. Robert, 16
• Czechoslovakia. See Soviet bloc; Soviet bloc subheadings under other subjects.
• Da Cunha, Vasco T. Letao, 725
• Dacko, David, 218
• Daddah, Mocktar Ould, 234n, 244, 249–250
• Dadzie, 353
• Dahomey (see also French Community), 118, 215–217, 223, 233, 235–236, 240n
• d’Aspremont-Lynden, Harold, 397
• Davis, Richard H., 343
• Dayal, Rajeshwar (see also U.N. subheadings under Congo crisis), 506
  • appointment, 405, 446
  • Congo crisis, 510, 530, 549, 560, 564, 602, 617, 627n
    • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict, 478n, 506–507, 509, 518–519, 520n, 553–554
  • replacement proposals, 572, 593, 596, 612–614, 619, 623
  • Report on Congo, 566–567, 574, 576
• De Gaulle, Charles, 18, 44, 53, 68–69, 71–72, 95, 132–133, 154, 250, 406, 747
• de la Chevalerie, Daufresne, 533
• de Schrijver, Auguste, 260n, 266–267, 269–270, 288, 290, 295
• Dean, John Gunther, 226n
• Dean, Sir Patrick, 640–642
• Debré, Michel, 50, 129n, 132–133
• Defense, U.S. Department of, 53, 136n, 151, 284n, 328, 427n, 571, 756–758
• Dejean, Maurice, 233
• Denny, Adm. Sir Michael, 51
• Depi, Georges, 276
• Deressa, Yilma, 142
• Detribalization, 2–3, 36
• Detwiler, Edgar, 353–354, 358, 364–365, 428–429
• Development Assistance Group (DAG), 105
• Development Loan Fund (DLF), 13, 39, 53, 96, 10, 102, 111–112, 114, 136n, 140, 158, 697
• Devlin, Lawrence R., 313–314
• Dia, Mamadou, 226, 246–249
• Diallo, Joseph, 673n
• Diallo, Saifoulaye, 694
• Diallo, Telli, 378, 395n, 675n, 680–687, 709–712, 714–715, 717–721
• Dillon, C. Douglas, 219, 221, 232–233, 277n, 554n
  • Africa:
    • multilateral economic aid, 96, 107–108, 111, 116, 148, 150
    • U.S. economic aid, 133–134, 156–157, 188–189, 197–198, 236–238, 245–246, 365–366, 657n, 707–714, 721n
    • U.S. military aid, 148–149, 154, 158–159, 192
    • U.S. policy toward, 126–127, 147–149, 151–152
  • Africa South of the Sahara, U.S. economic aid, 99, 109–112, 116
  • Belgian Congo, 13, 149, 153, 253–254, 258–260, 262, 266
  • Congo crisis, 364–366, 415–416, 541, 568–570
    • Belgian troop withdrawal, 411–412, 427n
    • Lumumba arrest, 523, 525–529, 611–612
    • Lumumba government, 367n, 421n, 605–606
    • political situation, 502–503, 517, 540, 603–605
    • Soviet bloc, relations with, 446–447, 490, 497, 540
    • U.N.-channeled economic aid, 363–365, 374–375, 416–417
    • U.N. intervention, 376–378, 413–415, 422–424, 433–434, 450–451, 602–603
  • Guinea, 158, 693, 707–714, 721n
  • newly independent countries, 149–150, 226–227, 236–238
  • Union of South Africa, 734–735, 739–741
• Diomi, Gaston, 255
• Diori, Hamani, 216, 236n
• Djin, Amb., 420, 549
• Dolgin, George, 99n, 707n
• Dorros, Leon, 45
• Douglas, James H., 74, 161n, 165, 311, 425n, 462, 571
• Drake (correspondent), 428
• du Plessis, W.C., 734–735
• DuBois, W.E.B., 137
• Dulles, Allen, 157, 183–187, 257–258, 274, 376, 708, 751
  • Congo crisis, 280, 310–311, 516
    • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict, 460–461, 509–510, 527–529, 539
    • Katanga secession, 424, 43, 541
    • Lumumba government, 338–339, 342, 423, 442–443, 503, 510
    • political situation, 353–354, 442, 489–490, 496, 510
    • Soviet bloc, relations with, 309, 341, 354, 490–491, 497
    • Stanleyville secession, 607, 638–639, 642–643
    • U.N. intervention, 309–310, 375–376, 539
• Dulles, John Foster, 11, 18, 40n, 41, 42n, 44–45, 74–76, 95
  • Belgian Congo, 77, 95, 251–253
  • Guinea, 674, 678–680
• Dumont, Donald A., 213, 673n, 674n, 675–678
• Durnan, James J., 757n
• East, Central, and South Africa (see also Africa South of the Sahara; British territories; French territories; French Tropical Africa; specific countries), 58–68, 73–93
  • communist influence, 67, 80, 82
  • economic situation, 66–67, 74, 79
  • independence, 58–67, 79–82
  • political situation, 55–56, 74–76, 79
  • U.S. policy toward, 74–76, 79, 81–84
• Egypt. See United Arab Republic.
• Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4, 53, 74–77, 152, 160, 167, 183–184, 196
  • Belgian Congo, 257–258
  • Congo crisis, 279, 295–296, 300–302, 328–329, 354, 374, 37, 406, 411–412, 421n, 424, 451n, 495, 500–501, 600
  • Ethiopia, 192, 196–197
  • French community, 68, 70, 154
  • Ghana, 645–652, 657–658, 661–662
  • Guinea, 70, 212, 687, 698–702, 717
  • Mauritania, 249–250
  • newly independent countries, 20, 70, 155, 212–219, 226–227, 233, 234n, 244
  • Nigeria, 228–232
  • Togo, 223–225
  • Union of South Africa, 741–742, 745–747, 749, 751
  • U.S. economic aid to Africa, 19, 21, 70, 77, 117, 154, 157, 196–197, 216, 236–238, 657–658, 661–662
  • West Africa, 95–98, 108
• Eisenhower, John S.D., 195–197, 223–225, 227n, 228–230, 293–295, 399n, 411n, 484–486, 495, 657n
• Eliot, Theodore, Jr., 233
• Emmerson, John K., 219–222
• Eritrea, 190–191, 200
• Ethiopia, 1, 8, 168, 190, 202, 210–211
  • Congo crisis, 195–196, 203–204, 321, 597, 606, 609, 633
  • Greater Somalia proposal, 181–182, 188, 200–201, 203, 205
  • political situation, 175–176, 185, 190, 202, 210–211, 633
  • Somalia, relations with, 9, 135, 181, 188–190, 200–201, 205, 209
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 8, 47, 176, 185–187, 190, 203, 210
  • United States, relations with, 9, 180–181, 185–186, 191–192, 194–197, 203–204, 207, 210
• European Common Market. See Common Market.
• Export-Import Bank, 100, 102, 112, 158, 163
• Eyskens, Gaston, 254n, 401
• Fall, Mamadou, 293
• Fawzi, Mahmoud, 557, 624
• Federation of French Equatorial Africa. See French Equatorial Africa.
