Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Korea,
Volume XXIII, Part 2
Index
- Note: In this index, the terms “Korea” and “ROK” refer to the Republic of Korea. The Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea is indicated by the term “Korea (DPRK)”.
- Acet, Kâmran, 257
- Ad Hoc Korean Armistice Team, 465n
- Agreed Minute of Understanding between the United States and the Republic
of Korea (Nov. 17, 1954), 4n
, 12–15, 125, 147–148, 178, 294, 375–376, 532
- Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (P.L.
480), 167, 168, 385, 386, 514–515
- Air Force, U.S., 122
- Allen, Ward P., 40n
,
61n
, 64, 65, 94, 140n
- American Chamber of Commerce (Korea), 170,
175–176
- American-Korean Foundation, 164
-
Amory, Robert, 271, 438
- Anaya, Ricardo, 257
- Anderson, Dillon, 68, 92–93, 217
-
Anderson, Robert B., 124
- Anti-Americanism in Korea, 163–164
- Armstrong, W. Park, 289
- Atomic weapons. See Nuclear weapons.
- Australia (see also
Commonwealth forces in Korea):
- Bacon, Ruth E., 257
- Baldwin, Hanson, 441
- Baran, Saul, 384
- Barbis, George M., 192–193, 241, 291n
, 406n
, 473n
, 478n
, 523n
, 529
- Barnes, Robert G., 509
- Baydur, Mehmet, 257, 260
- Beam, Jacob D., 244n
- Belgium, 260, 261
- Bennett, Tapley, 198, 285, 331
- Bernau, Phyllis D., 166n
- Bielke, Count, 154
- Blakeney, F. J., 249, 252, 261
- Blaustein, Jacob, 186
- Boggs, Marion W., 403n
- Boheman, Erik, 165n
,
172, 173, 198n
, 233n
- modern military equipment for Korea, 206
-
NNSC personnel reductions, 82n
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- Bond, Niles, 249, 253, 257, 276n
, 282
- Booker, M. R., 430, 433
-
Bowie, Robert R., 5n
, 23, 315n
, 331, 333, 354n
, 411, 437, 457n
- military program for Korea:
- draft policy paper, 404, 407
- repercussions on other aspects of Korean problem, 403
- State Department position, 391n
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- equipment to be shipped, 415–416
- nuclear-capable weapons, 329,
441
- position on, 441n
- Boyer, Jack, 302
-
Briggs, Ellis O., 9, 11n
, 27n
,
30n
, 84n
, 84n
- economic situation in Korea, 3–5
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission:
- protection of forces, 33
- withdrawal from Korea, 10n
, 18n
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea, 36,
62–63
- Brown, Elizabeth A., 257n
, 263n
,
269n
, 272n
, 434
- Brown, Willard O., 193
-
Brucker, Wilber M., 195n
, 464–465, 532
-
Brundage, Percival F., 398, 448
- Budget, Bureau of the, U.S., 404, 407, 411
-
Burke, Adm. Arleigh A., 214, 243, 271, 330, 332, 498
- military program for Korea, 392–393, 397,
399–400
- modern military equipment for Korea, 393
-
ROK Army force reductions, 371–372
- U.S. military presence in Korea, 371–372
- Burns, R. L., 468n
- Byrd, Robert C., 195n
- Cabell, Gen. Charles P., 129
- Cabot, John M., 206n
,
247, 276n
-
Caccia, Sir Harold, 429, 430, 434–435, 455, 456, 457
- Caillat, Claude, 154
- Cairo Declaration, 351n
- Calingo, Mauro, 261
- Cameron, Turner C., Jr., 170, 181n
, 191, 225n
, 236
- Canada (see also
Commonwealth forces in Korea):
-
Carney, Adm. Robert B., 24–25
- Cavalierato, Phedon Annino, 261
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 6, 129, 382n
, 383n
-
Chang Myon, 268, 334
- Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo, 352n
, 470
- China, People’s Republic of, 115
- international conference on Korea, 240–243, 267
- Korea (DPRK), military presence in, 287–288, 323
-
NNSC personnel reductions, 39
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 193–194, 204, 267, 275–276
- position on, 39
- Swiss-Chinese consultations re, 83
- Taiwan and offshore islands issue, 218, 219–220
- China, Republic of, 115, 347, 470
-
Cho Chong-hwan, 176n
, 234, 367, 370n
, 387, 504, 505
- Korean repossession of areas south of 38th
parallel, possible, 143–144
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea, 136, 139n
, 143
-
ROK Army force reductions, 477
- Choi, Lt. Col., 136
- Chong II Kwon, Gen., 114–116, 161, 170, 181, 268, 331, 335
- Chong Kyu-man, 192
- Chou En-lai, 58, 220, 267
-
Christian Science Monitor, 167
- Chun Bung-ku, 384
- Churchill, Winston S., 352n
-
CINCUNC. See
Decker, Gen. George;
Hull, Gen. John
D.
;
Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman L.
;
Taylor, Gen. Maxwell
D.
- Civil war in Korea, possible, 332–333
- Clausewitz, Karl von, 310
- Clough, Ralph, 249
- Commonwealth forces in Korea:
- Communist objectives re Korea, 376
- Communist subversion in Korea, 75–77, 182–185, 470
- Communist threat, international, 346–347, 354–356, 368–370
- Cooley, Harold D., 515n
- Costanza, 385
- Coup against Rhee, possible, 181
- Couve de Murville, Maurice, 94, 96, 101n
- Cronk, Edwin M., 193
- Crowley, Edwin D., 154, 239, 266
-
Cutler, Robert, 17, 56, 57,
392, 393, 394, 396–397, 398, 400, 401, 410–412, 415, 420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 437, 438, 444–445, 446, 449–450, 452, 453, 457n
, 480n
, 481–482, 483, 484, 485, 508n
- Cyr, Leo G., 271
- Czechoslovakia (see also
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission;
NNSC withdrawal from
Korea), 522
- Davenport, Philip M., 384
- Davis, Adm. Arthur C., 88, 120, 124n
, 153, 162n
- De la Mare, Arthur J., 275–276, 278, 289–290, 413–415, 428, 433
-
Decker, Gen. George
H.:
- appointment as CINCUNC, 470, 474n
-
MacArthur’s assessment
of, 512
- modern military equipment for Korea, 533n
-
ROK Army force reductions:
- Korean proposal, 519–522, 525, 527–528, 531, 535–536
- negotiations on reductions, 500–502, 509, 516n
, 519–522
- position on, 512
- U.S.-Korean military consultations re, 471–473
- U.S. military presence in Korea, 509n
- Deckert, Robert, 436
- Denny, Adm. Sir Michael, 428
- Devakul, Thuaithep, 257
- Diehl, William W., 384
- Dinke, Berhanou, 257
- Disarmament issue, 244
- Douglas, Count C. L., 10n
, 61n
,
64, 227n
, 239–240, 267
-
Dowling, Walter C. (“Red”), 291n
, 354n
, 367, 370n
, 428, 465n
, 471n
, 504–505
- appointment as Ambassador, 176n
- communist threat, international, 346–347
- Japan, relations with Korea, 505
- Korean reunification, 347–348, 518
- U.S. initiative, proposal for, 518n
- modern military equipment for Korea, 325–326, 328–329, 342, 364
- political situation in Korea:
-
Rhee’s attitude toward, 331
-
ROK Army force reductions, 512
- Korean position, 477
- Korean proposal, 516–517, 521–522, 536
- modern military equipment for Korea and, 327–329, 504–505
- negotiations on reductions, 457, 459–460, 461–462, 500, 509, 516
- position on, 364–365
- U.N. General Assembly, Korean membership issue, 518–519
- U.S. military presence in Korea, 326–327, 509n
- U.S. policy toward Korea, Rhee’s criticisms of, 517–518
- Drew, Walter H., 41n
-
Dulles, Allen W., 6n
, 37n
, 57,
348, 392, 412n
, 489n
- Dulles, John Foster, 387
- Commonwealth forces in Korea:
- economic situation in Korea:
