740.00119 EAC/53

Memorandum by the United Kingdom Representative to the European Advisory Commission (Strang)52

E.A.C. (44) 1

Terms of Surrender for Germany

1.
At its first formal meeting held on January 14th, the European Advisory Commission invited delegations to circulate to it any papers they might wish to submit bearing on the question of the terms of [Page 113] surrender for Germany and of the machinery required to ensure their fulfilment.
2.
In the present memorandum and its Annexes, I circulate for the consideration of the Commission some material on the question of the terms of surrender for Germany. In a separate memorandum53 I am putting forward for the consideration of the Commission some proposals on the subject of the machinery required to ensure the fulfilment of those terms.
3.
It is impossible at present to foresee in what circumstances hostilities with Germany may in the end be suspended. We cannot tell, therefore, what mode of procedure would be most suitable; whether, for example, it will be found best to have a full and detailed armistice; or a shorter armistice conferring general powers; or possibly no armistice at all, but a series of local capitulations by enemy Commanders. But it is nevertheless already possible to form some idea of the things which the United Nations will desire to do in Germany as soon as hostilities are over, and it should even at the present stage be possible to evolve a general plan which will enable these things to be done, whatever the procedure ultimately adopted.
4.
The content of such a plan falls naturally into three parts:—
(a)
general desiderata relating to the whole period between the end of hostilities and the conclusion of a treaty of peace;
(b)
the taking of powers to secure these desiderata; and
(c)
decisions as to how these powers should be utilised.
5.
The ideal conditions for the attainment of these desiderata presuppose the existence of a German Government capable of assisting in the execution of the obligations which it will have undertaken. They also presuppose the prior concurrence by the United Nations primarily concerned in one single instrument terminating hostilities on behalf of them all simultaneously. The most convenient way of setting out a plan for the attainment of these desiderata is to draft it in the form of a hypothetical full-dress armistice to be agreed between the United Nations primarily concerned and imposing on the German Government and people the obligation to assist in its execution. Even if it proved impossible, under the circumstances prevailing at the time of the cessation of hostilities, to settle the terms of surrender in a single full-length document, the material contained in the draft of such a document would still be of use, whatever the form of armistice ultimately adopted; and the work devoted to the elaboration of this single comprehensive draft would therefore not be wasted.
6.
It is for this reason that the United Kingdom Delegation thought it well to put forward the draft of a full-time armistice (see Annex 2) to which has been added, for convenience, a summary (see [Page 114] Annex 1). The fact that this draft is in legal terms and is self-contained and complete, does not mean that it is presented other than as a basis for discussion in the Commission. Indeed, His Majesty’s Government should not be regarded as committed to the particular terms of this draft; so far as they are concerned, the draft is still in the formative stage.
7.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of the Commission’s terms of reference, the draft takes into account the memorandum of the 1st July circulated by the United Kingdom Government to the Governments of the United States of America and the Soviet Union (E.A.C. (P) 43/3), and the experience already gained in the imposition and enforcement of unconditional surrender upon Italy. In its preparation, consideration has also been given to certain principles set forth in a paper on Germany55 circulated to the Moscow Conference by the United States Delegation, and the draft will be found to be in harmony with those principles.
8.
The draft is based on the principle of unconditional surrender56 and confers on the United Nations far-reaching powers which, under international law, they would not enjoy on a basis of ordinary military occupancy. In addition to specific rights of control, in the military, political and economic fields, certain general provisions are included which entitle the United Nations to exercise all or any of the powers of the German Government, of the German Supreme Command, or of any local government or authority (Article 59), and to take any steps, including conservatory or preventive measures, to secure the execution of the Armistice (Article 64), the interpretation and application of which will be determined by the United Nations (Articles 66 and 67). In general, the draft armistice imposes on the German Government and people the obligation to assist in its execution and to carry on the national life,’ economy and administration under the directions of the United Nations.
9.
Conditions in Germany at the time of her surrender will almost certainly be chaotic, and the last thing the Allies will want to do is to saddle the High Command with all the vexations attendant on administering in detail a vast, hostile and bankrupt country, smarting under defeat, distracted by dissension and confronted with countless problems arising out of the switch-over from war to peace economy. The draft Armistice accordingly bases itself on the idea that the Germans should be enjoined to carry on all civilian activities until they are directed to do otherwise by the United Nations.
10.
Finally, the United Kingdom Delegation would make the following further points:—
(a)
The United Kingdom Delegation believe that the best procedure would be, if possible, to impose a full-length instrument of surrender on Germany rather than an instrument in shorter form. But even the kind of full-length instrument they have in mind, namely the draft in Annex 2, must itself in places be expressed in general terms. An essential complement to this draft will, therefore, be a series of directives to be issued to the Supreme Allied Commander, North-West Europe, by the Combined Chiefs of Staff, and no doubt also to the Soviet Commander-in-Chief by the Soviet Government, containing particular instructions as to what is to be done where the provisions of the Armistice are stated in general terms. Many of these directives will have to be ready well before hostilities cease, as they will necessarily cover a wide field in which immediate action will be essential. Action under these directives will be taken by the Commanders by way of proclamations or declarations issued in virtue of general powders conferred upon them by the Armistice. It is therefore desirable that attention should be given as soon as possible to the elaboration of such directives. If there is no Armistice at all, or even if there is only a short one, a larger number of such directives will of course be required. In that case a great deal of the material contained in the draft Armistice (Annex 2) would have to be embodied in the directives, which would form the basis of proclamations or declarations to be issued by the Commanders-in-Chief.
(b)
A special situation will arise as regards Austria. The Three Powers declared at the Moscow Conference that they wished to see re-established a free and independent Austria,57 Austria must accordingly receive different treatment from Germany under the terms of the Armistice; and while certain Articles of the Armistice will have to be applied in Austrian territory, others will be inappropriate. It will thus be desirable to prepare special directives for the guidance of Commanders-in-Chief, which will take into account the special position of Austria and embody a different policy from that which will be followed towards the rest of Germany. In any event, the evacuation of Austria by German forces is already provided for under Article 9 (a) of the draft in Annex 2.
(c)
It is in the view of the United Kingdom Delegation desirable that certain of the Allied Governments chiefly concerned should be brought into consultation by the Commission while the terms of an Armistice are still in a formative stage. It is therefore suggested that, in virtue of the discretionary powers conferred upon the Commission by paragraph 4 of their Terms of Reference, they should, at an appropriate moment, invite the views of some of the Governments of other Allies, such for example as those who are either neighbours of Germany or numbered among her principal victims, or are substantially participating in military operations against Germany. The manner in which this could best be done might, it is suggested, engage the early attention of the Commission. The manner in which the [Page 116] other members of the United Nations should be consulted might be considered by the Commission at a later stage.
(d)
I would add that, as a matter of convenience, arrangements are being made to make copies of Annexes 1 and 2 available to the United States and Soviet Governments through H. M. Embassies at Washington and Moscow simultaneously with—or, if circumstances prevent this, very soon after—their circulation to the Commission.
[File copy not signed]
[Annex 1]

summary of draft german armistice

Preamble

German acknowledgment of total defeat and unconditional request for suspension of hostilities. Injunction to German people to preserve order and continue their normal life.