• Federation of French West Africa. See French West Africa.
• Federation of Mali. See Mali Federation.
• Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (see also Africa South of the Sahara; British territories; East, Central, and South Africa; Rhodesia), 5, 10, 59, 63–65, 85–86, 90–92, 750n
• Feld, Nicholas, 734n
• Ferguson, C. Vaughan, Jr., 71n, 128n, 240–241, 245n, 258n, 260n, 271n, 277n, 303n, 317n, 333n, 359n, 378n, 392n, 433n, 435n, 446n, 455n, 473n, 481n, 488n, 517n, 525n, 602n, 605n, 611n, 618n, 667n, 670n, 680n, 684n, 713–714n, 729n, 734n
  • Congo crisis, 293, 366n, 588n
  • Guinea, 682–683
  • Liberia, 162, 164
• Fessenden, Russell, 473n
• FitzGerald, Dennis A., 693n
• Flake, Wilson C., 239–240, 271n, 390–392, 395n, 488n, 654–661, 666–667, 669
• Fleck, Benjamin A., 618n
• Fleming, Marcia M., 729n
• Floyd, Avra C., Jr., 245–246n
• Fomin, Andrei A., 422
• Foote, Wilder, 327n
• Foundation for Mutual Assistance in Africa South of the Sahara (FAMA), 10, 13
• France (see also Colonial powers; France, French, and tripartite subheadings under other subjects; French territories), 69–70, 138–139, 208–209, 282, 477
  • Guinea, 69–72, 240, 671–673, 678–679, 686, 692, 700–701, 704–705, 713–714
  • United States, relations with, 12, 19–20, 68–70, 128–136
• Franke, William B., 541
• Free Republic of the Congo (Stanleyville) (see also Congo crisis: Stanleyville secession), 627n
• Freeman, Tony, 272–274, 309
• Freers, Edward L., 343
• French Camerouns. See Cameroun.
• French Community (see also French Equatorial Africa; French territories; French Tropical Africa; French West Africa; Newly independent countries; West Africa), 56, 72–73, 130, 134–135, 167
  • Constitution revision and, 4, 18, 130n, 131, 670
  • French economic aid, 119, 14, 149–150, 235
  • Guinean withdrawal, 69–72, 119, 132
  • United States, relations with, 131–133, 144, 154, 216–217, 236–238, 243–244
  • U.S.-French discussions, 68–70
• French Equatorial Africa (see also French Community; French territories; French Tropical Africa; West Africa), 3, 10, 15, 18, 134
• French Republic of Congo. See Republic of Congo (Brazzaville).
• French Somaliland (see also Somalia: Greater Somalia proposal), 176, 181–182, 208–210
• French territories (see also French Community; specific countries and areas), 2–4, 12, 18–19, 30–31, 47
• French Tropical Africa (see also French Community; French territories), 17–18
• French West Africa (see also French Community; French territories; French Tropical Africa; West Africa), 3–4, 10, 18
• Freund, Richard B., 284
• Gabon (see also French Community), 120, 219, 233
• Gaillard, Felix, 3n
• Galo Plaza, Lasso, 445–446
• Gambia. See British territories; West Africa.
• Ganshof, Walter J., 290
• Garvey, Marcus, 137
• Gates, Thomas S., Jr., 127–128, 153–154, 156–158, 186, 340–342, 346, 425, 453
• Gbedemah, H.K., 241, 657n, 658
• Geleé, Gen. Max, 50
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 35
• Gerard-Libois, J., 290n
• Gerig, O. Benjamin, 724, 740n
• Ghana (see also West Africa), 37, 48, 168, 241, 271–274, 417, 652, 752, 757
  • Chinese People’s Republic, relations with, 12, 667
  • Congo crisis (see also Ghana-Guinea-UAR support under Congo crisis: Lumumba government), 285, 352–353, 378–380, 389–392, 487, 663–665, 667–668
    • political situation, 419–420, 422, 433, 488
    • U.N. intervention, 310, 313, 396, 404–405, 432, 484, 581n, 591
  • economic situation, 30, 120, 158, 648
  • political situation, 55, 75, 126, 241
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 8, 12, 29, 161–162, 220–221, 652, 658–660, 662, 665, 669
  • United States, relations with, 13, 27, 161, 645–657, 662–665
  • U.S. economic aid, 12–13, 3, 158, 220–221, 648–650, 657–658, 660–661, 666–667
• Gheysen, Gen. Roger A., 322
• Gizenga, Antoine (see also Congo crisis: Stanleyville secession), 399–400, 410, 418, 494, 509, 535, 549, 560
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 276, 330, 355
  • U.N. intervention, 293–294, 396–397, 403
• Gleason, S. Everett, 13n, 14–16, 23–24, 181–186
• Glenn, E.S., 249n
• Good, Robert, 172
• Goodpaster, Brig. Gen. Andrew J., 68n, 194, 236n, 293, 328n, 377n, 379n, 674n, 741, 745n, 749
• Grant, William B., 571n
• Gray, Gordon, 77, 147, 151–152, 154, 158, 173, 184, 186
  • Africa South of the Sahara, 19, 21
  • Congo crisis, 312, 339–341, 354, 373, 376, 407, 461–462, 497, 540–541
  • East, Central, and South Africa, 73–74, 76–77
  • West Africa, 93–94, 96–98, 107
• Greece, 447n
• Green, Howard C., 368, 369n
• Grimes, Joseph R., 740n
• Grimes, Rudolph, 163, 167
• Gromyko, Andrei A., 343
• Grootaert, 427–428, 430
• Gross, Ernest, 753
• Guinea (see also West Africa), 119–120, 132, 236–237, 241, 275, 682
  • Chinese People’s Republic, relations with, 110, 132
  • communist influence, 48–49, 56, 69–72
  • Congo crisis (see also Ghana-Guinea-UAR support under Congo crisis: Lumumba government), 32, 352, 378, 389, 419–420, 559
    • Belgian troop withdrawal, 395, 411–412
    • U.N. intervention, 396, 405, 432, 515–516, 600
      • troop participation, 321, 376, 445, 468, 497, 509, 531
  • France, relations with, 240, 686, 692, 700–701, 704–705
  • independence, 39, 48–49, 212, 252
  • political situation, 55, 240
  • Sékou Touré U.S. visit, 683, 687–689, 693–706
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 47, 49, 684–686, 689–692, 694
    • economic aid, 220, 717–718, 722–723
    • U.S. policy, 125, 161–162, 165–166, 684, 708
  • United States, relations with, 680–682, 696, 718–721
  • U.S. development of aluminum, 158
  • U.S. economic aid, 95, 113, 125, 134, 138–139, 14, 681, 683, 687, 695–696, 705–706, 709
    • French position, 69–72, 713–714
    • Konkoure Dam, 710–718, 720, 722–723
    • P.L. 450, 696–697, 711n
    • Technical Cooperation Agreement, 695, 703–704, 707–708
  • U.S. policy toward, 125, 149, 161–162, 165–166, 684, 693, 708
  • U.S. recognition, 72, 212, 670–680, 678–679
• Gullion, Edmund A., 167n
• Gutt, Camille, 325–328