-
Hoover’s Korea visit, 169
- international conference on Korea:
- Korea visit, 233–237
- Korean Armistice:
- communist violations, 57, 58, 124
- Korean abrogation, U.S. policy on, 5
- Korea’s symbolic importance to U.S., 396
- massive retaliation policy, 394, 448–449
- military program for Korea, 398–399, 400
- draft policy paper, 418
- economic aspects for U.S., 446–447
-
NSC discussions re, 445–447, 448–449, 451–453, 482–483, 484, 485, 486, 487
- resumption of hostilities by Korea, U.S. response to, 412–413
- State Department position, 390
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- communist violations of Armistice issue, 421–422, 426
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 123, 124
- nuclear-capable weapons, 394–395, 400, 421–422, 424, 425–427, 443, 445–446, 482–483, 484, 506
- progress reports, 506
- public announcements re, 432,
439, 455, 456
- reports on equipment for NNSC, 451–452
-
ROK forces, equipment for,
485, 507, 508–509
- U.K. position, 90–91
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 111, 112
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission:
- communist espionage, alleged, 2–3
- communist manipulation of, 57
- Korean installations, inspection of, 61–62
- Korean threats against, 55
- personnel reductions, 35, 61–62,
131n
,
141, 142, 248, 255
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- consultations by U.N. allies re, 34–35
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 165–166, 174–175, 220–221, 224–226, 244, 248–249, 277–280
- Eisenhower’s position, 149
- Korean demand for withdrawal, 141–142, 148
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 88–90, 121, 122, 123, 124, 263–266, 272, 278–280
- Swiss-Swedish proposal for, 7,
10
- U.S. course of action, 140–141, 149, 153n
, 165–167
-
Rhee, attitude toward, 485
-
Rhee, meetings with, 233, 236
-
ROK Army force reductions:
- economic factors, 194
- Korean proposal, U.S. response to, 523, 530
- modern military equipment for Korea and, 482–483, 484
- negotiations on reductions, 452–453, 457–459, 509n
- Taiwan and offshore islands issue, 218, 219, 220
- U.N. Command, withdrawal by member countries, 58
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea, 2,
234, 235
- U.S. military assistance to Korea, 234, 235
- U.S. policy toward Korea:
- new leadership, U.S. development of, 37
- withdrawal from Korea, possible, 218
- Duncan, Adm. Donald B., 128
- Dunham, William B., 197n
- Economic situation in Korea:
- economic history, absence of, 298
- exchange rate, 295
- economic impact in Korea, 131–133
- official rate, establishment of, 147–148
- official rate, extension of, 384–387
- U.S.-Korean consultations re, 3–5, 52, 53–55, 83–85,
120, 125, 147–148, 384–387
- financial stabilization program, 513
- improvements under U.S. policies, 293
- inflation, 194, 296, 365, 385
- offshore procurement, 515
-
ROK Army and, 105–106, 118, 194,
318–319,
327–328
- taxation of U.S. businesses, 164, 168, 170,
175–177
- U.S.-Korean conference on (1955), 83–85, 104n
, 106, 116–119, 120,
125, 133
- U.S.-Korean conference on (1956), 296
- U.S. policy statement on (NSC
5702/2), 494–495
- Eden, Sir Anthony, 58, 95, 219–220
- Eisenhower, Dwight D., 56, 116, 508
- communist threat, international, 354–356
-
Dulles’ Korea visit, 236
- Far East military situation, 70–71
- Japan:
- U.S. military forces in, 311,
312
- U.S. policy toward, 12
- Korean Armistice, communist violations of, 57–58
- Korean reunification, 469
- Korea’s symbolic importance to U.S., 396, 486–487
-
Lemnitzer, meeting with,
469–471
- military program for Korea, 399, 400–401, 402, 446,
450–451,
482, 484–485, 486–487
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- nuclear-capable weapons, 366–367, 424, 425, 426, 446, 452, 471, 482, 484–485
- public announcements re, 256,
452
-
Rhee’s position,
463
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- build-up of forces and, 71
- position on, 149
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 88, 89, 90, 93–94, 121
- unilateral action by U.S., 17–18, 29, 30n
, 70
-
Rhee, attitude toward, 348
-
Rhee, correspondence with,
2, 11–13, 354–356, 463–464, 468–469, 478–480, 503–504
-
ROK Army force reductions, 313, 485
- letter to Rhee, 468–469, 503–504
- negotiations on reductions, 451, 452, 457n
, 459, 509n
-
NSC discussion re, 309, 310, 311, 312
- Taiwan and offshore islands issue, 219–220
- U.N. Command, withdrawal by member countries, 58–59
- United Nations, proposed Soviet expulsion from, 355
- U.S. balance-of-payments problem, 313–314, 400–401
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea, 12–13
- U.S. military assistance to Korea, 12–13
- U.S. military presence in Korea, 366–367, 450, 471
- U.S. policy toward Korea:
- new leadership, U.S. development of, 37
- security of Korea, commitment to, 11–12
- withdrawal from Korea, possible, 217–218
- Eisenhower, Maj. John S. D., 469
- Eisenhower, Milton S., 163–164
- Exchange rate in Korea. See under
Economic situation in Korea.
- Export-Import Bank, 515n
- Far East military situation, 68–69, 70–71
- Farrell, Gen. Francis W., 411, 415
- Federation of Patriotic Organizations, 195
- Finn, Richard B., 498n
- FitzGerald, Dennis A., 36n
- Flemming, Arthur S., 219, 398
- Foreign Operations Administration (FOA),
78, 79, 83, 127n
- Foreign policy of Korea:
- Japan, relations with, 108, 190, 234,
370, 479, 505
- United Kingdom, relations with, 414–415
- U.S. policy on, 47, 190
- Fox, Lt. Gen. Alonso P., 198, 224
- France, 260
- international conference on Korea, 251, 252
- modern military equipment for Korea, 96, 437n
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 251, 252
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 101n
, 264–265, 278n
- Swiss-Swedish withdrawal, proposed, 7
- Froeschle, Lt. Col. Helmuth O., 114
-
Gard, Gen. Robert G., 274n
, 275n
, 278n
, 501
- General Federation of Koreans Resident in Japan (Soren), 183
- Geneva Conference of 1954, 1
- Gill, Air Commodore T. F., 428
- Glazebrook, George P. de T., 249, 250–251, 260–261
- Gleason, S. Everett, 18, 37–38, 59,
72, 94, 215, 220, 243, 314, 331, 348, 402, 427, 454, 489, 491
- Glitman, Maynard W., 384
-
Goodpaster, Gen. Andrew J., 468n
, 469, 471
- Graves, Sir Hubert A., 249, 250, 253, 259–260, 261, 269–270, 278
-
Gray, Gordon, 214, 322n
,
388
- Commonwealth forces in Korea, 162n
- modern military equipment for Korea:
-
NNSC, Korean demonstrations
against, 223–224
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 179, 187, 196n
, 198–199, 207, 221–224, 226
- U.S. course of action, 153–154, 166, 171, 173, 178–179
-
ROK Army force reductions, 333
- Greece, 261, 264
- Griffing, Gen., 501
- Hailey, Foster, 534
- Hamilton, A.A.M., 257
-
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 8, 64, 456
- Han. See
Pyo Wook Han.