Section I

Cessation of Hostilities

Hostilities to cease in all theatres of war. German forces to stay where they are pending future instructions and to surrender their arms, &c. Where no United Nations forces are present, the local German commander will store arms &c., and be responsible for their eventual surrender.

German warships to be assembled in specified ports and surrendered or dealt with as directed. No transfer to other flags. No scuttling. Minesweepers to continue their operations.

German aircraft not to leave the ground except as directed, and to he surrendered or dealt with as directed. No transfer to other countries.

Full information to be given as to location, &c., of German forces, defences, communication systems, minefield and obstacles to movement, &c. German labour and materials to be supplied as required for the removal of obstacles.

No broadcasting except as directed. No jamming.

Section II

Evacuation of Territory by German Forces

Withdrawal from all territories outside Germany’s 1937 frontiers and any specified areas within those frontiers of German forces and officials: the latter, however, to continue their functions until instructed to withdraw. German civilian inhabitants of such territories to be evacuated if so directed.

Complete cessation in such territories of deportation, forced labour, requisitioning, damage or removal of property, &c.

[Page 117]

Section III

Stationing of United Nations Forces in Germany

United Nations may station forces or agencies anywhere in Germany. Germans to take any necessary steps for the security of United Nations forces and agencies and their communications. Germans to assist any advance parties sent into Germany and to comply with directions for regulating movements of population and controlling travel.

United Nations to enjoy all rights of an occupying Power throughout Germany. German public services to continue to function under United Nations control unless otherwise directed.

United Nations to have complete freedom of passage and unrestricted use of all facilities. Germans to supply any labour, equipment, &c., required.

United Nations may control and use press, broadcasting and public performances and establish censorship.

Section IV

Demobilisation, Demilitarisation, Disarmament and Surrender of War Material

German armed forces to be progressively demobilised and totally disbanded, except as permitted for police purposes under United Nations control. Complete prohibition of all forms of military training.

All war material, complete or incomplete, to be surrendered, destroyed or dealt with as directed. Prohibition on manufacture of, or traffic in, war material and of research, &c., relative to war. Destruction, dismantling or conversion of plants, &c., producing war material or utilised for war research. Bases, fortifications, &c., to be surrendered, destroyed or dealt with as directed. Construction of new defences prohibited. Germans to give all information required for above purposes and to afford access at any time to factories, establishments, &c.

Germans to carry out such further measures of demobilisation, demilitarisation or disarmament as may be prescribed.

Section V

Treatment of Forces, War Material, Shipping and Property of Germany’s Allies

Forces, ships, aircraft, &c., of Germany’s Allies to remain liable to attack or seizure in German territory. Germans to supply information about such Allies. Warships and merchant ships to be prevented from leaving Germany. Military and civilian personnel to be interned. Public and private property to be impounded pending instructions. Germans to comply with instructions as to disposal of the above.

[Page 118]

Section VI

Shipping, Inland Transport and Telecommunications

No merchant ships to put to sea from German ports without United Nations permission.

All German merchant shipping, with crews if required, to be made available to United Nations and used as prescribed. No transfer to foreign flags. Crews to remain on board pending instructions. Options to reacquire vessels to be exercised as directed.

United Nations merchant ships to be restored. Neutral ships under German control to be transferred to United Nations. Cargoes to be disposed of as directed. Wrecked or sunk vessels to be destroyed, salvaged, or raised as instructed. United Nations to control and have unrestricted use of (i) all matters affecting shipping, including building and repair industries; (ii) inland transport system (including air) and connected facilities; (iii) telecommunication system and connected facilities.

German rights in telecommunication systems anywhere to be transferred to United Nations as directed. German rights in international transport bodies or telecommunication organs to be exercised as directed.

Section VII

Restitution, Reparation, Occupation Currencies, Cost of Occupation and Relief

Pending final arrangements, Germans to carry out restitution, reparation, relief and reconstruction as prescribed, and to surrender or transfer property, effect deliveries, carry out repair and construction work, and provide transport, materials, labour and services for use in or outside Germany as directed. United Nations property to be safeguarded pending return. Full information and facilities to be given for tracing property to be restored or surrendered.

Germans to supply free of cost German currency required by the United Nations, and to redeem and hand over currencies issued by United Nations during occupation.

Germans to pay costs of occupation, administering the Armistice and relief, as directed.

Section VIII

Control of German Economy and Assets

United Nations to have right to exercise control over German finance, agriculture, production, industry, trade and economy generally, and to use plant, products, stocks, &c., for the conduct of the war.

German State and municipal property, and all private German property outside Germany, not to be disposed of without United [Page 119] Nations sanction, and the latter to be handed over if required. Property inside Germany not to be transferred to persons elsewhere. Normal internal payments allowed.

All gold and silver in or owned by Germany to be held at the disposal of United Nations.

Section IX

Control of German Relations with other Countries

Germans to comply with directions issued in all matters affecting Germany’s foreign policy and relations with other countries. No undertaking or commitment to be entered into without United Nations sanction. Pending final arrangements, treaties to be abrogated, brought into force or applied as directed. Germany to become party to specified treaties as directed.

No trade or dealings with the enemies of the United Nations. Rupture of diplomatic and consular relations with such countries, whose diplomatic and other officials in Germany will be dealt with as prescribed. United Nations to control diplomatic relations with neutral countries.

Germans not to leave Germany without permission and to be re-called from other enemy countries as directed. Germany to receive back any persons designated by United Nations.

