Russia
Disintegration and Foreign Intervention
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Contents
- Chapter I. Siberia and Manchuria (Documents 1–570)
- Discussion of the contemplated dispatch of Japanese troops to Siberia:
Russian attitude—Bolshevik activities in Siberia and Manchuria—The
formation of local governments—Proposed use of Chinese troops in the
zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway—The dispatch of warships to
Vladivostok—French suggestion of Allied and American intervention:
attitude of the United States (Documents 1–52)
- Proposed Japanese occupation of the Trans-Siberian Railway—The
reported activities of German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners—British and
Japanese support of Semenov (Documents 53–98)
- Declaration of the American Government against intervention, March 5,
1918: further discussion—Further reports concerning enemy
prisoners—Japanese offer of support to Horvat (Documents 99–137)
- Landing of Japanese forces at Vladivostok, April 5, 1918; British
landing: attitude of the United States Formation of the autonomous
Siberian government, the Far Eastern Committee, and the Chinese Eastern
Railway Governing Board—The
Webster-Hicks reports on
armed prisoners—Appearance of the Czecho-Slovaks (Documents 138–181)
- Attitude of the United States toward Siberian political organizations:
relations of diplomatic and consular officers with them—Advance and
repulse of Semenov—Appeals,
recommendations, and plans for intervention (Documents 182–228)
- Clashes between the Czecho-Slovaks and Soviet forces: good offices of
American and French Consuls (Documents 229–243)
- Consideration of intervention by the American Government—Development
of the Czecho-Slovaks’ conflict with Soviet forces—Protest of the Allied
and American representatives against the disarmament of the
Czecho-Slovaks—Good offices of American officials—Formation of the
temporary Siberian government at Omsk (Documents 244–292)
- Request of the Czecho-Slovak leaders for aid in establishing a new
eastern front—Overthrow of the Vladivostok Soviet by the
Czechoslovaks—Landing of American marines—Proclamation of the protection
of Vladivostok by commanders of Allied and Associated
forces—Proclamation of a government by Horvat: controversy with other political
organizations (Documents 293–344)
- American proposals for military action, July 17, 1918: discussion with
the Japanese and British Governments—Chinese request for
participation—Rivalry of local organizations (Documents 345–384)
- Japanese and American public statements regarding military action,
August 2 and 3, 1918—British statement, August 8, 1918 (Documents 385–405)
- Proposals for the political direction of intervention and for
augmentation of the forces: attitude of the United States—Japanese
activities in Manchuria—Arrival of American and Allied troops at
Vladivostok—Increase of the Japanese forces—Reply of the Soviet
government to American and Japanese statements (Documents 406–441)
- Special mission of Ambassador Morris to Vladivostok: his recommendation that an
American force be sent to Omsk—Westward movement of the Czecho-Slovaks
from Vladivostok: reverses on the Volga—Formation of a government by
Constituent Assembly delegates at Samara: conference at Ufa with other
organizations (Documents 442–477)
- Declaration restricting American operations, September 26,
1918—Formation of the all-Russian provisional government at Ufa: fusion
with the Siberian government at Omsk—Further increase of Japanese
forces (Documents 478–524)
- Representations of the American Government against the size of
Japanese forces and the degree of control assumed in Manchuria and
Siberia, November 16, 1918—The establishment of Kolchak as Supreme Governor at Omsk,
November 18, 1918—Refusal of Semenov to recognize Kolchak’s authority (Documents 525–561)
- Representations of the American Government against Japanese support of
Semenov, December 16,
1918—Continuance of the conflict—Reduction of the Japanese forces (Documents 562–570)
- Discussion of the contemplated dispatch of Japanese troops to Siberia:
Russian attitude—Bolshevik activities in Siberia and Manchuria—The
formation of local governments—Proposed use of Chinese troops in the
zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway—The dispatch of warships to
Vladivostok—French suggestion of Allied and American intervention:
attitude of the United States (Documents 1–52)
- Chapter II. The northern region (Documents 571–695)
- Opposition in Archangel to the Soviet régime—German threat through
Finland to the Murman Railway—Shipment of arms and stores to the
interior of Russia—British requests for the dispatch of American forces
to Murmansk—Arrival of a French warship—Landing of armed forces—Allied
cooperation with the Murmansk Soviet—Arrival of an American
cruiser—German and Soviet demands for withdrawal of Allied and American
forces—Agreement of July 6, 1918, with the Murmansk Soviet—Argument of
the Consul at Archangel against intervention (Documents 571–610)
- Occupation of Archangel by Allied forces, August 2, 1918—Overthrow of the Soviet and formation of the Supreme
government of the northern region—Relations with the Allied and American
diplomatic representatives and military authorities—Arrival of American
troops, September 4, 1918 (Documents 611–627)
- Coup d’état of September 5, 1918: restoration
of the deposed government through efforts of the American
Ambassador—Protest of the American Government against the conduct of the
British commander in chief—Plan of the reinstated ministers to resign in
favor of the Samara government: efforts of the American Ambassador to
dissuade them (Documents 628–649)
- Proposal for increasing the American forces at Archangel and extending
the operations: refusal of the American Government, September 26,
1918—Reorganization of the local government: subordination to the
all-Russian government at Omsk—Disapproval of the Ambassador’s plan to
recruit an American-Slavic legion—Replacement of the commander in
chief—Disaffection among the American soldiers and among the local
Russian recruits (Documents 650–681)
- Retention of American and Allied troops in north Russia after the
armistice with Germany—Local attitude toward the Kolchak government at Omsk (Documents 682–695)
- Opposition in Archangel to the Soviet régime—German threat through
Finland to the Murman Railway—Shipment of arms and stores to the
interior of Russia—British requests for the dispatch of American forces
to Murmansk—Arrival of a French warship—Landing of armed forces—Allied
cooperation with the Murmansk Soviet—Arrival of an American
cruiser—German and Soviet demands for withdrawal of Allied and American
forces—Agreement of July 6, 1918, with the Murmansk Soviet—Argument of
the Consul at Archangel against intervention (Documents 571–610)
- Chapter III. Southeastern Russia and the Caucasus (Documents 696–765)
- Nationalist and anti-Bolshevik movements: the Don Cossacks under
Kaledin, the Southeastern
federation, the Trans-Caucasus, the Volunteer Army under Alexeev and Kornilov—Attitude of the American and
Allied Governments toward de facto political and
military authorities (Documents 696–733)
- Bolshevik, Turkish, and German advances—Formation of the independent
states of North Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan—The Cossack
organization under Krasnov—Revival of the Volunteer Army: succession of
Denikin as its
commander—Formation of a governmental commission attached to the
army—Recognition by it of the supreme authority of Kolchak (Documents 734–765)
- Nationalist and anti-Bolshevik movements: the Don Cossacks under
Kaledin, the Southeastern
federation, the Trans-Caucasus, the Volunteer Army under Alexeev and Kornilov—Attitude of the American and
Allied Governments toward de facto political and
military authorities (Documents 696–733)
- Chapter IV. The Ukraine and the Crimea (Documents 766–828)
- Establishment of a Ukrainian government—Relations with the Soviet
government, the Central powers, and the Allies—The treaty of Brest
Litovsk with the Central powers, February 9, 1918 (Documents 766–786)
- Capture of Kiev and Odessa by the Bolsheviks and subsequently by the
Austro-German forces—Austro-German occupation of the Ukraine and the
Crimea—Establishment of the Skoropadski government in the Ukraine, April 29,
1918—The Crimean government of Sulkevich—Exploitation of these regions
by the Central powers—Appeal of the Ukrainian National Council to
President Wilson, October 15,
1918 (Documents 787–816)
- Declaration of the intention of the Allied Governments to maintain
order in the Ukraine—Landing of Allied troops at Odessa—Establishment of
the Directory by Petlyura (Documents 817–828)
- Establishment of a Ukrainian government—Relations with the Soviet
government, the Central powers, and the Allies—The treaty of Brest
Litovsk with the Central powers, February 9, 1918 (Documents 766–786)
- Chapter V. Bessarabia (Documents 829–854)
- Chapter VI. Finland (Documents 855–982)
- Indefinite relations with the Russian Provisional Government—Autonomy
law passed by the Diet, July 18, 1917—Dissolution of the Diet; elections
of October 2, 1917—Labor disturbances in protest against bourgeois control (Documents 855–862)
- Proclamation of independence, December 4–6, 1917: attitude of the
American and other governments—Recognition by Sweden, Norway, Denmark,
and France, January 4–10, 1918—Seizure of power by the Red Guards; civil
war with the White Guards under Mannerheim—Swedish occupation of the Åland
Islands—Request for American recognition by commissioners of the White
government: counter-representations by the delegate of the Red
government—Appeals for food (Documents 863–913)
- Treaties between Finland and the Soviet government, March 1, 1918, and
between Finland and the German Government, March 7, 1918 (Documents 914–919)
- German military intervention against the Red Guards; victory of the
White Guards—Advances into Karelia and toward the Murman Railway—New
negotiations with the Soviet government—British, French, and American
attitude toward the White government and representatives of the former
Red government—Resignation of Mannerheim—Monarchist movement: election of Frederick Carl of Hesse, October 9,
1918 (Documents 920–977)
- Withdrawal of German troops—Formation of a new government under
Mannerheim—Decision of the
American Government to ship food (Documents 978–982)
- Indefinite relations with the Russian Provisional Government—Autonomy
law passed by the Diet, July 18, 1917—Dissolution of the Diet; elections
of October 2, 1917—Labor disturbances in protest against bourgeois control (Documents 855–862)
- Chapter VII. The Baltic Countries (Documents 983–1029)
- Appeals from Esthonia and Latvia for support of independence: attitude
of Great Britain—Declaration of the independence of Lithuania and
request for recognition: attitude of the United States; recognition by
Germany—Movement by the Baltic Germans for a monarchy in personal union
with Prussia: qualified response by the German Government—Protests by
delegates of the Esthonian Provisional Government: reception of these
delegates by the British, French, and Italian Governments—Refusal of
visa for an Esthonian delegate to the United States—Protest of the
Lettish National Committee against German rule; claim to
independence—British project for a Lettish legion: attitude of the
United States (Documents 983–1003)
- The question of protection of the Baltic countries from Bolshevism
upon withdrawal of the German troops: Attempts to enlist the help of the
Scandinavian countries—Postponement of German withdrawal in the
armistice—Formation of national governments in Esthonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania—Reservation of consideration of national claims by the United
States until the peace conference—Dispatch of a British naval force to
the Baltic Sea—German withdrawal and Bolshevik advance—Yudenich’s project of an
anti-Bolshevik force to take Petrograd (Documents 1004–1029)
- Appeals from Esthonia and Latvia for support of independence: attitude
of Great Britain—Declaration of the independence of Lithuania and
request for recognition: attitude of the United States; recognition by
Germany—Movement by the Baltic Germans for a monarchy in personal union
with Prussia: qualified response by the German Government—Protests by
delegates of the Esthonian Provisional Government: reception of these
delegates by the British, French, and Italian Governments—Refusal of
visa for an Esthonian delegate to the United States—Protest of the
Lettish National Committee against German rule; claim to
independence—British project for a Lettish legion: attitude of the
United States (Documents 983–1003)