- Hanes, John W., Jr., 67–68, 428, 434
- Hannah, John A., 424
- Harding, Field Marshal Sir John, 91
- Harr, Karl G., Jr., 508n
, 509n
,
529–530
- Harrison, Landreth M., 182n
- Hatoyama, Ichiro, 115
- Hay, Col. R.A., 428
-
Hemmendinger, Noel, 88n
, 99, 148n
, 175n
, 180n
, 243, 251–252, 253, 256n
, 257, 264n
, 267, 273n
, 277n
, 278, 299
- Commonwealth forces in Korea, 72–73
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- action on equipment issue prior to NNSC resolution, proposed,
237–239
- State-Defense consultations re, 201, 303–305
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea, 275, 276n
, 279n
- political situation in Korea, 301
-
ROK Army force reductions, 177–178
- Henderson, Gregory, 516n
-
Henderson, Loy W., 257, 271
-
Hensel, H. Struve, 5, 6n
-
Herter, Christian A.:
- Korea visit, 511–512
- military program for Korea, 406
-
ROK Army force reduction, 478, 516,
523
- Hilliker, G.G., 158n
-
Hollister, John B., 167–168, 191
- Holloway, J.E., 264n
- Hong Kee Karl, 142, 145
-
Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 6n
, 71, 111, 180
- economic situation in Korea:
- taxation of U.S. businesses, 175, 176n
, 177n
- U.S.-Korean conference on (1955),
116–117
- international conference on Korea, 273–274
- Japan, U.S. military forces in, 312
- Korea visit, 167n
, 169–170
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- communist violations and, 42
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 263
- military advantages issue, 101
- public announcements re, 256
-
ROK forces, equipment for,
310
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 41, 42
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, personnel reductions, 41–42, 50
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 228–229, 276–277
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 88–90, 94, 256, 262–263
- Swiss-Swedish proposal for, 49–50
-
Taylor’s position,
85
- U.S. course of action, 17, 29–30, 158–159
-
ROK Army:
- internal security forces, 182n
- loyalty to U.S., 170
- reduction of forces, 312
- U.S. Embassy in Korea, demonstrations at, 113
- U.S. policy toward Korea, 351, 354n
- Howe, Fisher, 443
- Hu Rak Lee, Gen., 114
- Hughes, Rowland R., 217
-
Hull, Gen. John D.,
3, 9
- Far East military situation, 68–69,
70–71
- Korean Armistice, U.S. policy on Korean abrogation, 5–6
- modern military equipment for Korea, 33, 69, 70
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission:
- communist manipulation of, 69
- Korean installations, inspection of, 48–49
- Korean threats against, 55
- protection of forces, 32
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- build-up of forces and, 71
- four-step strategy of U.S., 30–33
- position on, 27n
- unilateral action by U.S., 15,
17, 22, 23, 27, 69–70
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea, 36
-
Humphrey, George M.,
71, 93, 217, 218, 219, 220, 489n
- Hungary, 346, 355
- In Sang Song, 517
-
In Tae-sik, 268
- Inagaki, Heitaro, 108
- India, 186
- International conference on Korea:
- Chinese proposal for, 240–243, 267
- Swiss position, 254
- U.K. position, 260n
- U.N. allies’ position, 249–253, 256–262, 263–265, 270,
272–274
- U.S. position, 244–246, 258
- International Cooperation Administration, 127,
127
- International Court of Justice, 283, 283
- Irwin, John N., II, 509n
, 529, 531–532
- Jackson, William H., 309, 313, 334
- Jae Hung Yu, Lt. Gen., 472
- Japan, 11
- communist countries, relations with, 115
- communist-influenced Koreans in, 77,
183
- Korea, relations with, 108, 190, 234,
370, 479, 505
- military capabilities, 69, 70
- tripartite treaty between Japan, Korea, and U.S., proposed, 12
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea and, 132
- U.S. military forces in, 311–312
- U.S. policy toward, 12
- Johnson, U. Alexis, 248, 263, 272, 276
- Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) (see also
Radford, Adm. Arthur
W.
):
- Commonwealth forces in Korea, reduction of, 60, 66, 67, 73
- Korean Armistice, Taylor’s
proposal to terminate, 108
- military program for Korea:
- modern military equipment for Korea, 322–323, 333–334, 362, 423,
424–425,
447–448,
467–468
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission:
- Korean demonstrations against, 159
- Korean installations, inspection of, 48, 49n
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 214–215, 243–244
- four-step strategy of U.S., 30
- Korean demand for withdrawal, 139, 143
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 128–130
- Swiss-Swedish withdrawal, proposed, 7
- unilateral action by U.S., 15–16, 17–18
-
ROK Army force reductions, 178n
, 179n
, 322–325, 371–372
- State–JCS meetings, 19–27, 128–131, 214–215, 243–244, 271–272, 330–333, 498–500
- U.S. military presence in Korea:
- minimum force levels, 371–372
- reconnaissance flights, 103
- U.S. policy toward Korea, 8–9
- Joint Provost Marshal Command, 75
-
Jones, Howard, 281, 289, 367, 370n
, 460n
, 499, 505–507, 508n
, 509n
, 513, 516n
- modern military equipment for Korea, 473–474
- Jones, John W., 434
-
Jones, William G., 2n
, 3, 10n
, 11n
, 34n
, 35n
, 38n
, 41n
, 55n
, 65, 72, 81n
, 85n
, 94,
101n
, 107n
, 114, 141n
, 149n
, 154, 158n
, 162n
, 163n
, 165n
, 171, 174n
, 197n
, 198, 204, 207n
, 220n
, 224n
, 226n
, 228n
, 229, 232n
, 233n
, 237n
,
277n
, 351n
-
Chang, meetings with,
301n
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea, 64
- U.S. military assistance to Korea, 13–15
- Joy, M. G. L., 72, 99
- Judd, Walter H., 195n
,
522
- Jung Kook Rok, Gen., 461
- Junkermann, Col. Howard, 120, 124
- Kang Sung Tae, 52
- Katsura, Taro, 108n
- Katz-Suchy, J., 186
- Ketel, D., 257
- Khrushchev, Nikita S., 475–476
- Kim, Maj., 143
- Kim, C. H., 513
- Kim Chong-won, 336, 339
- Kim Chung Yul, 472, 501–502, 512, 516–517, 520–521, 522n
,
527, 528, 534, 535, 536
- Kim Hyon-chol, 268, 370n
- economic situation in Korea, 385, 386, 515
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea, 514–515
- U.S. military assistance to Korea, 513–514
- Kim Hyong-gun, 268
- Kim Sok-Pom, Maj. Gen., 137
- Kim Yong Chan, 116n
- Kim Yong-sik, 107
-
Kim Yong-u, 268, 331, 333, 370n
,
433, 459n
, 469n
- Kim Yu-t’aek, 5
- Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of:
- future developments, estimate on, 286–289
- military capability, 69, 114, 287–288, 323,
352
- modern military equipment in, 362
-
NNSC activities in, 26
- propaganda by, 99
- subversive activities in Korea, 75–77, 470
- U.S. policy statement on (NSC
5702/2), 498
- Korea, Republic of (see also:
- Agreed Minute of Understanding with U.S., Nov. 17, 1954, 4n
, 12–15, 125, 147–148, 178, 294,
375–376,
532
- anti-Americanism in, 163–164
- civil war, possible, 332–333
- communist objectives re, 376
- communist subversion in, 75–77, 182–185, 470
- developments through 1957, estimates on,
215–217,
334–340
- Korean Labor Party (KLP), 75, 76
- merchant vessels for, 462
- Mutual Defense Treaty with U.S., Oct. 1,
1953, 2, 375, 475
- national goals, need for, 298–299
- National Police, 75, 185
- symbolic importance to U.S., 396, 486–487
- U.S. Embassy, demonstrations at, 113
- U.S. information and education programs, 297
- Korea Civil Assistance Command (KCAC),
77–78
- Korean Armistice, 1
- articles 13(c) and 13(d). See
Modern military equipment for
Korea.