Section X

United Nations Prisoners of War and Internees, Political Prisoners, Foreign Nationals and Foreign Property

Prisoners of war and interned civilians with their property to be released and dealt with as directed. Command of camps to be handed over to local representatives of prisoners. Germans to maintain essential services. Germans not to remove prisoners from camps.

Political prisoners, including German sympathisers with United Nations, and persons detained on account of race, language, religion or political opinions, to be released and relieved from disabilities.

Full facilities for release and subsequent movements of prisoners.

No person to be prosecuted or molested on account of sympathies with the United Nations.

Foreign workers and their property to be repatriated as directed.

Lists of names and full information to be supplied.

Section XI

War Criminals and Quislings and Other Traitors

Hitler, his chief associates, war criminals, Quislings58 and traitors, whose names appear on lists to be furnished, to be surrendered to [Page 120] the United Nations. United Nations may arrest such persons, and Germans to facilitate such action.

Germans to furnish information and produce witnesses required for the trial of the above. Property of such persons to be impounded or surrendered as directed.

Section XII

Suppression of Nazi Organisations and Legislation: Control of German Law and Administration

All Nazi organisations to be disbanded except as specified. Nazi institutions to be abolished, personnel dismissed and interned, property controlled or seized, and Nazi ideology and teaching suppressed, as directed. German laws discriminating on grounds of race, language, religion or political opinions to be rescinded and legal disabilities cancelled. Nazi legislation to be repealed, and German law and legal system reformed, as directed.

Section XIII

Information and Inspection

Germans to furnish all information required. No suppression, &c., of information or documents, and United Nations to have right of entry to obtain them. Germans to give any necessary assistance.

United Nations may enter and inspect any building or place for the purposes of the Armistice.

Section XIV

General

United Nations may exercise all or any of the powers of the German Government, the German Supreme Command and any local government or authority.

Germans to maintain national life, economy and administration. Police to continue its functions.

German authorities and people to abstain from all action injurious to the United Nations, to the maintenance of public order or the security of the occupying forces.

No concealment, destruction or damage of warships, aircraft, war material, facilities, plant, stocks, &c. German authorities to be responsible for safeguarding the above and handing them over in good condition.

United Nations may exercise their powers either direct or by the issue of instructions to the Germans.

German authorities to take all executive, legislative and judicial measures necessary for the execution of the Armistice, and to comply with all directions given for this purpose.

[Page 121]

United Nations may take all necessary steps, including conservatory or preventive measures, to secure the execution of the Armistice. Persons evading or obstructing such execution may be tried by United Nations courts.

The rights and powers of the United Nations under the Armistice may be exercised by United Nations Commanders-in-Chief, or any other authorities designated for the purpose.

These authorities may issue instructions as to the matters covered by the Armistice, and the manner in which it is to be carried out and interpreted. Germans to comply fully with all instructions of these authorities, who will determine finally any disagreement regarding the interpretation or application of the Armistice.

Section XV

Definitions

Definitions of Germany, German armed forces, war material and other technical terms, &c., to be laid down by the United Nations.

Section XVI

Final Clauses

Armistice to be confirmed by the German Government and to come into force . . . . . hours after receipt of such confirmation, when hostilities will cease. Armistice to remain in operation until superseded by a Peace Treaty or other arrangements.

If German obligations under the Armistice are not fulfilled, it may be denounced, or the United Nations may take appropriate punitive measures.

[Annex 2]

draft german armistice

Whereas the German Government and the German Supreme Command acknowledge that the German armed forces have been totally defeated and that Germany can no longer carry on against the United Nations the war begun by Germany’s unprovoked aggression;

And whereas the German Government and the German Supreme Command have accordingly unconditionally requested a suspension of hostilities;

And whereas the United Nations are willing to lay down the conditions on which they are prepared to suspend hostilities against Germany, and hereby require the German people to preserve law and order and go about their normal occupations so far as these are consistent with those conditions;

The following terms have been presented by [Page 122] on behalf of the United Nations, duly authorised to that effect;

And have been accepted by

representing the Supreme Command of the German armed forces, and duly authorised to that effect by the German Government:—

Section I

Cessation of Hostilities and Immediately Related Matters

1. On the entry into force of the present Instrument, hostilities shall cease in all theatres of war between all forces under German command (which expression throughout this Section and Section II includes any foreign contingents, warships or aircraft serving in or with the German armed forces or under German control) and the forces of the United Nations.

2.—(a) Except as may be otherwise directed by the United Nations, the personnel of all forces under German command, wherever they may be situated, will remain in their existing positions until further instructions.

(b) Demobilisation will take place only at such times and in such manner as the United Nations may direct.

3.—(a) All forces under German command, whether inside or outside the German frontiers, will surrender all their arms, ammunition, weapons of war and other war material to the local United Nations Command, in accordance with arrangements to be made on the spot.

(b) In any area in which United Nations forces are not present, and pending arrangements to be made under the preceding paragraph or under Article 18(a) below, the arms, ammunition, weapons of war and other war material of the forces under German command (other than such weapons and material as may be authorised for police or guard purposes in accordance with arrangements to be made by the United Nations) will be placed in depots under the instructions and supervision of the local German Commander, who will be held responsible for their eventual surrender.

4.—(a) German warships and naval, military or air force vessels of all descriptions, completed or under construction (including minesweepers, auxiliaries, transports, tenders, launches and landing craft), and any foreign vessels serving in or with the German forces or under German control, will remain or be assembled as directed in ports to be specified by the United Nations, and will be surrendered and delivered, employed (with or without their crews) or otherwise dealt with as the United Nations may prescribe. In particular, all minesweepers will be placed at the disposal of the United Nations with their crews, and pending further instructions will continue to sweep the existing navigational channels.

[Page 123]

(b) Any of the said warships and vessels which are at sea or in non-German ports or waters will forthwith be recalled or ordered to proceed to or remain in such ports as the United Nations may prescribe, and will be dealt with as provided in paragraph (a).

(c) Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 61(a), scuttling is formally prohibited.

(d) There shall be no transfer to any other flag, service or control of any kind, except as may be directed by the United Nations.

5.—(a) No German aircraft of any kind, military or civil, and no foreign aircraft in German service, will leave the ground or water or ships except as may be directed by the United Nations. All such aircraft will be collected and will be surrendered and delivered, employed or otherwise dealt with as the United Nations may prescribe.

(b) All such aircraft in or over non-German territory, ports or waters, or over the sea, will forthwith be recalled and dealt with as provided in paragraph (a).