• Habtewold, Aklilou, 195–197
• Hadsel, Fred, 736n
• Hager, Eric H., 329n
• Haile Selassie I (Emperor of Ethiopia), 182, 185, 194–195, 202–203
• Hammarskjöld, Dag (see also U.N. subheadings under other subjects), 153
  • Congo crisis, 292n, 298, 404, 458–460
    • Belgian technicians, 530, 532–534, 538–541, 543–544, 551–553
    • Belgian troop withdrawal, 311n, 369, 382–383, 386–387, 396, 398, 459, 466–467, 470
    • Congolese National Army role, 549, 557
    • good offices commission proposals, 530, 550–551
    • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict, 457, 459, 466, 485, 506–508, 524, 529–532, 537–538, 596–597
    • Katanga secession, 321, 369, 371, 386–387, 389–390, 396–399, 402–404, 458–459, 530, 532–534, 538–541
    • Lumumba arrest, 611n, 612n
    • Lumumba government, 465–467, 528, 556
    • Parliament reconvention proposals, 550
    • political situation, 444, 558–559
    • Soviet bloc influence, 458–459, 468–469
    • Soviet bloc military aid, 458, 461–462, 466–467, 470
    • Soviet military intervention, possible, 320, 322
    • Stanleyville secession, 640–641
    • U.N.-channeled economic aid, 363, 365, 465, 485
    • U.N. intervention, 289n, 295–301, 321–322, 434–435, 607–608
      • airport control, 477, 478n, 479
      • Conciliation Commission, 559–560, 595–596, 641–642
      • Congolese opposition, 422–424, 444–446
      • financing, 302, 377–378
      • Katanga secession and, 321, 369, 371, 386–387, 389–390, 396–398, 402–404, 412–413
      • U.S.-British démarche, 623–626
• Hare, Raymond, 110, 114, 234n, 262, 270n, 277n, 298n, 413n, 433n, 449–450, 630n, 654–657, 667n, 755–756
• Harr, Karl G., Jr., 11n
• Harrar, J. George, 104n
• Harriman, W. Averell, 219–220, 230–231, 471–472, 477–478, 486–487, 629, 722
• Haskins, Charles A., 192n, 406–407
• Heathcoat Amory, Derick, 311
• Henderson, Horace E., 317n
• Henderson, Loy W., 162–165, 233, 239–240, 242–244, 271, 600n, 601n, 630–631
• Herter, Christian A., 52, 129, 135, 142, 161n, 163n, 191, 224, 661, 680n
  • Africa South of the Sahara, 20, 71
  • Algeria, 132
  • arms control, 167–170
  • Belgian Congo, 257–258, 261, 277–279
  • Congo crisis, 325, 364, 540, 631–635
    • Belgian technicians, 327–328, 474, 532–534, 539–541, 566–567, 578, 581, 594
    • Belgian troop withdrawal, 305, 308–309, 326–329, 333–335, 340–341, 452, 473
    • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict, 506–508, 507, 524, 537–538, 554
    • Katanga secession, 310–312, 317–318, 326, 333–334, 344–345, 385–390, 452–453, 456–457, 473–474, 532–534, 539–541, 577
    • Lumumba government, 339, 355, 359n, 376, 409–410, 508–509, 528, 592–593
    • political situation, 354, 474, 48, 525, 554–555, 575, 584–586, 595
    • Soviet bloc, relations with, 315–317, 325–327, 341, 343, 346n, 355, 373, 449, 461–462, 493–494
    • U.N.-channeled economic aid, 365, 368, 378–380, 406
    • U.N. General Assembly session, 493–494, 662–663, 667–668
    • U.N. intervention, 295–298, 300–301, 303, 406, 455–456, 478n, 479, 488, 566–567, 579–580, 618–619 [Page 775]
      • army training, 292–293
      • Belgian troop withdrawal and, 305, 308–309, 327
      • financing, 301–302, 340–341, 377–378
      • good offices commission proposals, 482–483, 556–557
      • Katanga secession and, 312, 326, 333–334, 344–345, 370, 385–386, 385–390, 457, 473–474
      • U.S. participation, 295–296, 299, 302–303, 328–329, 339–340, 343, 571
    • U.N. Security Council sessions, 303–304, 327, 329, 334–336, 341–342, 344, 479–483
    • U.S.-Belgian relations and, 367–368, 381–384
    • U.S. economic aid, 298–299, 301, 366
  • French Community, 71, 131–132, 134
  • Guinea, 670–671, 680–682, 684, 687–689, 702–706, 713–715, 718–721
  • Ivory Coast, 216–217
  • newly independent countries, 184, 233, 236n
  • Senegal, 246–249
  • Somali Republic, 215
  • Somalia, 188–189
  • Sudan, 173–174
  • Union of South Africa, 133, 726, 729–730, 736–737, 741–742, 749, 751, 757–760
  • United Nations, 247–248
  • West Africa, 93–97
• Herz, Martin F., 143n, 165n, 170n, 493n, 630n, 740n
• High Commission territories (see also Africa South of the Sahara; British territories; East, Central, and South Africa), 4–5, 88, 732
• Hoffman, Paul, 225
• Hofmann, Paul, 627n
• Holmes, Julius C., 1–11
• Home, Lord, 495, 631–635
• Hope, A. Guy, 433n
• Horn of Africa (see also Ethiopia; Somalia), 175–177, 181–185, 189–191
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 176, 180, 190, 201–202, 209
  • UAR influence, 180, 190, 201–202, 209
  • U.S. policy toward, 10, 180–182, 186–187, 191–192, 198–211
• Houghton, Amory, 282, 671n
• Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, 3, 68–70, 69–70, 72, 216n, 218, 220, 235–236, 240
• Hoyer Millar, Frederick, 498–500, 632n, 633
• Hussein, Mohammed, 8
• Hyde, James N., 740
• Iléo, Joseph (see also Congo crisis: political situation), 372, 404, 418, 444, 458, 490, 558
  • caretaker government proposals, 558, 561, 585, 587
  • Kasavubu–Lumumba conflict and, 457, 461, 464, 468, 479, 485, 504–505, 540, 547
• India, 65, 156, 559, 596, 610, 614, 623–624
• Indonesia, 469
• Inter-River Economic Survey, 205
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 31n, 105, 113, 153, 158, 183, 362, 364–365, 657, 715, 718
• International Committee of the Red Cross, 616n, 622
• International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 29
• International Cooperation Administration (ICA) (see also U.S. economic aid under other subjects), 13, 39, 53, 112, 136n, 157, 216–217, 712
  • Africa South of the Sahara, 100, 102–104, 110, 112
  • Belgian Congo, 151, 269
  • Republic of Congo, 281, 340
• International Court of Justice (ICJ) (see also United Nations), 87, 739
• International Development Association (IDA), 105, 113
• International Monetary Fund (IMF), 105, 113, 362, 364
• Ipoto, Martin, 567
• Ireland, 624
• Irwin, John N., II, 427n, 450–452, 756n
• Islam, 7–8, 37
• Islamic Republic of Mauritania. See Mauritania.