- communist abrogation, U.S. policy on, 46
- communist violations (see also under
Modern military equipment for Korea), 57–58, 123, 124,
126
- denunciation of, Rhee’s
proposal for, 368
- Korean abrogation, U.S. policy on, 5–6, 45–46
- termination of, Taylor’s
proposal for, 108–110
- U.S. compliance issue, 44, 97–99
- U.S. policy on, 44
- U.S. policy statement on (NSC
5702/2), 495–497
- Korean Labor Party (KLP), 75, 76
-
Korean Republic, 131
- Korean reunification (see also
International conference on Korea), 518
-
Radford’s position, 219
-
Rhee’s position, 98, 347–348
- U.S. initiative, Dowling’s
proposal for, 518n
- U.S. policy on, 47–48, 469
- Kyungmudae Police, 75
-
Lacy, William S. B., 102, 122, 139n
, 143n
, 159n
- appointment as Ambassador, 63n
-
Hoover’s Korea visit, 169, 170
- Korean Armistice, U.S. compliance issue, 97–99
- modern military equipment for Korea, 67–68
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission:
- resignation, 169n
, 176
-
ROK Army force reductions, 104–107
- U.S. Embassy, demonstrations at, 113
- Lancaster, Bruce M., 154, 158n
, 165n
- Lane, Samuel O., 193
- Lay, James S., Jr., 42–43, 322n
, 341, 374, 389n
, 412, 416n
, 444n
, 480n
,
481n
- Lee Bum Suk, 335, 339
- Lee Hahn-bin, 513
-
Lee Joong-chai, 52
- Leigh, Monroe, 305, 308, 356, 358
-
Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman
L., 109n
,
120, 125, 347n
, 370n
- communist subversion in Korea, 470
- Eisenhower, meeting with, 469–471
-
Hoover’s Korea visit, 169, 170
- Korean repossession of areas south of 38th
parallel, possible, 143–144
- military program for Korea, 483–484
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- aircraft, 210–211
- army combat matériel, 211–213
- authorization for, 345, 464n
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 201, 202n
, 210, 350
- nuclear-capable weapons, 465–466, 471, 484
- progress reports, 500, 506–507
- public announcements re, 256
- reports on equipment for NNSC, 285–286, 437n
-
ROK force reductions and,
447
-
ROK forces, equipment for,
507
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 499
-
NNSC, Korean demonstrations
against, 144–145, 159–161, 210
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 198n
, 202n
, 243–244
- formal dissolution, proposal for, 349
- Korean demand for withdrawal, 134–135, 138–140, 143–147
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 271, 285
-
ROK Army force reductions, 459n
, 485
- U.S. military presence in Korea:
- morale of troops, 470
- reduction of forces, 471
-
Yi, attitude toward, 331
- Leonhart, William, 415n
, 428, 434, 437–438, 441–442, 457n
,
481n
- Leviero, Anthony, 283n
- Liardet, Brig. H. M., 428
- Litzenberg, Gen. H.L., 437n
, 460–461
-
Lloyd, John Selwyn, 373
- Loper, Maj. Gen. Herbert B., 388
- Lough, N. V., 433
- Lundberg, Arne, 206n
- Luxembourg, 264
-
MacArthur, Douglas, II, 214, 243, 331, 465n
, 511–512
- MacDonald, Donald S., 291
-
Macmillan, Harold, 89, 90–92, 95, 100, 422
- Macomber, William B., Jr., 233, 236, 443
- Macy, Robert M., 340–341
- Makins, Sir Roger, 34
- Malaya, 58
- Marquat, Maj. Gen. W. F., 119, 127–128
- Massive retaliation policy, 394, 397–398, 448–449
- Maybee, J. R., 430, 433
- McCardle, James J., 72, 73, 249, 253, 257
-
McClurkin, Robert J. G., 5n
, 10n
, 13,
26, 34n
, 35n
, 41n
, 49n
, 55n
, 101n
, 107–108, 112, 113n
, 116n
, 118n
, 120, 124, 125n
, 129, 141n
, 153n
, 158n
,
165n
, 187n
, 191, 193n
- McConaughy, Walter, 257
- McCormick, 529, 530
- McGuire, Perkins, 284n
,
286
- Megee, Gen. V. E., 330–331
- Melbourne, Roy M., 166n
, 196–197
- Menzies, Robert G., 91
-
Merchant, Livingston T., 149n
- Merchant vessels for Korea, 462
- Military Armistice Commission (MAC):
- Military program for Korea:
- adoption of alternative B, 401–402
- alternative proposals, text of (NSC
5702), 374–384
- draft policy paper, 404–406, 407–412, 416–419, 440–441, 444n
, 481n
- economic aspects for U.S., 445, 446–447
- final text (NSC
5702/2), 489–498
-
JCS position, 389–390, 392–393
- massive retaliation policy, 448–449
-
NSC discussions re, 392–402, 420–427, 443–454, 480–489
-
OCB report on, 406–407
- repercussions on other aspects of Korean problem, 403–404
- resumption of hostilities by Korea, U.S. response to, 412–413, 496–497
- State Department position, 390–391
-
Wilson’s position, 393–394, 399, 401–402
- Military situation in Korea:
- Millet, Pierre, 249, 251, 252–253, 260, 279
- Milne, Matilda L., 384
- Milton, Hugh M., II, 195n
- Minsen (Korean Minority Group of the Japanese Communist Party), 77
- Modern military equipment for Korea (see
also
Military program for Korea), 215, 219
- action on equipment issue prior to NNSC resolution, proposed, 237–239
- aircraft, 200, 206, 210–211, 295
- Armistice prohibitions on, 16n
- army combat matériel, 211–213
- authorization for, 345, 464n
, 474
-
Bowie’s position, 441n
,
- Commonwealth countries, U.S. consultations with, 427–431, 433–437, 454–457
- communist violations of Armistice issue, 29, 38, 39, 206, 360–361, 362, 387–389, 408–409, 410–412, 421–422, 423,
426, 456
- defensive purpose of weapons, 447
- domestic political considerations, 423–424
- equipment to be shipped (see also specific
weapons types), 122, 345
- French position, 96
- Honest John missiles. See
nuclear-capable weapons
below.
-
Hull’s support for, 70
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 295, 305,
350
- military advantages issue, 101–102
- naval combat matériel, 213
- news stories on, 283n
, 284, 466
- nuclear-capable weapons, 203, 286, 303, 393
- authorization for, 366–367
- Brucker’s position, 464–465
- Defense Department position, 360–363, 482
-
Dowling’s position,
364
-
Dulles’ position,
394–395, 440, 443
- economic aspects, 443, 482
- Eisenhower’s position, 471
- introduction of weapons, 526,
530, 532–533
-
JCS position, 322–323, 333–334, 423, 424–425, 447–448, 467–468
- Korean position, 433
- legal opinions on, 304–305, 331, 356–358, 362
-
Lemnitzer’s
position, 465–466, 484
- “monster weapons” issue, 445–446, 452
-
NATO consultations re,
426, 427
- obsolescent weapons, 441–442
- public announcements re, 466,
533
-
Robertson’s
position, 300–301, 329–330
- State-Defense consultations re, 305–309, 356–358, 387–389
- State-Defense differences, 410–412, 444n
- State Department position, 342–343, 359–360, 408–409, 421–422, 424, 425–427
-
Stump’s position,
466n
- U.K. position, 395
- U.S. allies’ position, 357–358, 359, 447, 506
-
Wilson’s position,
341–342
-
OCB statement on, 189
- policy statement on (NSC
5702/2), 493
- progress reports, 473–474, 500,
506–507
- public announcements re, 256, 432–433, 452, 466,
533
- reports on equipment for NNSC,
285–286,
303, 304, 305–309, 436–437, 451–452, 455
- “restoration of balance” view of, 67–68
-
Rhee’s position, 290, 463
-
ROK force reductions and, 320, 325–326, 328–329, 333–334, 446,
447, 482–483, 484, 485,
503, 504n
, 505n
, 526
-
ROK forces, equipment for, 303, 304,
305, 309, 310, 451, 485
- Defense Department position, 111
- Korean position, 460n
, 476, 479
-
Radford’s
position, 500
- surplus U.S. stock, 507, 508–509, 510
- U.S. allies’ concerns, 436,
439–440
- Swedish position, 206n
-
Taylor’s position, 86–87, 108n
-
280-mm gun. See
nuclear-capable weapons
above.