(c) There shall be no transfer to any other nationality, service or control of any kind, except as may be directed by the United Nations.

6.—(a) Without prejudice to the provisions of Section IV below, the German authorities will forthwith furnish full information on the following matters, whether these are under the control of the military or the civil authorities: (i) the location, disposition and condition of all land, sea and air forces under German command, wherever situated; (ii) all German naval, military, air and air defence devices, posts and installations, wherever situated; (iii) all transport and inter-communication systems established by Germany on German or other territory or in the approaches thereto; (iv) all minefields or other obstacles to movement by land, water or air established anywhere by Germany; (v) all such other particulars as the United Nations may require in connexion with the movements, security or welfare of the United Nations land, sea or air forces.

(b) German military and civilian personnel, materials and equipment will be made available as required by the United Nations for the removal of obstacles and for the other purposes above mentioned.

(c) All minefields and other dangerous obstacles will, so far as possible, at once be rendered safe.

7. The use of wireless, telephone, telegraph or other forms of intercommunication by or on behalf of units of the forces under German command is prohibited, except as may be sanctioned by the United Nations.

8. No broadcasting stations or wireless transmitters in Germany shall be operated otherwise than by, or with the express permission of, the United Nations and under such supervision and control as they may think fit to impose. The use of any apparatus in Germany for [Page 124] the “jamming” of broadcast or other wireless transmissions is prohibited.

Section II

Evacuation of Territory by the German Armed Forces, Officials and Civilian Population

9.—(a) With such exceptions as the United Nations may direct, all forces under German command will withdraw from all territories outside the frontiers of Germany as they existed on the 31st December, 1937, and from any areas within those frontiers indicated at any time by the United Nations.

(b) German authorities and officials in these territories or areas will comply with such instructions as to withdrawing therefrom as they may receive from the United Nations. Pending such instructions, they will continue their functions under the direction of the United Nations until otherwise ordered.

(c) In the event of the United Nations requiring the evacuation of all or any part of the German civilian inhabitants of the territories or areas concerned, the German authorities will issue the necessary instructions, and will make the necessary arrangements for the evacuation, reception and maintenance of such persons as may be specified.

(d) Withdrawals and evacuations under paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) above will take place at such times and under such conditions as the United Nations may direct.

(e) Any German sick or wounded who cannot be moved from territories or areas to be evacuated will be cared for by German personnel to be left on the spot together with all necessary medical and other supplies.

10. In the territories and areas referred to in Article 9 there shall immediately be, on the part of all forces under German command and German authorities and civilians, a complete cessation of all measures of coercion, deportation or forced labour, and all measures involving injury to life or limb. There shall similarly cease all measures of requisitioning, seizure, removal, concealment and destruction of property. In particular, the withdrawals and evacuation mentioned in Article 9 will be carried out without damage to or removal of persons or property (other than the removal of such personal property and effects as the United Nations may permit to be taken) and without harm to the local population.

Section III

Stationing of United Nations Forces in Germany and Certain Matters Connected Therewith

11.—(a) The United Nations will have the right to station their forces and agencies anywhere in Germany.

[Page 125]

(b) The German authorities will take all such measures as are necessary, or as may be directed, in the interests of the security of the forces and agencies of the United Nations and the safety, freedom and unimpeded use of their communications and means of transport.

12. The United Nations will have the right to send advance parties into Germany to secure their lines of communication, to make arrangements for the entry of their forces and agencies and for the safety, welfare and evacuation of United Nations prisoners of war and internees, and for any other purposes which they may think necessary. The German authorities will afford all facilities to such parties and take all the measures requisite for their maintenance, security and movement, and will carry out such instructions as the commanders of these parties may give.

13. The German authorities will comply with all such directions as the United Nations may give for the regulation of movements of population and for controlling travel or removal on the part of persons in Germany.

14. Without prejudice to the other provisions of the present Instrument:—

(a)
the United Nations will enjoy all the rights of an occupying Power throughout Germany;
(b)
the German administrative, judicial and public services will continue to carry out their functions under the control of the United Nations, unless and until otherwise directed.

15. Without prejudice to the other provisions of the present Instrument, the United Nations will have the following rights in and over all German territory, and the adjacent waters and air space:—

(a)
Complete freedom of movement and navigation for their personnel, military and civilian, and for their ships, aircraft, transport, supplies and material of all kinds, and all necessary facilities in connexion therewith:
(b)
Unrestricted use of all such utilities, facilities, installations and resources generally as may be required for the maintenance, movements, operations and security of the forces and agencies of the United Nations. The German authorities will maintain all such utilities, facilities, installations and resources in good order and repair, and will furnish the labour, personnel, specialist services, plant, equipment and resources necessary for working or maintaining them, or for such other purposes connected with them as the United Nations may specify:
(c)
The right to make such use of the press and publications generally, of broadcasting and of public performances of all kinds, and to establish such control and censorship of these and of all forms of publicity and inter-communication (including the right to control or take over buildings and installations), as the United Nations may see fit.

[Page 126]

Section IV

Demobilisation, Demilitarisation, Disarmament, and Surrender of War Material

16.—(a) With the exception of such establishments as are authorised by the United Nations for police, guard and other special purposes, the German armed forces will be progressively demobilised, and totally disbanded, in accordance with instructions to be issued by the United Nations; pending which, and save as may be provided in such instructions, the provisions of Article 2 will continue to apply.

(b) The organisation and control of the establishments authorised for the purposes mentioned in paragraph (a) will be subject to the directions of the United Nations, and the German authorities will comply with all instructions given for this purpose.

17. There shall be a complete cessation and prohibition of all forms of military training and activities of whatever nature, including pre- or para-military training in youth organisations, political groups or other associations of any kind.

18.—(a) All war material, including unserviceable material and scrap, in so far as not previously surrendered under Section I of the present Instrument, or authorised by the United Nations for police, guard or other special purposes, will be held and maintained by the German authorities at the disposal of the United Nations, and will be surrendered, delivered, destroyed or otherwise dealt with, as may be directed.

(b) The provisions of paragraph (a) will apply in the same manner to all war material and instruments and devices for use in the conduct of warfare which are in process of research, experiment, development, design, manufacture or assembly.

19.—(a) The manufacture, production and construction and the acquisition from outside Germany of war material and of such other products used in connexion with such manufacture, production or construction as the United Nations may specify, and the import, export and transit thereof, are prohibited, except as directed by the United Nations.

(b) There shall likewise be immediate cessation of all research, experiment, development and design relative to war or the production of war material, whether in government or private establishments, factories, technological institutions or elsewhere.

(c) The German authorities will comply with any instructions which may be given by the United Nations for the destruction, dismantling, conversion or utilisation, as may be specified: (i) of factories, plants and establishments manufacturing, producing or constructing war material or such other products as the United Nations may specify; (ii) of stations, establishments, plant, equipment or [Page 127] installations, utilised for research, development or design relative to war or the production of war material.

20.—(a) All military, naval and air bases, stations, establishments, installations and equipment, and all fortifications and other defence installations, wherever situated, will be held and maintained by the German authorities at the disposal of the United Nations, and will be surrendered, destroyed or dismantled or otherwise dealt with, as the United Nations may direct.

(b) The construction, setting up or laying out of any new defence installations or any remodelling, renovation or extension of existing ones is prohibited, except as directed by the United Nations.

21. The German authorities will:—

(a)
furnish full and detailed information concerning (i) all categories of war material, wherever situated, showing the nature, quantities and location of the same; (ii) the nature, location and output of all factories, plants, establishments, equipment and installations referred to in Article 19 (c), together with such other particulars regarding their operations, methods of manufacture and processes of research, experiment, development or design as the United Nations may require; (iii) all war material and such other products as the United Nations may specify, in the stage of research, experiment, development or design; (iv) all military, naval and air bases, stations, establishments, installations and equipment, and all fortifications and other defence installations, wherever situated, showing their nature, location and the details of their construction and employment;
(b)
afford the representatives of the United Nations unrestricted access at all times to the said factories, stations, buildings, establishments, plant, installations, property and areas, together with their records, equipment and other contents.

22. The German authorities will comply with and carry out all such further measures of or relative to demobilisation, demilitarisation or disarmament as may be prescribed by the United Nations during the period of the present Instrument.

Section V

Treatment of the Forces, Personnel, War Material, Shipping and other Transport and Property generally of other Enemy States and Nationals in Germany

23.—(a) Subject to those provisions of Section I of the present Instrument which affect foreign contingents, ships and aircraft under German command or control or in German service, the military, naval and air forces and material, and the ships, aircraft and transport of any country against which any of the United Nations is carrying on hostilities remain liable to attack or seizure wherever found in or over German territory or waters.

(b) The German authorities will place at the disposal of the United Nations all the documents, information and material in German possession [Page 128] which the United Nations may require in connexion with the conduct of hostilities against any such country.

24. Without prejudice to the provisions of Sections I and VI relative to the surrender or disposal of foreign material or personnel under German command or control or in German service:—

(a)
the warships, auxiliaries, transports, merchant ships and fishing and other craft of any country referred to in Article 23 which are in German ports or waters, and the aircraft and transport of such countries in or over German territory, will, pending further instructions, be prevented from leaving Germany;
(b)
the military, naval and air personnel and the civilian nationals of any such country will be prevented from leaving Germany and will be interned and maintained pending further instructions;
(c)
all property, assets, rights, titles and interests in Germany held for or belonging to any such country or to any country (other than Germany), which has, at any time since the 1st September, 1939, been at war with any of the United Nations, or held for or belonging to the nationals of any of these countries or any persons resident or carrying on business therein, will be impounded or taken over, and will be preserved pending further instructions;
(d)
the German authorities will take all necessary steps to ensure the execution of the provisions of paragraphs (a) to (c); will comply with any instructions given by the United Nations concerning the surrender, internment, custody, disposal, utilisation or employment of any of the above-mentioned persons, vessels, aircraft, material or property; and will afford all information and facilities required for tracing the same.

Section VI

Shipping, Inland Transport and Telecommunications

25.—(a) No merchant ship (including fishing and other craft), of whatever nationality, shall put to sea from any German port except as may be sanctioned or directed by the United Nations. German ships in ports outside Germany shall remain in port and those at sea shall proceed to the nearest German or United Nations port and there remain, pending instructions from the United Nations.

(b) All German merchant shipping or foreign merchant shipping in German service or under German control (including fishing and other craft), wherever they may be, and any constructed or completed during the period of the present Instrument, will be made available in good repair and seaworthy condition by the competent German authorities at such places, for such purposes and periods, and for use on such terms, as the United Nations may prescribe.

(c) All transfer to any other flag, service or control is prohibited, except as may be directed by the United Nations.

(d) Crews will remain on board and be maintained by the German authorities, pending further instructions regarding their continued employment or disposal.

[Page 129]

(e) Any existing options to repurchase or reacquire or to resume control of vessels sold or otherwise transferred or chartered by Germany during the war shall be exercised as directed by the United Nations, and paragraphs (a) to (d) shall apply to all such vessels and their crews.

26.—(a) United Nations merchant ships (including fishing and other craft) in German hands, wherever they may be (and also for this purpose those of any country which has broken off diplomatic relations with Germany), whether or not the title has been transferred as the result of prize court proceedings or otherwise, will be surrendered to the United Nations in good repair and seaworthy condition in ports to be specified by the United Nations, for disposal as directed by them.

(b) The German authorities will take all such steps as may be requisite to effect or procure transfers of title to the above vessels and to secure the discontinuance of any arrests of or proceedings against them in neutral ports.

27. The German authorities will transfer or cause to be transferred to the United Nations, as may be prescribed, all rights relative to any neutral merchant ships, fishing or other craft under German charter, requisition, operation or control.

28. The German authorities will comply forthwith with all instructions which may be given by the United Nations for the disposal of cargoes on board any of the classes of vessels mentioned in Articles 25–27.

29. The German authorities will comply with any instructions given by the United Nations for the destruction, dispersal, salvaging, reclamation or raising of wrecked, stranded, derelict or sunken vessels, wherever they may be situated. Any such vessel salvaged, reclaimed or raised shall be dealt with under the appropriate provisions of the present Instrument according to its national status.

30.—(a) The United Nations will have the right to exercise complete control over all matters affecting shipping, including control over, and the right to make unrestricted use of the German merchant shipping (including fishing) and shipbuilding and repair industries and of all matters and facilities directly or indirectly relative or ancillary thereto, or necessary to or connected with their operation for such purposes (whether inside or outside Germany) as the United Nations may decide. These matters and facilities, and the requirements of the United Nations in connexion with them, including the provision of the necessary labour and specialist services, will be specified in notifications or instructions to be from time to time communicated to the German authorities.

(b) The United Nations will, in the same manner, have the right to complete control and unrestricted use for all purposes of the whole [Page 130] of the German inland transport system (road, rail, air and waterways) and of all connected material, plant and equipment, and all repair, construction, labour, servicing and running facilities, in accordance with the notifications or instructions issued by the United Nations.

(c) The rights of the United Nations under paragraphs (a) and (b) may also be exercised by any such international organisations or agencies as they may specify.

31.—(a) The German authorities will transfer or cause to be transferred to the United Nations all such property, assets, rights, titles, interests and privileges in telecommunication systems and facilities, wherever situated, as the United Nations may direct.

(b) The United Nations will have the right to complete control and unrestricted use of all such systems and facilities and connected matters, in the manner and on the terms set out in Article 30.

32. All German rights in international shipping or other transport bodies or organisations or telecommunication organs, and in relation to the use of transport and the movement of traffic in other countries, and the use in Germany of the transport of other countries, will be exercised in accordance with the directions of the United Nations.

Section VII

Restitution, Reparation, Occupation Currencies, Costs of Occupation and Relief

33.—(a) Pending and in preparation for such arrangements as may be made in any eventual Treaty of Peace or otherwise, the German authorities will carry out, for the benefit of the United Nations such measures of restitution, reinstatement, restoration, reparation, reconstruction, relief and rehabilitation during the period of the present Instrument as the United Nations may prescribe. For these purposes the German authorities will effect or procure the surrender or transfer of such property, assets, rights, titles and interests, effect such deliveries and carry out such repair, building and construction work, whether in Germany or elsewhere, and will provide such transport, plant, equipment and materials of all kinds, labour, personnel, and specialist and other services, for use in Germany or elsewhere, as the United Nations may direct.

(b) The German authorities will also comply with all such directions as the United Nations may give relating to property, assets, rights, titles and interests in Germany belonging or having at any time since the 1st January, 1935, belonged to any of the United Nations or their nationals. The German authorities will be responsible for safeguarding all such property, assets, rights, titles and interests, and will for this purpose continue to administer the same pending directions from the United Nations.

[Page 131]

(c) For the purposes of the preceding paragraph the German authorities will afford all information and facilities required for tracing any property, assets, rights, titles or interests.

34. The German authorities will supply free of cost such German currency as the United Nations may require, and will withdraw and redeem in German currency, within such time-limits and on such terms as the United Nations may specify, all holdings in German territory of currencies issued by the United Nations during military operations or occupation, and will hand over the currencies so withdrawn free of cost to the United Nations.

35. The German authorities will comply with all such directions as may be issued by the United Nations for defraying the costs of the provisioning, maintenance, pay, accommodation and transport of the forces and agencies of the United Nations in Germany, the costs of executing the present Instrument, and payment for any relief in whatever form it may be provided by the United Nations.

Section VIII

Control of German Economy and Assets

36.—(a) The United Nations will have the right to exercise such control as they think necessary over all or any part or aspect of German finance, agriculture (including forestry), production and mining, industry, trade, distribution and economy generally, internal and external, and over all related or ancillary matters, including the right to direct or prohibit the manufacture, production, construction, treatment, use and disposal of any buildings, establishments, installations, public or private works, plant, equipment, products, materials, stocks or resources. Detailed statements of the subjects to which the present provision applies, together with the requirements of the United Nations in regard thereto, will from time to time be communicated to the German authorities.

(b) The foregoing paragraph shall include the right to take and make unrestricted use (whether inside or outside Germany) of any articles covered thereby which the United Nations may require in connexion with the conduct of hostilities against any country with which any of them is at war.

37.—(a) The property, assets, rights, titles and interests (whether situated inside or outside Germany) of the German State, its political subdivisions, the German Central Bank, State or semi-State or municipal or local authorities or Nazi organisations, and those situated outside Germany of any person resident or carrying on business in Germany, will not be disposed of in any way whatever without the sanction of the United Nations.

(b) The German authorities will furnish full information about the property referred to in paragraph (a) and will comply with such [Page 132] directions as the United Nations may give as to its transfer and disposal; and (without prejudice to any further demands which may be made in this connexion) will deliver to the United Nations all securities, certificates, deeds or other documents of title held by, Germany, or by any person subject to German law, and relating to property, assets, rights, titles and interests situated in the territory of the United Nations, including any shares, stocks, debentures or other obligations of any company incorporated in accordance with the laws of any of the United Nations.

(c) Property, assets, rights, titles and interests situated inside Germany will not be removed outside Germany or be transferred or disposed of to any person resident or carrying on business outside Germany.

(d) Nothing in paragraphs (a)–(c) shall, as regards property, assets, rights, titles and interests situated inside Germany, be deemed to prevent sales or transfers to persons resident in Germany for the purpose of maintaining or carrying on the national life, economy and administration in conformity with Article 60.

38. The German authorities will hold at the disposal of the United Nations all gold coin and bullion and all silver coin and bullion situated in Germany, and all such coin and bullion situated outside Germany as is owned by or held on behalf of any person resident or carrying on business in Germany.

Section IX

Control of German Relations with Other Countries

39.—(a) The German authorities will comply with the directions of the United Nations in regard to all matters affecting Germany’s foreign policy and relations with other countries.

(b) In particular, no foreign obligations, undertakings or commitments of any kind will be assumed or entered into by or on behalf of the German authorities, without the sanction of the United Nations.

40. Pending such further arrangements as may be made in any Treaty of Peace or otherwise:—

(a)
the German authorities will comply with all such directions as the United Nations may give during the period of the present Instrument concerning the abrogation, bringing into force, revival or application of any treaty, convention or other international agreement, or any part or provision thereof, to which Germany is or has been a party;
(b)
the German authorities will comply with any directions which the United Nations may give with a view to Germany becoming a party to any other treaty, convention or international agreement or arrangement which may be specified.

41. Except as permitted by the United Nations, there shall be no financial, commercial or other intercourse with, or dealings with or for [Page 133] the benefit of, countries at war with any of the United Nations, or territories occupied by such countries, or with any other country or person specified by the United Nations.

42.—(a) Diplomatic and consular relations with countries at war with any of the United Nations, and with any other country specified by the United Nations, will be broken off. German diplomatic, consular and other officials, and members of the German land, sea and air forces accredited to or serving on missions in such countries will be recalled. Diplomatic, consular and other officials, and members of Service missions of such countries in Germany will be dealt with as the United Nations prescribe.

(b) The United Nations reserve the right to require the withdrawal of neutral diplomatic and consular officers from occupied German territory, and to prescribe and lay down regulations governing the procedure for, and methods of, communication between the German authorities and their representatives in neutral countries, and regarding communications emanating from or destined for the representatives of neutral countries in German territory.

43.—(a) German nationals will, pending further instructions, be prevented from leaving German territory except as authorised or directed by the United Nations.

(b) The German authorities will comply with any directions issued by the United Nations for the recall of German nationals resident abroad, and for the reception in Germany of any persons whom the United Nations may designate.

Section X

Prisoners of War, Internees, Political Prisoners, Foreign Workers and other Foreign Nationals and Foreign Property

44. Prisoners of war, and any civilians of non-German nationality, who are confined, interned, or otherwise under restraint in German hands will, with their property and effects, be released and dealt with in accordance with arrangements to be made by the United Nations.

45.—(a) Pending instructions for their release or removal, all such prisoners of war and internees will remain in their existing camps, prisons, hospitals or other places of confinement. Where these are entirely or mainly utilised for the confinement of prisoners of war and internees, they will, together with all stores, records, arms and ammunition, be handed over forthwith to the command of the local United Nations camp leader, senior officer or other senior representative of the prisoners or internees, or to such other person as the United Nations may send or designate for the purpose. The German authorities will at all times be responsible for maintaining all the essential administrative, supply and other services of the camps, prisons, hospitals or other places of confinement so long as any prisoners or internees remain [Page 134] there, and for complying with any orders relative thereto given by the United Nations officer or representative to whom command has been handed over.

(b) There shall be no removal by the German authorities of prisoners of war or internees, nor removal nor destruction of their property or effects, or of the stores, records, arms or ammunition in their camps, prisons, hospitals or other places of confinement, nor any transfers between camps, except as directed by the United Nations.

46. Political prisoners, including Germans, who have been placed under restriction, detention or sentence (including sentence in absentia) on account of their dealings or sympathies with the United Nations, or of their race, language, religion or political opinions, will be released as and when directed by the United Nations, and relieved from all legal or other disabilities to which they have been subjected.

47. The German authorities will be responsible generally for the safety, maintenance and welfare of all prisoners of war, internees and political prisoners, and will afford the fullest facilities in regard to their release and subsequent movements.

48. No person shall be prosecuted or molested by the German authorities on account of his dealings or sympathies with the United Nations, including the performance of any action calculated to facilitate the execution of the present Instrument.

49.—(a) The German authorities will comply with all directions that may be given by the United Nations for the repatriation of foreign workers and of other persons of foreign nationality in or passing through Germany, their property and effects, and for controlling the movements of refugees and displaced persons.

(b) The German authorities will take all appropriate steps to ensure the safety, maintenance and welfare of persons not of German nationality and of their property and the property of foreign States.

50. The German authorities will furnish all such lists of names, statements of location and other information as may be required by the United Nations for the purposes of this Section.

Section XI

War Criminals and Quislings and other Traitors

51.—(a) Adolf Hitler and his chief associates, and all persons suspected of having committed, ordered or abetted war crimes or analogous offences, whose names or designations appear on lists to be communicated to the German authorities, will forthwith be apprehended and surrendered into the hands of the United Nations.

(b) The same shall apply in the case of any national of any of the United Nations who is alleged to have committed offences against his national law and whose name or designation appears on lists to be similarly communicated.

[Page 135]

52. The primary responsibility for arresting and surrendering and for preventing the flight, escape or concealment of the persons mentioned in Article 51 will rest with the German authorities, without prejudice, however, to the right of the United Nations themselves to take such steps in this regard as they may judge necessary. The German authorities will comply with any instructions given by the United Nations for these purposes, and will take all measures and afford all information and facilities calculated to lead to the arrest and surrender of those concerned.

53.—(a) The German authorities will furnish any information and documents, and will secure the attendance of any witnesses, required for the trial of those concerned, and will in general give all other aid and assistance for this purpose.

(b) The German authorities will comply with any directions given in regard to the property of those concerned, such as its seizure, custody or surrender.

Section XII

Suppression of Nazi Organisations and Legislation, Control of German Law and Administration

54. All Nazi organisations as defined by the United Nations will be disbanded as and when the United Nations direct, except any such organisations or parts thereof as they may specify. The German authorities will comply promptly with all such further directions as the United Nations may give for the abolition of Nazi institutions, the dismissal and internment of Nazi personnel, the control or seizure of Nazi property and funds, and the suppression of Nazi ideology and teaching.

55.—(a) All German laws involving discrimination on grounds of race, language, religion or political opinions will be rescinded, and all legal or other disabilities resulting therefrom will be cancelled.

(b) The German authorities will comply with all such instructions as the United Nations may give regarding the property, assets, rights, titles and interests of persons affected by the laws mentioned in paragraph (a).

56. Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 54 and 55, the German authorities will comply with any instructions issued by the United Nations for the repeal of Nazi legislation and the reform of German law and the German legal, judicial and administrative systems, their personnel and organisation.

Section XIII

Information and Inspection

57.—(a) Without prejudice to any specific obligations contained in other provisions of the present Instrument, the German authorities [Page 136] and any other person in a position to do so will furnish or cause to be furnished all such information and documents of every kind as the United Nations may require.

(b) There shall be no destruction, removal, concealment, suppression or alteration of any of the documents, or of any records containing any of the information, liable to be required by the United Nations under the present Instrument. They shall remain intact in their present locations until further directions are given.

(c) The United Nations shall have the right to enter any building, establishment, property or area for the purpose of safeguarding, inspecting or obtaining any of the documents or information which they are entitled to require under the present Instrument. The German authorities will give all necessary facilities and assistance for this purpose, including the services of archivists and other specialist staff.

58. Without prejudice to any other provision of the present Instrument, the United Nations will enjoy full rights of entry to and inspection of any building, installation, establishment, property or area, and of any of the contents thereof, for the purposes of the present Instrument.

Section XIV

General

59. Without prejudice to any other provisions of the present Instrument, the United Nations shall be entitled to exercise all or any of the powers possessed at the date of the present Instrument, or subsequently acquired, by the German Government, the German Supreme Command and any State, municipal or local Government or authority.

60.—(a) Subject to the provisions of the present Instrument, the German authorities and the German people will maintain and carry on the national life, economy and administration in all its aspects. In particular, without prejudice to any measures for their ultimate disbandment, the ordinary Police will continue their normal functions until otherwise directed.

(b) The German authorities and people will abstain generally from all action detrimental to the interests of the United Nations, to the maintenance of public order and good government, to the security and welfare of the forces and agencies of the United Nations in Germany, or to the execution of the present Instrument.

61.—(a) There shall, on the part of the German authorities and people, be no concealment, destruction, scuttling or dismantling of, nor damage to, arms, ammunition, warships, aircraft, or other war material, ships, transport, bases, airfields, ports or harbours, nor to any form of building, establishment, installation, device, means of production, supply, distribution or communication, plant, equipment, [Page 137] stocks or resources, or, in general, public or private utilities, services or facilities of any kind, wherever situated.

(b) Any such measures already ordered, undertaken or begun will be immediately countermanded or discountinued. All stocks, equipment, plant or other material already concealed will forthwith be declared, and will be dealt with as the United Nations may direct.

(c) Subject to the provisions of the present Instrument, the German authorities will be responsible for the preservation, safeguarding and upkeep of all forms of property and materials affected by any of the said provisions.

(d) All ships, aircraft, transport, war and other material, stores, equipment, plant, fortifications, bases, stations, establishments, installations, devices and property generally, which are liable to be restored, surrendered or delivered under or in consequence of the present Instrument, will be handed over intact and in good condition, subject only to ordinary wear and tear and to any damage caused during the continuance of hostilities which it has proved impossible to make good.

62. Any powers which the United Nations are entitled to exercise under any provision of the present Instrument may be exercised directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, either by the United Nations themselves or by the issue of instructions to the German authorities and people, and generally in such manner and according to such procedure and methods as the United Nations may determine.

63.—(a) The German authorities will take all executive, legislative and judicial measures necessary for the enforcement and execution of the present Instrument, and for securing compliance with its terms on the part of all persons subject to their jurisdiction.

(b) The German authorities will comply with all such specific directions as may be given by the United Nations under or for the purpose of executing any of the provisions of the present Instrument. All such directions may be given from time to time as may appear to the United Nations to be necessary or convenient.

64.—(a) The United Nations will be entitled to take all such steps as they may deem necessary to secure the execution of the provisions of the present Instrument, including any action of a conservatory, preventive or precautionary character required for safeguarding property, preserving the rights of the United Nations or preventing evasion of [or] non-fulfilment of German obligations.

(b) Without prejudice to their rights under other provisions of the present Instrument, the United Nations shall be entitled to make the evasion, non-fulfilment or obstruction of its execution an offence punishable by such tribunals as they may establish for the purpose.

65. Any of the rights, powers and functions conferred on the United Nations by the present Instrument may be exercised on their behalf by [Page 138] the Commander or Commanders-in-Chief of the forces of the United Nations, any person or persons thereto authorised by any such Commander-in-Chief, or any other authority or authorities which may be designated by the United Nations for the purpose of the execution of the present Instrument or any particular provisions thereof.

66.—(a) The competent authority under Article 65, and any person acting under the direction thereof, may issue such detailed instructions as may be required for determining, in relation to any provision of the present Instrument—

(i)
the matters covered by such provision,
(ii)
the manner in which it is to be carried out,
(iii)
generally, the interpretation and effect to be given to it.

(b) The German authorities will comply fully and in all respects with the instructions of any authority acting under Article 65.

67. Any disagreement regarding the interpretation or application of the present Instrument shall be determined by an authority to be designated by the United Nations for that purpose, whose decision will be final.

Section XV

Definitions

68. For the purposes of the present Instrument:—

(a)
all references to the German armed forces or forces under German command shall be deemed to include the Nazi Militia, S.S.,60 S.A.,61 police and such other military, semi-military, pre- or paramilitary or armed units, formations or associations as the United Nations may specify;
(b)
the terms “war material”, “devices”, “installations”, “establishments”, “utilities”, “services”, “facilities” and other technical terms or terms of art employed in the present Instrument shall respectively have their normal meanings and scope, subject to any extension, limitation or variation thereof which the United Nations may specify for the purposes of any provision of the said Instrument;
(c)
the term “German authorities” includes any German Government exercising power over all or any part of Germany, the German Supreme Command and all subordinate naval, military or air commands or authorities, all State, municipal and local governments or governing bodies or authorities, and all executive, administrative and judicial officials, officers or authorities;
(d)
the provisions of paragraph (b) shall also apply to the terms “German”, “Germany”, “German territory”, “German officials” and “German nationals”;
(e)
the term “person” or “national” shall, unless the context otherwise requires, include a body of persons, whether corporate or unincorporate.

[Page 139]

Section XVI

Final Clauses

69. The present Instrument shall be confirmed by the German Government. It will enter into force . . . . . hours after the Instrument of Confirmation has been received at . . . . . ; and hostilities between the United Nations and Germany will cease in all theatres of war at that time. It will remain in operation until or save in so far as superseded by any other arrangements, or until the coming into force of the Peace Treaty with Germany.

70. The present Instrument may be denounced by the United Nations with immediate effect if German obligations thereunder are not fulfilled. As an alternative, the United Nations may penalise contravention of it by measures appropriate to the circumstances, such as air or other punitive action.

Signed on the . . . . . . . at . . . . . . . (hour) . . . . . . . (time) at . . . . . . .(place).
(Signatures)
  1. Copy transmitted to the Department by the Ambassador in the United Kingdom in his despatch 13325, January 15; received January 20.
  2. Dated January 15, p. 154.
  3. Entitled “Treatment of Germany” and printed as Moscow Conference Document No. 20; for text, see Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. i, p. 720.
  4. For correspondence regarding the attitude of the United States toward possible modification of the principle of unconditional surrender, see pp. 484 ff.
  5. For text of the Declaration on Austria, released to the press on November 1, 1943, see Foreign Relations, 1943, vol. i, p. 761, or Department of State Bulletin, November 6, 1943, p. 310.
  6. Those persons in German-occupied territories collaborating with the German authorities.
  7. Schutzstaffel (Nazi Black Guards).
  8. Sturmabteilung (Storm Troopers).