• Israel, 651
• Issa, Abdullahi, 198n
• Italy (see also Italian Somaliland; Somalia), 134, 188–189, 197–198, 206–207, 211, 622
• Ivory Coast (see also French Community), 69, 118, 216–221, 235–236, 541
• Jacobs, J. Roland, 214
• Janssens, Gen., 360
• Johnson, Maj. Gen. D. V., 53
• Johnson, Robert H., 147–159, 309–312, 338–342, 421–424, 460–462, 527–529, 539–542, 560
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 21, 52–53, 97–98, 107, 161–162, 165–166
  • Congo crisis, 346–349, 373, 425–427, 453–455, 468–471
  • State–JCS meetings, 468–471
• Joxe, Louis, 44–45, 48–51, 671n
• Junkermann, Col., 162, 164
• Kaiser, Edgar, 660, 669
• Kalonji, Albert, 404, 418, 472, 617
• Kandolo, 535
• Kanza, Daniel, 256
• Kanza, Thomas, 322–323, 336–337, 352, 358, 396–397, 399–400, 480–481, 487, 489, 530
• Kasavubu, Joseph (see also Congo crisis), 214, 275, 279, 309n, 323, 361, 567–568, 594
  • Belgium, 255–257, 29, 313–314, 361, 625
  • caretaker government, 550, 5, 558–559, 573
  • political situation, 280, 316, 323, 330, 332, 404, 410, 424, 432, 444, 509
  • U.N. intervention, 288–289, 300, 310, 595–596, 610
• Kashamura, Anicet, 276, 285, 330, 355, 410, 420, 430
• Katanga secession. See under Congo crisis.
• Keita, Fodeba, 675
• Keita, Modibo, 213, 226, 240, 245
• Kellogg, Edmund H., 167n, 170n
• Kennedy, John F. (see also Harriman, W. Averell), 172, 219, 221, 471n, 486, 722n
• Kenya (see also Africa South of the Sahara; British East Africa; East, Central, and South Africa; Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa), 8, 41, 64–65, 92–93, 129, 176, 208
• Kettani, Gen., 293, 321, 403, 430, 456, 535, 559, 572
• Khalil, Abdullah, 9, 173–174, 178
• Khrushchev, Nikita, 49, 101, 132, 297, 309, 315, 487, 525, 540, 577, 665
• Kibwe, 602
• Kimba, Evariste, 513, 582
• Knight, Robert H., 194n, 453n, 755n
• Kohler, Foy D., 52, 455n, 537n, 745n
• Korn, David A., 643n
• Krebs, Max V., 23, 506n
• Kretzmann, Edwin M.J., 684n, 714n
• Kuznetsov, Vasili Vasilievich, 405, 458
• Lansdale, Lt. Col. Edward G., 75
• Latin America, 156
• Lavallee, Jerome R., 255–257, 313–314, 428
• Lay, James S., Jr., 74, 126–127, 159n, 179, 198–199, 346n
• Lebel, Claude, 71n
• Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman L., 159, 161–162, 165, 469–470
• Lennox-Boyd, Alan, 182n
• Leopold II, 5
• Levine, Irving, 629
• Lewis, Samuel W., 197n
• Liberia (see also West Africa), 16, 29, 48, 167–168, 241, 691–692, 700, 740
  • Congo crisis, 352–353, 378
  • economic situation, 1, 30, 120
  • United States, relations with, 13, 16, 3, 95, 125, 162–165
• Libya, 8–10, 96, 125, 168–169
• Linner, Sture, 397–398, 603
• Liu, F.T., 464
• Lloyd, Rupert A., 235–236
• Lodge, Henry Cabot, 43–44, 742
  • Congo crisis, 358–359, 447n
    • Belgian troop withdrawal, 305, 308, 311n, 324, 337, 393n, 396, 398, 399n
    • Belgium, relations with, 336–338, 357–358, 397, 399–400
    • Katanga secession, 321, 338, 396–399
    • Soviet military intervention proposals, 320, 322, 324
    • U.N. intervention, 300, 301n, 302, 321–322, 338, 344, 351–353, 396–398, 401–402, 424, 432–433, 444–446
    • nationalist movements, 40, 42n
• Loi-Cadre of 1956, 3–4
• Long, Edward T., 197n, 631n
• Looram, Matthew, 45, 670–671n, 674n
• Lord, Mrs. Oswald B., 599
• Loridan, Walter, 305
• Louw, Eric H., 724n, 727n, 729–732, 736–737, 744, 752–753, 757–760
• Lucet, Charles, 498–500, 631–635, 678n
• Lukens, Alan W., 218–219, 282
• Lumbala, 323
• Lumumba, Louis, 593
• Lumumba, Patrice (see also Belgian Congo; Congo crisis), 149, 151, 153, 220, 272, 274–275, 280, 360–361, 376, 494–495
  • Belgium, relations with, 263, 299, 310, 313–314, 323, 357–358, 361–363, 365
  • Soviet military intervention proposals, 309n, 323, 327, 354
  • U.N. intervention, 288–289, 300, 374, 396–397, 412–414, 434, 448
  • U.N. trip, 344, 351–354, 359–368
  • U.S.-Congolese relations, 262–266, 281, 358–359, 363–366, 427–429
• Luthuli, Albert, 733–734
• Luyeye, Philibert, 567
• Lynch, Andrew G., 215
• Lyon, Cecil B., 282, 672–673
• MacKnight, Jesse, 213
• Macmillan, Harold, 44, 50, 70, 95, 743, 745–747
• Madagascar (see also French territories; Malagasy Republic), 3, 10, 637
• Maga, Hubert, 215, 236n
• Maghreb. See North Africa.
• Magsaysay, Ramón, 75
• Makoso, 408
• Malagasy Republic (see also Madagascar), 118, 125, 130, 214
• Mali (see also Mali Federation), 226–227, 236–237, 236–238, 239n, 240, 245, 321, 443, 541
• Mali Federation (see also Mali), 55–56, 72–73, 117–118, 130, 132, 138, 213, 220, 443
• Malik, Yakov Alexandrovich, 652
• Mann, Thomas C., 104, 693n
• Marof, 352
• Martin, Edwin, 110, 115
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 103
• Mathews, Elbert G., 164, 389n
• Mauritania (see also French Community), 118, 120, 234, 244, 249–250
• M’ba, Leon, 219
• Mboya, Tom, 63
• Mbuyi, Joseph, 429
• McBride, Robert H., 44, 110, 115–116, 128n, 188n, 258n, 277n, 298n, 314n, 317n, 325n, 333–334n, 344n, 367n, 386n, 473n, 483n, 574n, 678n
• McClelland, Roswell D., 162–165, 227n, 234
• McCone, John A., 353, 516, 541
• McElroy, Neil H., 21–22
• McGregor, Robert G., 729n
• Mcllvaine, Robinson, 356–357, 370n, 371–372
• McKeown, Gen., 619, 624
• McSweeney, John M., 446n
• Meeker, Leonard C., 479n, 740n
• Meloy, Francis E., Jr., 271n, 449n
• Mengesha, Iyassu, 608, 643n
• Menon, V.K. Krishna, 530, 610, 614
• Merchant, Livingston T., 71, 74, 76–77, 165–166, 187, 213, 334n, 344n, 392n, 592n, 632n, 643n
  • Congo crisis, 284n, 333–334, 344, 452–453, 469, 471, 498–500, 643–644
    • Belgian troop withdrawal, 343–344, 452, 470
    • Soviet bloc, relations with, 453, 468–469, 483–484
    • U.N. Security Council sessions, 336n, 392–394
  • Somalia, 197–198
  • Soudan, 468
• Metropolitan powers. See Colonial powers; specific countries.
• Michel, Serge, 420, 430
• Middle East, 10, 21, 26
• Middle East Development Fund (Pella Plan), 10
• Miller, Robert H., 381n, 446n, 473n
• Mobutu, Joseph (see also Congo crisis), 489–490, 497, 502, 503n, 505, 507, 509–511, 516, 525
  • assassination attempt, 494, 539
  • caretaker government role, 550, 555, 558, 573, 585, 587, 604
  • Lumumba arrest proposals, 526n, 527
  • Stanleyville secession, 639, 642
• Mohammed V (King of Morocco), 75
• Monongo, 602
• Moose, James S., Jr., 173–174
• More, Bolard, 212
• Morocco (see also French territories), 47, 49, 72–73, 169, 234, 249 [Page 778]
  • Congo crisis, 321, 378–379, 504, 509–510, 527, 534, 539, 550, 553, 557, 563, 624
• Morrow, John Howard, 212, 717, 722–723
• Morse, Wayne, 760–761
• Moumie, Felix, 502, 511
• Mozambique (see also Africa South of the Sahara; East, Central, and South Africa; Portuguese territories), 6, 15, 58, 62, 90–91, 376
• Mpolo, 494, 535, 549
• Mueller, Frederick H., 157–158, 215, 340
• Munongo, Godefroid, 278n
• Murphy, Robert D., 44n, 45–48, 51–53, 214, 267, 279–280, 671–672, 674n, 685–687, 689–691, 704–706, 734–735
• Mutesa, Edward Frederick, II, 59
• Narasimhan, Chakravarthi Nijayaraghava, 530
• Nasser, Gamal Abdel (see also United Arab Republic), 64–65, 417, 531
• National Academy of Sciences, 104
• National Intelligence Estimates (see also Special National Intelligence Estimates):
  • NIE70–59, 54–57
  • NIE72.1–60, 193–194
  • NIE73–60, 753–755
  • NIE75–58, 17–18
  • NIE76–58, 175–177
  • NIE76–59, 58–68
  • NIE76–60, 189–191
• National Security Council:
  • actions:
    • No. 1290–d, 149
    • No. 1904, 16
    • No. 1961, 22
    • No. 2053, 185
    • No. 2175, 78
    • No. 2199, 98
    • No. 2209, 108–109
    • No. 2215–b, 198n
    • No. 2219–b, 128n
    • No. 2262, 312
    • No. 2270, 342
    • No. 2276, 375
    • No. 2284, 407
    • No. 2286, 159
    • No. 2287, 424
    • No. 2294, 462
    • No. 2295, 462
    • No. 2325, 542
  • Africa, U.S. policy toward, 126–127, 147–159
  • Africa South of the Sahara, 13–16, 19–37
  • Belgian Congo, 257–258, 274
  • Congo crisis, 309–312, 338–342, 353–354, 373–376, 406–407, 442–443, 460–462, 489–491, 496–497, 509–510, 516, 539–542, 560, 607, 638–639, 642–643
  • documents:
    • NSC5719/1, 11–13, 19–22
    • NSC5818, 23–37, 39–40
    • NSC5820, 174
    • NSC5903, 179–181, 191–192
    • NSC5906/1, 95
    • NSC5920. See NSC 6001 below.
    • NSC6001, 73–93
    • NSC6005, 93–98, 107–109
    • NSC6005/1, 117–126
    • NSC6028, 198–211
  • East, Central, and South Africa, 73–78
  • Guinea, 708
  • Horn of Africa, 181–185, 198–211
  • meetings:
    • 365th, May 8, 1958, 13–16
    • 375th, Aug. 7, 1958, 19–22
    • 377th, Aug. 21, 1958, 173
    • 378th, Aug. 27, 1958, 173–174
    • 397th, Feb. 26, 1959, 181–185
    • 414th, July 23, 1959, 185–186
    • 423d, Nov. 5, 1959, 257–258
    • 432d, Jan. 14, 1960, 73–78
    • 438th, Mar. 24, 1960, 93–98
    • 439th, Apr. 1, 1960, 751
    • 440th, Apr. 7, 1960, 106–109
    • 441st, Apr. 14, 1960, 126–128
    • 443d, May 5, 1960, 274
    • June 20, 1960, 290
    • 451st, July 15, 1960, 309–312
    • 452d, July 21, 1960, 338–342
    • 453d, July 25, 1960, 353–354
    • 454th, Aug. 1, 1960, 372–376
    • 455th, Aug. 12, 1960, 406–407
    • 456th, Aug. 18, 1960, 147–159, 421–424
    • 457th, Aug. 25, 1960, 442–443
    • 458th, Sept. 7, 1960, 460–462
    • 459th, Sept. 15, 1960, 489–490
    • 460th, Sept. 21, 1960, 496–497
    • 461st, Sept. 29, 1960, 509–510
    • 462d, Oct. 6, 1960, 516
    • 463d, Oct. 13, 1960, 527–529
    • 464th, Oct. 20, 1960, 539–542
    • 465th, Oct. 31, 1960, 560
    • 468th, Dec. 1, 1960, 607
    • 470th, Dec. 20, 1960, 638–639
    • 472d, Dec. 29, 1960, 642–643
  • newly independent countries, United States, relations with, 127–128
  • Special Group on the Congo, 443
  • Union of South Africa, 751
  • West Africa, 93–98, 106–109
• Ndele, 535, 549
• Nes, David G., 48n
• Newlin, Michael, H., 611n
• Newly independent countries (see also specific countries and areas):
  • economic situations, 66–67
  • multilateral economic aid, 55, 70, 94–97, 110
  • political boundaries, 82, 121, 134, 155, 237
  • political situations, 55, 75–76
  • relations with colonial powers (see also French Community; multilateral economic aid above ), 25, 31, 39–40, 83, 94–97, 149–150, 171
  • Soviet bloc economic aid, 183, 236–238
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 9, 18, 56, 80, 82, 118
  • U.N. membership, 137–138, 149, 154, 252
  • United States, relations with, 16, 27, 39, 47, 83, 122, 127–128, 184
  • U.S. economic aid, 19, 30, 83–84, 183, 236–238, 237
• Newman, George S., 755n
• Ngalula, Joseph, 264
• Niger (see also French Community), 216–217, 233, 235–236
• Nigeria (see also British territories; West Africa), 7, 47, 120, 126, 168, 170, 230
  • Congo crisis, 487, 502, 624
  • independence, 4, 48, 117, 150, 221, 227
  • political situation, 55, 75, 241
  • United States, relations with, 10, 114, 221–222, 227–232, 245
• Nixon, Richard M., 22, 75–76, 103, 126–127, 270, 406
• Nkrumah, Kwame (see also Ghana), 13, 64, 168, 220, 271–274, 645–657
  • Congo crisis, 313, 380n, 390–392, 404–405, 445, 487–488, 557
    • political situation, 422, 433, 528, 665–666
    • U.N. General Assembly speech, 663–665, 667–668, 667–669
  • Pan-Africanism, 48, 137
  • political situation, 75–76, 241
  • U.S. economic aid, 11–12, 648–650, 660–661, 666–667
• Norland, Donald R., 215–217
• Norstad, Gen. Lauris, 384
• North Africa (see also French territories), 10, 21, 46, 49, 136–141, 143–146, 202
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (see also specific countries), 16, 20, 26, 29, 48, 50–51, 251, 253
  • Congo crisis, 345, 350, 384, 436, 438, 441, 469, 473–474
• Northern Rhodesia. See Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
• Northwestern University, 103–104
• Noyes, W. Albert, Jr., 104n
• Nunley, William T., 292n, 566n, 729n
• Nussbaumer, 535
• Nuwezi, Mwata Yamvo Ditende, III, 570
• Nyasaland (see also Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland; Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa), 92
• Nyembo, Albert, 294
• Nyerere, Julius, 63n
• Nzeza, Simon, 256
• Ogaden, 190
• Okito, 604
• Olympio, Sylvanus, 213, 223–225
• Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), 11–13, 39–40, 108, 173, 186–187, 191–192, 215
• Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), 98
• Ormsby-Gore, David, 599–600, 614, 623–626
• Osman, Aden Abdulla, 215
• Padberg, Eugene L., 693n
• Padmore, George, 163–164
• Pakistan, 624
• Palmer, Joseph, II, 227, 541, 646–647n, 724, 750
• Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa (PAFMECA), 63
• Pan-Africanism (see also specific conferences), 48, 55, 69, 137, 204, 207–208, 437
• Parsons, J. Graham, 128, 135–136
• Pella, Giuseppe, 10n
• Pella Plan. See Middle East Development Fund.
• Penfield, James k., 99n, 258n, 378–379n, 381n, 385n, 392n, 409n, 502n, 517n, 525n, 566n, 584n, 592n, 602n, 632n, 643n, 687n
  • Congo crisis, 284, 291, 344, 588n
  • Ethiopia, 192
  • Union of South Africa, 742
• Pétillion, Leon, 15
• Philippines, 75–76, 252
• Pinzi, Arthur, 255
• Poland, 622
• Porter, William J., 128n, 188n
• Portugal (see also Portuguese territories), 12, 376
• Portuguese territories (see also Angola; Mozambique), 2, 6, 12, 30, 65, 85, 90–91
• Potgieter, 734
• Prohme, Rupert, 684n
• Quaison-Sackey, Alex, 352–353, 446, 597, 663–665
• Quezon, Manuel, 76
• Rabb, Max, 354
• Radio Cairo, 8
• Randall, Clarence B., 14–16, 19–20
• Raymond, John M., 525n, 674n
• Reams, J. Borden, 215–218
• Reid, Ralph W.E., 159n, 377
• Republic of Cameroun. See Cameroun.
• Republic of Chad. See Chad.
• Republic of Congo (see also Congo crisis):
  • Belgium, relations with (see also Belgian subheadings under Congo crisis), 309–310, 313–314, 319, 336–337, 357–358, 441, 562–563
  • Chinese People’s Republic, relations with, 280, 301, 303, 540
  • economic situation, 318–320, 354, 358, 362, 364, 510, 516, 540, 610
  • foreign investment, 281, 353–354, 358, 360, 364–365, 428–429
  • human rights, 622
  • independence (see also under Belgian Congo), 214, 256
  • neutralism, 281, 362–363, 439
  • Pan-Africanism, 437
  • separatist movements (see also Katanga secession under Congo crisis), 357
  • Soviet bloc, relations with (see also Soviet subheadings under Congo crisis), 280–281, 372, 375, 405–406, 437–439, 442–443, 477–478, 540
  • tribal rivalries, 389, 430, 461, 560
  • U.N. membership, 331
  • Union of South Africa, relations with, 752
  • United Arab Republic, relations with, 338
  • United States, relations with, 214, 344, 351–354, 358–368, 372, 427–429
  • U.S. economic aid (see also U.N.-channeled economic aid under Congo crisis), 279–281, 294, 296, 358, 363, 365–366, 372, 407, 477, 540
• Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), 120, 219, 486
• Republic of Congo (Léopoldville). See Congo crisis; Republic of Congo.
• Republic of Dahomey. See Dahomey.
• Republic of Gabon. See Gabon.
• Republic of Guinea. See Guinea.
• Republic of Niger. See Niger.
• Republic of Togo. See Togo.
• Republic of Upper Volta. See Upper Volta.
• Rhodesia (see also Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland), 15, 20–21, 41, 61, 64, 274, 376
• Richards, Arthur L., 192, 194–195
• Riddleberger, James W., 76–77, 104–105, 110, 113–114, 152, 707n, 708n
• Rikhye, Gen., 403, 445–446, 464, 530
• Rinden, Robert W., 212, 684n, 692–693
• Roberts, Edward, 110, 115
• Roberts, Owen W., 351
• Rockefeller, John D., 629
• Rockefeller, Nelson, 227, 229
• Rogers, Charles E., 171
• Rogers, William P., 213
• Root, John, 186
• Rothschild, Robert, 313, 574, 577, 579–580
• Ruanda-Urundi (see also Africa South of the Sahara; East, Central, and South Africa), 59, 85, 89–90, 340
• Ruchti, James R., 109n
• Rusk, Dean, 629
• Rutter, Peter, 652–653
• Saccio, Leonard J., 102n, 114, 128, 134
• Salumu, Bernard, 593
• Satterthwaite, Joseph C., 48n, 102n, 226n, 236n, 249n, 271n, 277n, 292n, 298n, 303n, 317n, 385n, 409n, 413n, 433n, 445n, 479n, 537n, 554n, 568n, 584n, 602n, 618n, 630n, 661n, 667n, 670n, 674n, 698n, 713n, 729n
  • Africa South of the Sahara, 99–106, 110–111, 113–114, 116
  • African Regional Conference, 53
  • appointment of, 23
  • Belgian Congo, 255–257
  • Chinese People’s Republic, 135–136
  • communist influence, 38
  • Congo crisis, 450n, 469–470, 500, 515–516
  • French Community, 69, 71–73, 135
  • Ghana, 515–516, 663–665
  • Guinea, 71–72, 678n, 687, 693–697, 716–718
  • Horn of Africa, 191–192
  • independence, 38, 134
  • Lodge’s special representative proposal, 44n
  • Mali Federation, 72–73
  • newly independent countries, 171, 240
  • Tangier Conference, 136n, 143–146
  • Togo, 224–225
  • tripartite talks, 46n
  • U.S. economic aid, 143–146
  • U.S.-French discussions, 128, 135
• Sauvagnargues, Jean de, 632n
• Scheyven, Louis, 261, 325, 327–328, 367–369, 386–387, 386–390, 416n, 452–453
• Scheyven, Raymond, 266, 269–270, 315–317
• Schuurmans, Constant, 251, 253, 285, 291
• Scribner, Fred C., Jr., 187
• Sears, Mason, 40–42
• Sedgwick, Charles, 246n, 359n, 361n, 363n
• Segni, Antonio, 188–189, 197–198
• Sekou, Yansan, 420
• Sendwe, Jason, 350–351, 357, 575
• Senegal (see also French Community; Mali Federation), 220, 226–227, 241, 246–249, 443, 624
• Sherman, W.C., 258n, 271n
• Shoup, Gen. David M., 469
• Sierra Leone (see also British territories; West Africa), 118, 120, 150, 241
• Silvercruys, Baron, 251
• Siseo, Joseph J., 303n, 334n, 344n, 378n, 392n, 473n, 481n, 493n, 525n, 537n, 554n, 566n, 568n, 592n
• Slim, Mongi, 307, 324, 346, 465, 478, 480–481, 492–493, 625
• Smirnovsky, Mikhail N., 343
• Smith, Abbot, 435–442
• Smith, Gerard, 159n, 469
• Smith, James H., Jr., 21
• Sobolev, Arkady A., 322
• Somali Republic (see also Somalia), 204–209, 211, 215
• Somalia (see also Somali Republic), 8, 93, 168
  • Ethiopia, relations with, 9, 135, 175–176, 181, 188–190, 200–201, 205, 209
  • Greater Somalia proposal, 181–182, 188, 200–201, 203, 205, 208–209
  • independence, 9, 176, 183–184, 190, 204–205
  • Italian economic aid, 188–189, 197–198
  • United States, relations with, 9–10, 134, 157, 183, 188–189, 191, 197–198
• Somare, Abdoulaye, 293
• Songolo, 617
• Sory, Caba, 559
• Soudan (see also French Community; Mali Federation), 468
• South Africa Act of 1909, 88
• South West Africa (see also East, Central, and South Africa), 85, 87, 724–726, 729–730, 734–735, 737, 760–761
• Southern Rhodesia. See Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
• Soviet bloc (see also Soviet bloc subheadings under other subjects), 48–51, 176, 190, 206, 208, 338–339
• Soviet Union. See communist influence under other subjects ; Soviet bloc; Soviet bloc subheadings under other subjects.
• Special Group on the Congo (NSC), 443
• Special National Intelligence Estimates (see also National Intelligence Estimates), SNIE 72.1–59, 177–178
• Stabler, Wells, 188n, 251n
• Stans, Maurice, 77, 97, 155–156, 158–159, 183–184, 236–238, 257–258, 312, 423, 540–541
• State Department–JCS meetings, 468–471
• Stoessel, Walter J., 333n, 379n, 537n, 554n
• Stokes, William N., 45
• Straneo, Carlo Alberto, 197–198
• Sub-Saharan Africa. See Africa South of the Sahara.
• Sudan, 9, 168, 193, 203 [Page 782]
  • Congo crisis, 487, 490, 550, 609, 630–631, 633, 639, 643
  • National Intelligence Estimates, 177–178, 193–194
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 8, 49, 193–194
  • United Arab Republic, relations with, 173–174, 178, 193
  • United Kingdom, relations with, 176, 178, 193–194
  • United States, relations with, 9–10, 173–174, 178, 194
• Suez Canal, 86
• SUNFED, 237
• Swank, Emory C., 194–195
• Swaziland. See British territories; High Commission territories.
• Sweeney, Joseph, 425n
• Tanganyika (see also Africa South of the Sahara; British East Africa; East, Central, and South Africa; Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa), 8, 41, 59, 66, 112, 114, 129
• Tangier Conference, 136–141
• Task Force on Africa, Report, Dec. 31, 1960, 172
• Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 52–53
• Terrill, Robert, 110
• Thatcher, Nicholas G., 433n
• Thayer, Robert H., 103
• Thimayya, Gen., 619
• Timberlake, Clare H., 214, 242–244, 270n
  • Congo crisis, 283–284, 307, 391n, 427–429, 448, 477, 567–568, 600–601, 627n
    • Belgian technicians, 318–320, 373–374, 420–421, 423, 540, 564–565
    • Belgium, relations with, 283, 309–310, 313–314, 343–344, 389n, 562–563
    • caretaker government proposals, 561–562, 584n, 586–588, 620–621
    • Kasavubu-Lumumba conflict, 462–463, 471–472, 477, 501, 504, 518–521, 527n, 534–536
    • Lumumba arrest, 612, 616–618
    • Lumumba government, 407–409, 417–419, 430, 501, 504
    • political situation, 494–495, 510–511, 563–564, 601
    • Soviet bloc, relations with, 322–323, 375, 477–478, 491
    • U.N. intervention, 286–287, 292n, 293–295, 374, 420–421, 423, 430–432, 444n, 448–449, 504, 612–613, 627–629
• Togo (see also French territories; French Tropical Africa; West Africa), 3, 10, 18, 56, 117, 138–139, 213, 223–225, 237, 240n, 245, 541
• Tomlinson, John D., 214, 261, 275–277, 277n, 280–281
• Toomey, William D., 667n
• Toure, Ismael, 718
• Toure, Momo, 420
• Touré, Sekou, 71–72, 212
  • Congo crisis, 389, 395, 405, 411, 487, 515–516
  • U.S.-Guinean relations, 673n, 675–678, 683, 687–689, 693–706, 710, 716–718
• Treasury, U.S. Department of, 74, 95–96, 99, 111
• Tron, René, 245n, 292n, 392n, 502n, 532n, 592n, 605n, 618n
• Tshombé, Moïse (see also Congo crisis: Katanga secession), 350, 397, 472, 485, 512–513, 517, 561, 599
• Tsiranana, Philibert, 72, 214
• Tubman, William V.S., 162–165, 239n, 389, 692, 700
• Tunisia (see also French territories; Slim, Mongi), 49, 75, 168, 646, 651
  • Congo crisis, 310, 322, 324, 378–379, 446, 465, 480, 504, 527, 557
    • U.N. resolutions, 302, 305–307, 346, 492–493
• Twining, Gen. Nathan F., 310–312, 339–341, 373, 375, 425–427, 469–470
• Uganda (see also Africa South of the Sahara; British East Africa; East, Central, and South Africa; Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa), 10, 59, 93
• U.N. Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 322
• U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, 13, 32
• U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 576
• U.N. Operations in the Congo (UNOC). See Congo crisis: U.N. intervention.
• U.N. Special Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED), 225, 231, 237
• U.N. Special Projects Fund, 206
• Union of South Africa (see also Africa South of the Sahara; East, Central, and South Africa), 30, 86, 90, 376, 625
  • apartheid, 64, 87–88, 726–729, 732–734, 743, 745–747
    • National Intelligence Estimates, 58–59, 753–755
    • protests, 741–744, 747–748
    • U.N. consideration, 87, 731–732, 736–739, 745–747, 749, 751
    • U.S. policy toward, 6, 81–82, 84–85, 731–732, 741–744, 749–753, 758–760
  • communist influence, 7, 12, 29, 60, 65, 68, 87–88
  • Ghana, relations with, 752, 757
  • High Commission territories, 5, 88, 733, 738
  • political situation, 15, 133, 748
  • self-determination, 6–7, 18, 41, 62
  • South West Africa, relations with, 85, 87, 724–726, 729–730, 734–735, 737, 739–741, 760–761
  • United States, relations with, 25, 84, 86–87, 752–753, 755–760
• Union of the Camerounian People (UPC), 18
• United Arab Republic (UAR), 7–9, 49, 93, 180, 184, 190, 200, 206–207, 338–339, 417
  • Congo crisis (see also Ghana-Guinea-UAR support under Congo crisis: Lumumba government), 338, 484, 486
  • Sudan, relations with, 173–174, 178, 193
• United Kingdom (see also British territories; Colonial powers; British, tripartite, and U.S.-British subheadings under other subjects), 12, 20, 39–40, 73, 119–120, 173, 203
  • economic aid, 32, 94–95
  • Ghana, 75, 241, 652
  • Kenya, 92, 176, 208
  • Somali Republic, 206–207, 211
  • Union of South Africa, 743, 745–747
• United Nations (see also U.N. and Hammarskjöld subheadings under other subjects; specific U.N. agencies), 46, 94, 151, 167–168, 204, 247–248, 525, 682
  • Chinese People’s Republic membership, 135, 231–232
  • Eisenhower speech, 160, 167, 196
  • French Equatorial African membership, 134
  • General Assembly Resolutions:
    • 1243, 730n
    • 1248, 731n
    • 1360, 739
    • 1361, 739
    • 1375, 739
    • 1415, 293
    • 1444, 304
    • 1445, 304
    • 1474 (ES-IV), 496
    • 1592 (XV), 639–640
  • multilateral economic aid, 105, 113, 150, 225, 231, 236–237
  • new members, 137–138, 149, 154, 252
  • racial policies and, 29, 64, 82, 87, 731–732, 736–739, 745–747, 749, 751
  • Security Council Resolutions:
    • S/4387, 305–307
    • S/4405, 346
  • Somali Republic, 206–207, 211
  • South West Africa, 85, 87, 724–726, 734–735, 737, 760–761
  • Trust territories (see also specific territories), 27
  • U.S. policy in, 42, 82, 122
• Upper Volta, 118, 168, 216–217, 233, 235–236
• Upton, Grady, 657–658
• U.S. Information Service (USIS), 39, 53, 136n, 268–269, 471
• Valdes, Philip H., 714n
• Van Den Bosch, 285, 290, 295, 337, 578, 581, 597
• Van Der Meersch, 295, 313, 429
• Van Essen, Marcel, 68, 702n
• Verhaegen, Benoit, 290n
• Verwoerd, Hendrik F., 727n, 732–733, 748
• Villard, Henry S., 227n, 244
• Voice of America, 268–269, 471
• Von Horn, Maj. Gen. Carl C., 321–322, 572, 614, 624
• Wachuku, 596, 626
• Wadsworth, James J., 160, 245–246n
  • Congo crisis, 489, 496, 557, 589–591 [Page 784]
    • political situation, 475, 485, 525, 529–532, 542n, 556–557, 589–591, 596–600, 608–609
    • U.N. intervention, 475–476, 478n, 490, 492, 559–560, 595–596, 607–608, 610–611, 613–616, 623–626, 636–638
• Wallner, Woodruff, 381n, 385n, 392n, 433n, 465–467, 493n, 502n, 517n, 532n, 554n, 568n, 584n, 602n, 667n, 740n
• Walmsley, Walter N., 724–729, 730n, 734n
• Walravens, Gérard A.J., 272
• Ware, Robert L., 687n
• Watson, John Hugh Adam, 50n
• Waugh, Samuel C., 112
• Welbeck (chargé), 531, 536, 549, 594, 597, 608, 613
• Wendelen, André, 625
• West Africa (see also Africa South of the Sahara; specific countries):
  • communist influence, 56–57, 118, 120–121, 123
  • France, relations with, 119–120, 241
  • independence, 54–55, 94, 117–118, 121, 134, 136
  • multilateral economic aid, 94–97, 119, 121, 124, 139
  • National Intelligence Estimate, 54–57
  • NSC discussions, 93–98, 106–109
  • NSC Reports, 117–126
  • Soviet bloc, relations with, 118, 123, 125, 138, 143–146
  • United States, relations with, 120, 138, 141, 143–146
  • U.S. policy toward, 97–98, 107, 118, 120–125, 136–141
• Western Europe (see also Colonial powers; multilateral economic aid under other subjects ; specific countries), 25–26, 31, 119, 253
• White, Ivan B., 344n, 381n, 413n, 433n, 445n, 473n, 630n, 693n
• White, Lincoln, 741
• White, Gen. Thomas D., 21, 470
• Whitehead, Edgar, 20
• Whitney, John Hay, 486–487, 750
• Wieschhoff, Heinrich, 352, 403–404, 447n, 464–465, 467, 482n, 529n, 547, 551, 608
• Wight, William L., Jr., 109n, 278n, 409n, 452n
• Wigny, Pierre:
  • Congo crisis, 285, 289–290, 314–315, 325–326, 337–338, 381n, 401, 458, 574–581, 576
    • Kasavubu-Lumumba conflict, 460, 508–509, 521–523, 596–597
    • Katanga secession, 338, 398, 403, 522, 574–575
    • U.N. intervention, 288, 398, 403, 579–580
    • U.S.-Belgian relations and, 251–253, 381n, 383n
• Wilcox, Francis O., 105n, 113, 292n, 298n, 303n, 334n, 413n, 445–446n, 479n, 481n, 729n
  • Africa South of the Sahara, 110, 113, 115
  • Congo crisis, 336n, 478n
  • Guinea, 721n
• Williams, Haydn, 755
• Witman, William, II, 197n
• Woodruff, Arthur H., 344n, 385n, 488n, 517n, 525n, 532n, 568n, 584n, 602n
• World Bank. See International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
• Wossen, Asfa, 185, 190, 202
• Yameogo, Maurice, 217, 236n
• Yates, Lt. Gen. D.N., 755n
• Yemen, 176
• Youlou, Fulbert, 219, 486n
• Yugoslavia, 303
• Yumbu, Joseph, 286, 418
• Zanzibar (see also Africa South of the Sahara; British East Africa; East, Central, and South Africa; Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa), 8, 59
• Zorin, Valerian, 489, 492, 496