- U.K. position, 90–91, 95–96, 100, 200, 289–290
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 38–39, 41, 42, 102, 111–112, 201, 202,
271–272,
290, 345n
, 499
- U.N. debate re, 522
- unilateral action, proposal for, 213–214
- United Nations, report for, 456, 461
- Moore, Adm., 197
- Moote, Capt., 305, 308n
- Mott, Capt. W. C., 356, 388, 436
- Moyer, Raymond T., 36–37, 117, 386, 513
- Muller, Charles, 260, 261
- Munro, Sir Leslie, 429–430, 435, 437
-
Murphy, Robert D., 5n
, 66n
, 88n
, 101n
, 149n
, 158n
, 166n
, 180, 215, 228n
, 232n
, 243, 244n
, 262n
, 265n
, 276n
, 278n
, 300, 301n
, 354n
, 387
- civil war in Korea, possible, 332
- international conference on Korea, 258
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- aircraft, 200
- French position, 96
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 200, 201, 202, 284–285
- nuclear-capable weapons, 286,
359
- progress reports, 473, 500
- reports on equipment for NNSC, 286
-
ROK forces, equipment for,
508–509, 510
-
Taylor’s position,
86–87
- U.K. position, 95–96
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 38, 271–272
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission:
- liaison officers at ports of entry, 65–66
- personnel reductions, 41, 50, 81,
82n
,
141
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 198, 199–200, 276n
- Eisenhower’s position, 149
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 99–100, 122, 129, 130, 257–262, 265, 269n
, 271, 285
- Swiss-Swedish proposal for, 49–50
-
Taylor’s position,
85–87
- U.S. course of action, 20–26, 140, 141, 171, 172–174
-
ROK Army force reductions, 509–510
- Mutual Defense Treaty, U.S.-Korea, 2, 11, 375, 475
- Napier, Lt. Col. Jack P., 118n
- National Police, ROK, 75, 185
- National Security Council (NSC):
- actions:
- No. 1004, 46
- No. 1322, 18, 92
- No. 1340, 37n
- No. 1352, 59, 68
- No. 1381, 71–72
- No. 1399, 94
- No. 1519, 220
- No. 1607, 314
- No. 1660, 402, 403n
- No. 1694, 420
- No. 1695, 427, 439
- No. 1696, 427
- No. 1731, 453–454
- documents:
-
NSC
156/1, 118n
, 217
-
NSC
170/1, 5–6, 37–38
-
NSC
5514, 42–48, 56–59,
217, 309, 351–352, 374
-
NSC
5702.
See
Military program for Korea.
- meetings:
-
235th (Feb. 3,
1955), 17–18
-
238th (Feb. 24,
1955), 17–18
-
240th (Mar. 10,
1955), 56–59
-
245th (Apr. 21,
1955), 68–72
-
248th (May 12,
1955), 92–94
-
269th (Dec. 8,
1955), 182n
, 194
-
276th (Feb. 9,
1956), 217–220
-
297th (Sept. 20,
1956), 309–314
-
304th (Nov. 15,
1956), 348
-
311th (Jan. 31,
1957), 392–402
-
318th (Apr. 4,
1957), 420–427
-
326th (June 13,
1957), 443–454
-
334th (Aug. 8,
1957), 480–489
-
Nes, David G., 269, 270n
, 272n
, 272n
,
275, 276n
, 277n
, 278n
, 289n
, 290, 291, 303, 305, 320n
, 329n
, 333n
,
340n
, 345n
, 351n
, 357–358, 359n
, 366n
, 367, 390n
, 404n
, 406n
,
407n
, 418n
, 427n
, 428, 431n
, 433n
, 434, 439n
, 454n
, 457n
, 509n
-
ROK Army force reductions, 315–320
- Netherlands, 261, 264, 279n
,
506
- Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, 186
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (see
also
NNSC withdrawal from
Korea):
- communist espionage, alleged, 2–3
- communist manipulation of, 57, 69
- Korea (DPRK), activities in, 26
- Korean demonstrations against, 133n
, 137,
138, 148n
, 154n
, 155
- government’s role in, 161
-
Lemnitzer’ s
report on, 159–161
- resumption of, possible, 210,
214, 223–224, 226–227
-
Rhee’s attitude
toward, 144–145, 156–158, 160
- suspension of, 173, 174, 195–196, 197–198
- Korean installations, inspection of, 48–49, 61–62
- Korean threats against, 7–8, 23, 55, 86
- liaison officers at ports of entry, proposal for, 65–66
- members of, 1
- personnel reductions:
- Chinese position, 39
- compromise agreements, 81–83, 102, 112, 126, 131n
, 141, 142, 150–151, 158
- consultations by U.N. allies re, 41–42
- Swedish position, 247
- Swiss position, 61–62, 65n
, 254
- Swiss-Swedish proposals for, 10, 35, 64, 65,
81
- U.S. position, 40–41, 50,
248, 255
- protection of forces, 28, 32, 33
- purpose of, 1
-
New York Times, 283,
441, 534
- New Zealand (see also
Commonwealth forces in Korea):
- Ngo Dinh Diem, 504n
- Nixon, Richard M., 70, 402, 452
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- build-up of forces and, 71
- Chinese–U.N. withdrawal from Korea, proposed, 130
- communist opposition, 39, 126
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 173
- communist acceptance, 207–209, 241n
, 266–268, 275–276
- communist counter-proposals (see
also
International conference on
Korea), 204–207, 221n
- communist intransigence in negotiations, 239–240
- communist rejection, 179n
- deadline issue, 187–188, 195–196, 221–223, 228–231
- Defense Department position, 179
- proposal for, 159n
, 165–166
- provisional withdrawal option, 231–232, 277–280
-
Rhee informed of
negotiation progress, 224–225, 226–227, 230
- State-Defense consultations re, 198–202, 207–209
- State–JCS consultations
re, 214–215, 243–244
- Swedish compromise proposal, 239–240
- Swedish position, 205–206, 225–226
- Swiss position, 196–197, 204n
, 225, 231–232
- Swiss-Swedish negotiation effort, 187–188, 193–194, 195–196, 197–198, 199, 204–207, 221n
, 231n
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 248–253
-
UNC reports following,
276–277
- unilateral action by UNC
(see also
suspension of clauses relating to
operations of NNSC
below), 213–214, 218–219, 220–221, 223–224, 244–245, 246, 248–253
- U.S.–Swedish consultations re, 204–207, 229–231, 239–240
- U.S.–Swiss consultations re, 174–175
- Eisenhower’s position, 149
- formal dissolution, Lemnitzer’s proposal for, 349
-
Hull’s position, 27n
- Indochina situation and, 207, 250–251, 260–261
- international conference proposal. See
International conference on Korea.
-
JCS position, 129
- Korean demand for withdrawal, 1, 18–19, 50–52, 134–135, 136–137, 138–140, 148
- consultations by U.N. allies re, 141–142
- deadline extension, 148n
-
Lemnitzer-Rhee meeting re, 143–147
- U.S. response, 142
-
Lemnitzer’s position, 209–210
- removal of Swedes by U.S., possible, 173
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of
NNSC:
- announcement re, 272, 274n
- communist position, 275n
- communist position on DMZ option, impact on, 267
- consultations by U.N. allies re, 257–262, 263–265, 269n
, 278–280
- execution of, 280n
- French position, 101n
- interval between announcement and implementation, 265–266, 269–270, 271, 272
- Korean position, 262n
-
Lemnitzer’s
assessment of, 285
- proposals for, 88–90, 92–94, 256, 257–258
- report to U.N. re, 290, 299–300
- State-Defense consultations re, 120–124, 128–130
- U.S. position, 262–263
- U.S.–U.K. consultations re, 99–100, 269–270
- Swedish withdrawal, plan for, 64
- Swiss-Chinese consultations re, 83
- Swiss-Swedish proposal for, 3, 7–8, 10, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 39–40, 49–50
-
Taylor’s position, 85–87
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 34–35
- U.N. debate re, 294, 372–373
- U.S. course of action (see also
suspension of clauses relating to operations of
NNSC
above):
- deadline issue, 166–167, 171–172, 178–179
- four-step strategy, 21, 25–26,
28–29, 30–33
- State-Defense assessment of options, 149–154, 155, 171–174
- Swiss and Swedes consulted on, 140–141, 154–155, 158–159, 165–166
- unilateral approach, 15–16, 17–18, 19–28,
29–30, 69–70
- U.S. position, 1
- Norred, Christopher A., Jr., 13, 66n
, 114, 177n
,
187n
, 239, 241, 244n
, 248n
, 249, 253n
, 255n
, 257, 262n
, 263n
, 265n
, 300n
, 349n
, 351n
, 359n
, 390n
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 426, 427, 508–509
- Nuclear weapons (see also under
Modern military equipment for Korea):
- Nunley, William T., 204, 229, 249, 257, 428, 434
- Ockey, William G., 281–282, 431–432, 509n
,
513
- O’Connor, Roderic L., 67, 149
- Okinawa, 470
- Operations Coordinating Board, 42n
- Paik, Gen., 501
- Paik Sun Yup, 536
- Paik Tu Chin, 52, 54, 234–235,
268
- economic situation in Korea:
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea, 117, 118, 167–168
- Palmer, Gardner E., 508n
, 509n
- Palmer, Gen. Williston B., 271
- Pargas, Capt., 257
- Park Chon II, 534
- Parks, Gen. Harlan C., 16n
, 126
-
Parsons, Howard L., 116n
, 118n
, 289–290, 305, 331, 363n
, 387n
, 404n
, 413n
, 428, 434, 475n
, 504
- exchange rate in Korea, 386–387
- Macy report, 340–341
- modern military equipment for Korea, 350
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea, 349
- political situation in Korea, 343–344
-
ROK Army force reductions:
- justifications for, 315, 320n
- Korean proposal, U.S. response to, 523–524, 529, 530
- Modern military equipment for Korea and, 333–334
- negotiations on reductions, 457n
, 461
-
Strom’s final despatch from
Korea, 291, 297–299
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea, 191–193
-
Pate, Gen. Randolph McC., 243, 271, 498
- Petitpierre, Max, 165, 253–254
- Philippines, 58, 261, 264
-
Phleger, Herman, 41n
, 88, 244n
, 322n
, 331
- modern military equipment for Korea, 112
- communist violations of Armistice issue, 388
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 200–201, 202
- nuclear-capable weapons, 203,
357, 358
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea, 23–24, 25, 26, 122, 123,
276n
- Pinay, Antoine, 89
- Poland. See
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission;
NNSC withdrawal from
Korea.
- Political situation in Korea:
-
Chang “elimination” plot,
301–303
-
Chang’s criticism of,
511–512
- conspiratorial character of, 184
- coup against Rhee, possible,
181
- future developments, estimate on, 216–217
- improvements under U.S. policies, 293
- internal security situation and, 184–185
- ministerial changes (1956), 268
- post-election (1956) developments, 335–336
- Presidential election of 1956, 105, 106,
268, 335
-
ROK Army and, 104–105, 106–107, 317–318, 327, 328,
365–366
- succession issue, 190, 295, 334,
336–337,
343–344,
365–366
- U.S. policy statement on (NSC
5702/2), 494
- Pountney, Lt. Col. J. A., 428
- Prisoners of Korean war, 186
-
Prochnow, Herbert V., 191, 281n
-
Prochnow Committee, 191–193, 281–282, 351–353
- Proctor, Carolyn J., 508n
- Public Law 480, 167,
168, 385, 386, 514–515
- Pyo Wook Han, 10n
, 35, 117, 173, 513
-
Pyun Yung Tai, 18–19, 50n
, 52, 136n
-
Quarles, Donald A.:
- military program for Korea, 446, 452
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- nuclear-capable weapons, 506,
532–533
-
ROK force reductions and,
446
-
ROK forces, equipment for,
507, 508
-
ROK Army force reductions, 509n
- Quemoy and the Matsus, 218, 219–220
-
Radford, Adm. Arthur
W., 37n
,
217, 388, 412n
, 489n
- civil war in Korea, possible, 332,
333
- Commonwealth forces in Korea, reduction of, 59n
- disarmament issue, 244
- Japan, U.S. military forces in, 311–312
- Korea (DPRK), modern military equipment in, 362n
- Korean Armistice, communist violations of, 57, 124
- Korean reunification, 219
- massive retaliation policy, 449
- military program for Korea:
- draft policy paper, 416–418
- economic aspects for U.S., 447
-
JCS position, 389–390
-
NSC discussions re, 446, 447–448, 450, 451, 452, 485, 486
- modern military equipment for Korea, 215, 219
- Commonwealth countries, U.S. consultations with, 428–429, 430, 455
- communist violations of Armistice issue, 388, 423, 456
- defensive purpose of weapons, 447
- equipment to be shipped, 305–308, 331
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 305–308
- nuclear-capable weapons, 303,
305–308, 322–323, 331, 423, 424–425, 446, 447–448, 467–468
- progress reports, 500
- public announcements re, 455,
456, 457
- reports on equipment for NNSC, 303, 305–309, 451
- “restoration of balance” view of, 67–68
-
ROK force reductions and,
447
-
ROK forces, equipment for,
303, 451, 485, 500
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 111, 271–272, 499
-
NNSC personnel reductions, 41
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 205, 215, 218–219
-
JCS position, 129
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 88, 93–94, 122, 123, 124, 129–130, 271
- unilateral action by U.S., 15–16, 17, 20–21, 22, 23,
24, 25–27
-
Rhee, assessment of, 219
-
ROK Army:
- U.N. Command:
- Korean commander, possible, 448
- withdrawal by member countries, possible, 58
- U.S. military presence in Korea, 449,
450
- U.S. policy toward Korea, 8–9
-
Yi, attitude toward, 331, 332
- Rae, S. F., 436, 455, 456, 457
- Raymond, Col. John M., 149n
, 305, 308n
, 356,
358, 428, 434
-
Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 508n
- Rhee, Madame Syngman, 5, 462, 534
-
Rhee, Syngman:
- communist threat, international, 346–347, 368–370
- coup against, possible, 181
- domination of political scene, 336
-
Dowling, attitude toward,
331
-
Dulles, meetings with, 233, 236
-
Dulles’ attitude toward,
485
- economic situation in Korea:
- Eisenhower, correspondence with, 2, 11–13, 354–356, 463–464, 468–469, 478–480, 503–504
- Eisenhower’s attitude toward, 348
- future course of action, estimates on, 216
-
Herter, meeting with, 511
-
Hoover’s Korea visit, 169, 170
- Japan, relations with Korea, 108, 370, 479
- Korean Armistice:
- denunciation of, proposed, 368
- U.S. compliance issue, 97, 98
- Korean repossession of areas south of 38th
- parallel, possible, 134–135, 144,
146, 157
- Korean reunification, 98, 347–348, 518
- mental and physical condition, 180,
504, 511
- merchant vessels for Korea, 462
- military action, possible demand for, 180–181
- modern military equipment for Korea, 290, 433, 463, 479
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, 122
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 218, 224–225, 226–227, 230
- Korean demand for withdrawal, 19, 51–52, 134–135, 139–140, 143–147, 148n
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 285
-
Radford’s assessment of,
219
- re-election (1956), 268, 335–336
-
Robertson, meetings with,
367–370
-
Robertson’s assessment of,
180
-
ROK Army force reductions, 505n
- economic factors, 104, 105
- Eisenhower’s letter re, 468–469, 503n
, 504
- Korean proposal, 516–517, 522n
- negotiations on reductions, 459–460, 461–462, 483–484
- position on, 463–464, 534–535
-
ROK internal security forces, 75, 76, 79
- shortcomings as leader, 291, 298
- Stassen, meetings with, 51, 52–55
- succession issue, 336–337
- United Nations:
- Korean membership in General Assembly, 518
- Soviet expulsion from, proposed, 346
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea:
- investment projects, 36
- Japan as beneficiary of, 132
- Korean complaints about, 107–108
- Korean cooperation problem, 62
- U.S. Embassy, demonstrations at, 113
- U.S. military assistance to Korea, 338–339
- U.S. policy toward Korea:
- criticisms of, 517–518
- security of Korea, commitment to, 11
- Richards, James P., 511n
, 512
-
Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B., 23, 25
- Robbins, Capt. Berton, 285, 305, 308n
, 356, 385, 529
- Robertson, Reuben B., 388, 422, 423–424, 426
-
Robertson, Walter S., 58n
, 107, 149n
,
165n
, 174n
, 191, 220n
, 278n
, 300–301, 315n
, 322n
, 427n
, 478n
, 505
- civil war in Korea, possible, 332
- Commonwealth forces in Korea, 67, 162
- communist threat, international, 368–370
- coup against Rhee, possible,
181
- economic situation in Korea:
- exchange rate, 85n
, 131, 133n
, 147, 385–386
- inflation, 385
- taxation of U.S. businesses, 175–177
- U.S.-Korean conference on (1955),
116, 117, 133n
- U.S.-Korean conference on (1956), 296n
- international conference on Korea, 244–246
- Japan, relations with Korea, 370
- Korea (DPRK), military capability of, 352
- Korea visit, 367–370
- Korean Armistice, 5–6, 368
- Macy report, 340
- military program for Korea:
- modern military equipment for Korea, 215, 303
- action on equipment issue prior to NNSC resolution, proposed,
237, 239n
- aircraft, 206
- authorization for, 345
- Commonwealth countries, U.S. consultations with, 428, 429, 430, 434, 435, 436, 437, 455, 456
- communist violations of Armistice issue, 206, 388, 456
- equipment to be shipped, 305–309, 320, 322n
, 331, 345
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 131n
, 201, 202, 305–309, 350
- military advantages issue, 101–102
- nuclear-capable weapons, 203,
305–309, 329–330, 331
- public announcements re, 431,
432n
,
434, 435, 439–440
- reports on equipment for NNSC, 305–309, 455
-
ROK forces, equipment for,
309, 436, 439–440, 476
- U.N. allies, consultations by, 102, 112, 499
- United Nations, report for, 456
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission:
- Korean demonstrations against, 133n
, 226–227
- Korean installations, inspection of, 62
- personnel reductions, 102,
131n
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 173, 179n
, 187–188, 193–194, 195, 196n
, 197, 198n
, 199, 204, 205–209, 214–215, 218, 221, 223n
, 226–227, 239–240, 243–245, 267, 276n
- formal dissolution, proposal for, 349
- Indochina situation and, 207
- Korean demand for withdrawal, 148
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 121, 122, 129, 130
- Swiss-Swedish proposal for, 21
- unilateral action by U.S., 21,
22, 23, 25, 26
- U.S. course of action, 140,
166–167, 171–174, 178
- political situation in Korea, 302n
-
Rhee, assessment of, 180
-
Rhee, meetings with, 367–370
-
ROK Army:
-
ROK Army force reductions, 104, 333,
435
- Korean proposal, U.S. response to, 523, 529
-
Lemnitzer’s
recommendations, 177
- military assistance reductions and, 475–476
- negotiations on reductions, 457n
, 499–500
- non-communist countries of Far East, effect on, 353, 354
- position on, 390–391
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea:
- Korean cooperation problem, 62
- loans, 476–477
-
P.L.
480 program, 514–515
- reductions in assistance, 353–354
- U.S. military assistance to Korea, 475–476, 513–514
- U.S. policy toward Korea, 351–354
-
Yi, attitude toward, 331, 332
-
ROK Army (see also
U.S. military assistance to Korea):
- coup against Rhee, possible,
181
- deterrent function, 316–317
- economic situation in Korea and, 105–106, 118, 194,
318–319,
327–328
- force levels. See
reduction of forces
below.
- future developments, estimate on, 216
-
FY
1956 strength figure, 128
- intelligence service, 75
- internal security forces, 73–80, 182–186, 293–294
- loyalty to U.S., 170, 180–181
- modern equipment for. See under
Modern military equipment for
Korea.
- negotiations on force reductions, 451,
452–453,
499–500
- personnel shortages, 375
- political situation in Korea and, 104–105, 106–107, 317–318, 327, 328,
365–366
- reduction of forces (see also
Military program for Korea; negotiations
on force reductions above), 14, 56, 395–396, 435
- Chong’s position, 114–116
-
Decker’s position,
512
-
Dowling’s position,
364–365
- economic factors, 105–106, 194, 318–319, 327–328
- Eisenhower’s letter to Rhee, 468–469, 503–504
-
JCS recommendations, 178n
- justifications for, 315–320
- Korean position, 190, 466, 477
- Korean press releases on, 478
- Korean proposal, 516–517, 519–522, 536–537
- Korean proposal, U.S. response to, 523–532, 535–536
-
Lemnitzer’s
recommendations, 177–178
- military assistance reductions and, 475–476
- minimum force levels, 322–325, 371–372
- modern military equipment for Korea and, 320, 325–326, 328–329, 333–334, 446, 447, 482–483, 484, 485, 503, 504n
, 505n
, 526
- non-communist countries of Far East, effect on, 353, 354
-
NSC discussion re, 309–312
- political factors, 104–105, 106–107, 318, 327, 328
-
Rhee’s position,
463–464, 534–535
-
Robertson’s
position, 390–391
- U.S.-Korean military consultations re, 459n
, 471–473
- U.S. policy statement on (NSC
5702/2), 493
- reserve divisions, 13, 14, 486
- U.S. policy on, 352–353
- Roosevelt, Franklin D., 351n
- Rowland, J. R., 257, 428
- Runyon, Charles, 269, 282–283, 305, 308n
,
356, 357
- Ryukyu Islands, 470
- Sandys, Duncan, 395
- Sarasin, Pote, 437n
- Savut, Ilhan, 437n
- Schnyder, Felix, 10n
,
49, 50, 65, 155, 165n
, 179n
, 199, 233n
- Schwartz, Harry, 88n
- Scott, Sir Robert, 94, 95, 96, 99–100
-
SEATO Council, 58n
- Sebald, William J., 49, 107n
, 176n
, 177n
, 224n
, 227n
, 228n
, 232n
, 233, 248n
, 255n
, 263n
, 267, 272n
, 320n
, 340n
,
351n
, 390n
- anti-Americanism in Korea, 163–164 Commonwealth forces in Korea, 413–414
- demonstrations at U.S. Embassy, 113
- international conference on Korea, 270
- military program for Korea, 407–410, 418–419
- modern military equipment for Korea, 38–39, 359–360, 366, 408–409
-
NNSC personnel reductions, 40–41, 81–82
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 229–231, 249–250, 251, 252–253
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 261, 262n
, 269–270
- U.S. course of action, 149–154, 171, 173, 174
-
Sin Ik-hui, 268, 336
- Smith, Howard F., 120n
,
125n
, 281n
- Sockton, Col., 366–367
- Sohlman, Rolf, 40n
- Sohn Won-il, Adm., 52, 116n
, 117,
268, 332 Son,
234
- South Africa, 264n
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 58n
- Soviet Union, 98, 121, 346, 355, 475–476, 518n
, 522
- Sparling, Maj. Gen. H. A., 428
- Spender, Sir Percy, 34, 434–436, 455, 456–457
-
Sprague, Mansfield D., 410, 438, 464n
, 471, 499, 500
- military program for Korea, 451
- modern military equipment for Korea, 356–357, 415–416, 430, 435,
526
-
ROK Army force reductions, 457n
, 523, 525–527, 529–530Stassen, Harold E., 2, 36, 220, 311,
312, 313, 314, 446, 450
-
Rhee, meetings with, 51, 52–55
- State Department–JCS meetings, 19–27, 128–131, 214–215, 243–244, 271–272, 330–333, 498–500
- Stelle, Charles C., 26
- Stettner, Walter F., 385
- Strauss, Adm. Lewis, 453
-
Strom, Carl W., 50n
, 74, 175, 182n
, 191, 197, 224n
, 225n
-
Stump, Adm. Felix B., 466n
, 470, 474n
- Sullivan, Charles A., 26
- Sweden (see also
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission;
NNSC withdrawal from
Korea), 254
- modern military equipment for Korea, 206n
- Switzerland (see also
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission;
NNSC withdrawal from
Korea), 254
- Taft, William H., 108n
- Taiwan and offshore islands issue, 218, 219–220
- Tasca, Henry J., 118n
- Tasca Mission, 118
-
Taylor, Gen. Maxwell
D., 62n
,
88, 92, 97, 138n
, 214, 243
- civil war in Korea, possible, 332–333
- economic situation in Korea, 83
- Japan, U.S. military forces in, 311
- Korean Armistice, proposed termination of, 108–110
- modern military equipment for Korea, 86–87, 108n
, 122, 200, 201, 202
-
NNSC, communist espionage and,
3
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- Chinese–U.N. withdrawal from Korea, proposed, 130
-
JCS position, 129
- position on, 85–87
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 122, 123, 124, 129, 130
- U.S. military presence in Korea, 103
-
Yi, attitude toward, 331–332, 333
- Thailand, 58, 264,
437n
- Thorsing, Oscar, 64
- Throckmorton, Col. John L., 111
- Timmons, Benson E. L., 499
- Torrenté, Henry de, 61, 65, 83, 158n
, 198n
, 204n
- Treasury, U.S. Department of (see also
Humphrey, George
M.
), 404, 407
- Turkey, 260, 264,
437n
-
Twining, Gen. Nathan F., 128, 214, 271, 330, 436
- Tyler, William R., 271
- U.N. Command (see also
Commonwealth forces in Korea;
Decker, Gen. George
H.
;
Hull, Gen. John D.
;
Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman L.
;
Taylor, Gen. Maxwell
D.
):
- Korean commander, possible, 448
- obligations for logistical support furnished by the U.S. to
non-ROK forces, 295
- U.S. policy statement on (NSC
5702/2), 494
- withdrawal by member countries, possible, 58–59
-
UNCMAC. See
Parks, Gen. Harlan C.
- Unden, Bo Östen, 247
- Unified Command on the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in Korea,
299–300
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See
Soviet Union.
- United Kingdom (see also
Commonwealth forces in Korea):
- international conference on Korea, 250, 259–260, 270
- Korea, relations with, 414–415
- modern military equipment for Korea, 90–91, 95–96, 100, 200, 289–290, 395,
429, 434–435, 455, 456,
457
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea:
- DMZ restriction for inspection teams, 250
- suspension of clauses relating to operations of NNSC, 99–100, 264, 269–270, 278–280
- United Nations:
- General Assembly:
- debate on Korean question, 186–187, 294, 372–373, 522
- Korean membership issue, 518–519
- Resolution 1180(XII) on U.N.
objectives in Korea, 522
- modern military equipment for Korea, report re, 456, 461
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea,
report re, 290, 299–300
- role in Korea, 492
- Soviet expulsion, proposed, 346, 355
- world peace and, 355
- U.S. balance-of-payments problem, 312–314, 400–401
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea:
- Agreed Minute of Understanding between Korea and U.S. (Nov. 17, 1954), 4n
, 12–15, 125, 147–148, 178,
294, 375–376, 532
-
FY
1956 amounts, 116n
- goals of, 47
- investment projects, 36–37
- Japan as beneficiary of, 132
- Korean complaints about, 107–108, 117,
118, 190
- Korean confidence in U.S. and, 376
- Korean cooperation problem, 62–63
- Korean requests for, 167–168, 234,
235
- loans, 476–477
- Macy report on, 340–341
-
P.L.
480 program, 167,
168, 385, 386, 514–515
-
Prochnow Committee study
of, 191–193,
281–282
- reductions in assistance, 353–354
- rehabilitation program, 2
- sales of commodities imported under aid program, 296
- Tasca Mission recommendations, 118n
- U.S. fulfillment of commitments, 294
- U.S. Embassy in Korea, demonstrations at, 113
- U.S. Far East Command, restructuring of, 474n
- U.S. Information Agency (USIA), 79
- U.S. information and education programs in Korea, 297
- U.S. military assistance to Korea (see
also
Military program for Korea):
- Agreed Minute of Understanding between Korea and U.S. (Nov. 17, 1954), 4n
, 12–15, 125, 147–148, 178,
294, 375–376, 532
-
FY
1956 amounts, 116n
- internal security assistance, 73–80, 185–186
- Korean requests for, 234, 235
- local procurement issue, 128
-
LSTs for Navy, 128
- Macy report on, 340–341
-
Prochnow Committee
recommendations, 281–282, 351
- reductions in assistance:
- Korean response, 338–339
-
ROK Army force reductions
and, 475–476
- U.S.-Korean consultations re, 513–514
- small arms for reserve forces, 127
- U.S. fulfillment of commitments, 13–15, 294
- U.S.-Korean conference on (1955), 117, 119,
127–128
- U.S. military presence in Korea (see
also
Military program for Korea; Modern military equipment for Korea):
- justification for, 319–320
- massive retaliation policy, 394, 397–398
- minimum force levels, 371–372
- morale of troops, 470
- Mutual Defense Treaty between Korea and U.S. (Oct. 1, 1953), 2, 11, 375, 475
- personnel strength, 324
- reconnaissance flights, 103
- reduction of forces, 449–450, 471
- authorization for, 366–367
- Country Team position, 364n
- fighter bomber wing, 509n
, 510
- psychological-political effect in Korea, 326–327
- U.S. policy toward Korea (see also
Military program for Korea; documents under National Security Council):
- Agreed Minute of Understanding between Korea and U.S. (Nov. 17, 1954), 4n
, 12–15, 125, 147–148, 178,
294, 375–376, 532
- integrated plan to secure Korean cooperation, 8–9
- new leadership, U.S. development of, 6,
37–38
- objectives and courses of action, 351
-
Rhee’s criticisms of, 517–518
- security of Korea, commitment to, 11–12
- withdrawal from Korea, possible, 217–218
- van Voorst, Baron S. G. M., 261, 279
- Vietnam, Republic of, 518n
- Vimont, Jacques, 437n
- von Sydow, Erik, 155, 158n
- Wade, R. H., 72, 257
- Wainhouse, David W., 149n
, 257
- Walmsley, Walter N., 403–404
- Ward, Adm. Chester, 356, 358
- Warne, William, 513, 514, 515, 517
-
Weil, T. Eliot, 367, 527n
, 533, 534–535, 536–537
- Weintraub, Sidney, 384
- Wentworth, Gen. R. D., 371n
, 467n
- White, G. D. L., 249, 251–252, 261, 428, 433, 455, 456
- White, Gen. Isaac D., 159n
, 137–138, 143
- White, Gen. Thomas D., 498
-
Wilcox, Francis O., 244n
, 305, 307, 308
- Williams, Justin, 384
- Willis, Frances E., 82–83, 159n
, 165, 231–232, 253–254
-
Wilson, Charles E., 303, 412n
- Commonwealth forces in Korea, 59–61, 66, 373
- Korea’s symbolic importance to U.S., 396
- military program for Korea:
- modern military equipment for Korea:
- communist violations of Armistice issue, 388–389
- interpretation of Armistice to permit equipment, 263
- nuclear-capable weapons, 341–342, 360, 362n
, 464, 467, 482, 484
- public announcements re, 432–433
-
NNSC withdrawal from Korea, 15, 17, 262
-
ROK Army:
- U.S. balance-of-payments problem, 314
- U.S. military assistance to Korea, 127
- U.S. policy toward Korea, 8, 37
- Wilson, Capt. J. R., 428
- Wisner, Frank G., 243
- Won Yung-Duk, Gen., 7n
- Wood, C. Tyler, 3, 9,
62n
, 169, 192
- economic situation in Korea:
- responsibilities in Korea, 3n
-
ROK Army force reductions, 106
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea:
- investment projects, 36
- Korean requests for, 167–168
-
Yi Hyung-keun, Gen., 180, 181n
, 268, 335
- Korean repossession of areas south of 38th
parallel, possible, 137–138
- U.S. attitude toward, 331–332, 333
- Yi Ik-hung, 268
- Yi Ki-pung, 137, 169, 181, 216, 268, 335, 336
- Yoo Wan Chang, 192
-
You Chan Yang, 107, 131, 460n
- economic situation in Korea, 147, 296n
- modern military equipment for Korea, 476
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission:
- communist espionage, alleged, 2–3
- Korean installations, inspection of, 61–62
- withdrawal from Korea, 148
-
ROK Army force reductions, 475–476
- U.S. economic assistance to Korea, 2,
476–477
- U.S. Embassy, demonstrations at, 113
- U.S. military assistance to Korea, 475–476
- Youde, E. P., 241, 257, 269, 275
- Yu, Lt. Gen., 501
- Yun Wan Chang, 52
- Zablocki, Clement J., 195n
- Zehnder, Alfred:
- Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission: