Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XX,
Congo Crisis
Index
- Abbas, Mekki, 85, 9
8n
, 110,119–120, 128,140
- Abboud, Ibrahim, 76, 85
- Achilles, Theodore C, 291n
- Acly, R. Austin, 393n
- Adamafio, Tawiah, 95
- Adeel, Omar Abdel Hamid, 85
- Adoula, Cyrille (see also
Adoula government), 126–127, 130n
, 145n
, 160
- Katanga reintegration, 313–314, 325–327, 517–518
- political situation, 368–370, 601–602, 678–682, 701–703
- UN military intervention in Katanga (1961),
229–231,
233n
, 307–308
- UN Security Council discussions, 371
- U.S. visits, 358, 373–380, 876–882
- Adoula government (see also Adoula government subheadings under other
subjects;
Congo National Army; Katanga
reintegration):
- African military aid, 434, 437
- Belgian economic aid, 471–472, 476–477,865–866
- Belgium, relations with, 844
- economic situation, 471–472, 476,
486–487,
855–856
- establishment, 6
2n
, 141,181tt,
184–185,189–192, 194n
- Adoula role, 126–127, 130n
, 145n
, 160
- Belgian position, 52–53,150,153, 155–157,164–165
- British position, 49n
, 50
- Defense position, 38
- Gizenga role, see below
- Indian position, 117
- Kasavubu position, 33–34,166–169
- Kasavubu role, 38,40, 43–44, 58, 117,130
- Katangan participation, 131,150, 152–154,156, 158–159,176–178, 186–190
- Leopoldville government position, 56
- tripartite discussions, 158–159, 186–187
- tripartite position, 173–174
- UN position, 27, 36, 57–58, 62, 145–146,150, 162–163
- U.S. position, 40, 43–44,
48–49, 66, 97,130n
, 130–132,131,152–154, 156,167–170,172–176,188–189
- Gizenga role, 163,167, 174–175,190, 248–249, 308, 320,
702
- Adoula-Gizenga meeting, 192
- arrest, 366–370
- Belgian position, 53
- British position, 158–161
- censure motion, 358
- French position, 158, 260
- Gizenga position, 103
- release, 702, 776–777, 779–780, 851–852
- Soviet position, 308
- UN position, 36, 145–146, 333
- U.S. position, 130–131, 136, 142–143, 148,167,169–170, 172–173, 178–179,184–185, 260, 273, 360–361, 679
- Katanga reintegration, 181–183, 210–212, 251–252, 574–577
- political situation (see also
Gizenga role
above), 230, 320, 519,601–602, 678–682, 701–703, 728
- Congo National Army position, 710–711
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 2962), 720–722, 729, 731, 733
- post-reintegration, 842–843, 845, 849, 854–855, 875, 880–881
- Soviet bloc, relations with, 428, 437, 708–710, 717–718,846, 881
- tripartite discussions, 187
- UN economic aid, 193–194,209–210, 392,
446,572–573,642
- Belgian position, 845–846, 857–858
- package proposal development, 479–481,491,544
- U.S.-British discussions, 364–365
- U.S. position, 244–245, 273–274, 384–386, 838–839, 844, 846–847, 850,856
- UN forces and, 191–192
- UN military aid, 544, 741–742
- United States, relations with, 386,
881–884
- U.S. economic aid (see also
UN economic aid
above), 278, 878–879
- U.S. military aid, 680–681, 717–720, 722
- U.S. military mission, 784–785
- U.S. support for, 270, 274
- African states (see also
Afro-Asian countries; Casablanca
powers; specific countries), 4, 7–8,10,15,
26–28, 42, 69, 434
- Afro-Asian countries (see also
African states; specific
countries), 9,44, 63, 235, 321
- Alexander, Maj. Gen. HT., 117
- Algeria, 1–2
- Alphand, Herve, 53–55, 70–72,158–159, 260, 619
- Amachree, Godfrey K.J., 486, 522
- Anany, 710–711
- Anderson, Adm. George W., 734n
, 735–736
- Andrews, George R., 427n
, 519n
,
577n
, 770n
, 828
- Angola, 295, 376,
851, 856, 871
- Astor, Bill, 356
- Balewa, Sir Abubakar, 76, 497n
, 662
- Ball, George W., 242n
,
244n
, 248–250, 261n
, 342n
, 356n
, 399n
, 449n
, 488n
, 525n
, 535n
, 556n
, 561n
, 570n
, 577n
, 797n
, 803n
, 806n
- Adoula government, 366–367, 374,
717,881–883
- Congo National Army reorganization, 406–407
- Congo National Army training, 875
- Katanga issue, 234–237, 304–307, 309,
380
- Katanga reintegration, 249–250, 261–262, 265,
340–341,436–437, 501
- Adoula government use of force, 716–717
- Dodd letter, 558–559
- economic measures, 342–344, 350–351, 367–368, 372–373, 414–416, 597–598, 723–727, 724–725
- Kitona Accord implementation, 393–394, 413–414
- McGhee visit, 578–579
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962), 734–737, 760, 762–764, 774
- package proposal development, 488–492, 512–514, 519–522, 527–532, 552–553
- package proposal implementation, 594–598,647–651, 653, 720–727
- secession collapse, 802n
, 804, 808–809, 814–816
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting (Kitona), 312–313, 315–317, 320–322, 327n
, 336–338
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 476–477
- U.S.-Belgian-British consultations, 435–436, 444–447
- U.S.-British discussions, 430,
760, 762–764, 774
- U.S.-Indian discussions, 438–439
- Stanleyville government, 260
- UN General Assembly meeting, 871
- UN Security Council discussions, 370–371
- U.S. policy, 551–552
- Bamba, Emanual, 876n
- Barnard, Robert J., 438n
- Battle, Lucius D., 95n
,
98n
, 184n
, 279, 374n
, 391n
- Beaudry, Robert M., 365n
, 393n
,
471n
, 647, 782n
, 799n
, 808n
,
814n
, 816n
, 828, 829n
, 857n
- Belgian involvement (see also Belgian
position under other subjects), 31–32, 52,80
- Adoula government establishment and, 150,153, 155–157,164–165
- Afro-Asian positions, 64
- Indian position, 49n
, 114,117–118
- Katanga government (see also
personnel withdrawal
below), 5–6, 34,155–157, 263–264, 617–618
- Leopoldville government, 7,19–20, 22–23, 26, 32, 63
- personnel withdrawal (see
also
UN military presence
under
Katanga reintegration), 36, 134,136–138, 141–142,144–147, 155
- Egge plan, 193
- Ghanaian position, 95–96
- UN General Assembly discussion, 123
- UN intervention, 198–201
- UN position, 83–85, 144–145,150
- U.S. position, 77, 79–81,
82n
,
107, 112,115,148–149
- resentment of, 6–7, 26–27, 42
- UN hiring, 151
- UN position, 64,151
- UN protection requests, 31–32
- UN role expansion and, 45
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 132–135, 137–138, 141–142
- Belgium. See
Belgian involvement; Belgian,
U.S.-Belgian, and U.S-Belgian-British subheadings under other
subjects
- Bell, David E., 139n
- Bérard, Armand, 109, 486
- Bergesen, Alf E., 348n
- Bemau, Phyllis D., 199n
, 217n
, 549, 802n
, 807n
, 820n
- Bisukiro, 702
- Blue, William L., 25,146n
, 148n
, 155n
, 158n
, 172n
, 201n
, 218n
, 240n
, 260n
- Bocheley-Davidson, E., 214, 217–218, 220, 224
- Boggs, Marion W., 1–2,14
- Bohlen, Charles E., 68n
,
619
- Boland, Frederick H., 61
- Bolikango, Jean, 152, 184,189, 407, 678
- Bolton, Lt. Col. Don P., 845
- Bomboko, Justin, 12, 55–57, 60,
88, 255, 280
- Adoula government role, 184,189
- Belgian involvement, 23, 32, 57, 136–137
- Katanga reintegration, 152, 249–250, 318n
, 410–412, 501–503, 601, 632
- political situation, 248–249, 678,
854
- U.S. military aid requests, 34, 267, 644–646
- Bowles, Chester B., 111–112,116, 129n
, 142–143, 148n
, 260
- Adoula government economic aid, 138–139, 244–245
- Katanga issue, 113, 227–228, 232–233, 240–243
- Katanga reintegration, 135–136, 238–239, 261–262, 734n
, 736,
747
- Brook, Sir Norman, 430
- Brown, L. Dean, 53n
,
186n
- Brubeck, William H., 111n
, 462–464, 515n
,
527n
, 539–542, 560n
, 600n
, 656n
, 788–790, 880n
, 881n
- Bruce, David K.E., 116, 258n
, 430,
452–457, 507–508, 661–662, 760, 774
- Buffun, William B., 15n
,
25, 98n
, 106n
, 111n
,
172n
, 176n
, 238n
, 240n
, 255n
, 267n
, 268n
, 304n
, 361n
, 370n
, 406n
, 413n
, 418n
, 444n
, 459n
, 512n
, 552n
, 570n
, 644n
, 720n
, 729n
, 828
- Bunche, Ralph, 85, 91,114, 227, 300n
,
359–360, 872–874
- Adoula government establishment, 162–163, 177
- Katanga issue, 216–217, 221–222, 228–229, 281,
314–315,
318n
- Katanga reintegration, 522, 549, 579,
655–656,
766–768,
778n
, 795–796
- economic measures, 350n
, 416–417, 667–669
- Kitona Accord implementation, 345, 388–390, 423–427
- package proposal development, 493–495, 500, 554–556
- package proposal implementation, 586–587, 653–654, 657, 667–669, 693, 696–698
- secession collapse, 808, 810, 822–825
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting (Kitona), 304–305, 311–314, 318n
, 333–334, 336–337
- Bundy, McGeorge, 46, 89,184n
, 312n
, 324n
, 327n
, 37An, 413n
,
435n
, 560n
, 600n
, 686n
, 751
- Adoula government political situation, 880
- Congo National Army training, 862
- Katanga issue, 231–232, 322n
, 339n
- Katanga reintegration, 279, 430, 462,
476, 539, 716
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962), 7Mn, 735–736, 760,
774, 787–788
- military aid, 717–718
- UN General Assembly meeting, 870
- U.S. policy, 144, 551–552
- Burden, William A.M., 22–23, 63n
- Burdett, William C, Jr., 116n
, 255n
,
257n
, 261n
, 284n
, 304n
, 309n
, 310n
, 312n
, 372n
, 399n
, 421n
, 427n
, 430n
, 435n
, 444n
, 459n
, 488n
, 498n
, 503n
, 512n
, 535n
, 570n
, 578n
, 644n
, 647–648, 686n
, 699n
, 711n
, 714n
, 720n
, 724n
, 752n
- Burke, Adm. Arleigh A., 24
- Caccia, Sir Harold, 49–51, 65,116, 158–159
- Cameron, Turner, 438n
- Campbell (UK), 202
- Campbell, Alan L., Jr., 438n
- Canada, 877
- Canup, William, 67–68, 299n
- Adoula government establishment, 165–166,180–181
- Katanga issue, 112–113,181–183,197, 212–213, 243
- Katanga reintegration, 194–198
- Lumumba imprisonment/ assassination, 17–18, 20–21
- Cardoso, Mario, 121, 374, 391–392, 858, 876n
- Cargo, William I., 15n
,
25, 28–29, 53n
- Carlucci, Frank C, III, 102–103,171, 358n
, 360n
, 435n
, 438n
, 472n
, 534n
, 570n
, 828, 852n
- Casablanca Conference, 1–2,10,15
- Casablanca powers, 10, 69, 685
- Lumumba support, 4, 7, 20, 58–59
- Stanleyville government support, 5, 7–8, 10,13, 65
- UN forces contingents, 9, 15–16, 24, 30,42
- UN Security Council meeting proposal, 27, 36–37
- Cashin, Richard M., 881
- Catlett, Don V., 135
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 17–18,46,89, 93–94, 885
- Ceylon, 1, 27n
, 63n
, 72, 74–75, 280
- Chadboun, Philip H., 63n
, 79n
- Charpentier, Amb., 57
- Chatterjee, Amb., 438–439
- Chatti, 410
- Chayes, Abran, 656n
- Chibundu, Victor, 495
- China, People’s Republic of, 146
- Cleveland, Harlan, 25, 28, 86n
, 110n
, 111, 115n
, 129n
, 135n
,
162, 169n
, 178n
, 216n
, 220n
, 221n
, 223n
, 227n
, 232n
, 260n
, 284n
, 306n
, 320n
, 322n
, 327n
, 336n
, 350n
, 359n
, 370n
, 459n
, 471n
, 472n
, 488n
, 512n
, 519n
, 525n
, 533n
, 552n
, 597n
, 599n
, 714n
, 720n
, 723n
, 729n
, 752n
, 753n
, 755n
, 770n
, 782n
, 788n
, 793n
, 797n
, 809n
, 814n
, 815n
, 829n
, 833n
, 837n
- Adoula government establishment, 38,162–163
- Adoula visit to U.S., 374
- Belgian involvement, 147n
- Congo National Army training, 846
- Congo visits, 432–435,801–802,805, 808, 837–839, 845–846
- Katanga issue, 113, 221, 278,
364
- Katanga reintegration, 265, 390–391, 425–427, 519, 522–524, 790–791
- Kitona Accord implementation, 423–426
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962), 734n
, 735–743, 747, 787
- package proposal implementation, 641, 647, 649, 653–656, 686, 690
- UN expanded role, proposals for, 38
- UN forces financing, 873
- UN General Assembly meeting, 871
- Cleveland, Stanley M., 367n
, 391n
,
393n
- Clifford, Clark M., 19n
- Clifton, Maj. Gen. Chester V., 525n
, 769n
- Commerce, U.S. Department of, 113
- Conciliation Commission, 44, 59, 91
- Confederation proposals (see also
Adoula government: establishment; Katanga reintegration),
9–10, 71, 210
- Congo Advisory Committee (CAC), 82–83, 526–527
- Congo crisis:
-
see also:
- new U.S. policy (2961), 38–45, 47–49
- Belgian position, 52–53
- British position, 49–51
- French position, 53–55
- Leopoldville government position, 55–57
- UN position, 35–37, 57–59
- Soviet policy, 68–70
-
SNIE 65–61, 2–11
- U.S. clandestine activities, 144
- U.S. policy, 24, 382–386, 551–552
- ad hoc committee, 25–29
-
CIA silver bullets program,
89
- Congo National Army (CNA) (see also
Adoula government; Leopoldville
government; specific topics), 4–5,12
- air force issue, 411–413
- neutralization proposals and, 35–36, 50–51, 87–88
- political situation and, 3, 5, 710–711
- reorganization (see also
training
Mow), 379–380, 383–384, 406–407, 544
- Stanleyville government and, 12, 60
- training, 603, 862–864
- Belgian position, 853–854, 875–876
- British position, 364
- Katanga issue and, 273, 639–640, 642
- Leopoldville government position, 99,107, 378, 434, 603, 858–862
- UN mandate strengthening and, 40, 43, 48, 50,
54
- UN position, 150–151,193, 846
- U.S. position, 531–532, 838, 840, 849, 853–854
-
UN military intervention in
Katanga, 305, 314–315
- Congress, U.S., Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 18
- Connet, William B., 828
- Coote, Wendell B., 42n
,
495n
- Coquilhatville conference, 126–127,130, 132,141
- Costa Rica, 288–289
- Couve de Murville, Maurice, 186–187, 218n
, 302–303, 619–620
- Crowe (UK), 486
- Cuba, 643n
- Cumming, Hugh S., 24
- Cutler, Walter L., 223n
, 338n
, 556n
- d’Aspremont (Belgium), 22n
- Davignon, Etienne, 479n
, 531, 682, 686, 693, 696, 698
- Davis, Richard H., 340n
, 344n
, 584n
, 671n
, 67
4n
, 734n
, 793n
, 799n
- Dayal, Rajeshwar, 14–15, 32, 66,
87
- replacement, 43, 50–51, 57–58, 85, 89–91,98–99,110,114–117, 121–122,126–128,139–140
- de Bassompierre, Jean, 476, 519, 521
- de Commines (France), 529
- de Gaulle, Charles, 516
- de Staercke, Amb., 857
- Dean, Jonathan, 603–614, 663–664, 691–693, 704–705, 813n
,
835–837
- Dean, Sir Patrick, 202, 204, 306–307, 390, 486–487
- Defense, U.S. Department of, 38–39, 300, 361–362,531–532, 600
- Delvaux, Albert, 189
- Dickinson, Dwight, 500
- Dixon, Sir Pierson, 186
- Dodd, Thomas J., 283–284, 558–560,579, 595
- Dove-Edwin, George, 495
- Dulles, Allen, 1,14,
46, 59–60, 89
- Dumont, Donald, 77n
,
121n
, 135n
- Dumontet, Georges, 107n
, 112–113
- Dundee, Lord, 452, 454
- Dungan, Ralph A., 95n
,
97n
98n
, 312n
, 488n
, 525n
, 527n
, 551, 686, 716, 769
- Dunnett (UK), 292
- Dunnigan, Thomas J., 184n
- d’Ursel, Jean, 686
- Dutton, Frederick G., 358n
- Easun, Donald B., 31n
,
86n
- Edmondson, William B., 25
- Egge, Col. Bjorn, 193n
,
196–197
- Egge plan, 193
- Eisenberg, Robert, 14
8n
, 181,192, 201n
, 232n
, 238n
,
255n
, 257n
, 265n
, 267n
, 270n
, 299n
, 327n
, 346n
, 366n
, 370n
, 372n
, 391n
, 406n
, 444n
, 459n
, 640n
, 815n
, 828
-
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1,14
- Eleo, Ambroise, 189, 374, 392
- Elisabethville government. See
Katanga issue; Katanga
reintegration.
- Ethiopia, 8, 20, 84, 281, 332, 841
- Evans, Harold, 430
- Ewell, Col. Julian J., 435n
- Falaize, Pierre-Louis, 186
- Ferguson, C. Vaughan, 25, 29, 47n
, 53n
, 66n
, 67n
, 77n
, 98n
, 106n
, 121n
, 201n
, 240n
, 242n
, 366n
- Ford, Alan W., 365n
,
372n
, 413n
, 418n
, 444n
, 498n
, 503n
, 647, 839n
, 881n
- France (see also France, French, and tripartite
subheadings under other subjects), 53–55, 70,187,194
- confederation proposals, 71
- Matadi conflict, 112n
- UN role expansion, proposals for, 53–54
- Fredericks, J. Wayne, 155n
, 169n
,
172n
, 176n
, 178n
, 214n
, 221n
, 227n
, 248n
, 255n
, 338n
, 344n
, 346n
, 363n
, 365n
, 372n
, 399n
, 421n
, 435n
, 444n
, 471n
, 498n
, 501n
, 503n
, 525n
, 535n
, 539n
, 552n
, 639n
, 699n
, 803n
- Katanga reintegration, 423–424, 426,
522, 533, 615, 632, 641, 647, 651,
653, 657, 790, 828
- Gall, Col. William O., 858, 860
- Gardiner, Robert, 129,145, 394–397
- Gardiner-Nwokedi agreement, 126, 128
- Katanga reintegration, 425,522, 671–673, 766–767
- Kitona Accord implementation, 394–396, 423–426
- package proposal development, 500,
557, 574, 671–673, 693, 697–698
- secession collapse, 811–813, 822
- U.S. military aid to Adoula government, 773–774
- Gardiner-Nwokedi agreement, 126,128
- Gavin, Jamesn, 186,287–288
- Gbenye, Christopher, 102,167–168, 184–185,189–190, 249, 308, 679
- Ghana (see also
African states; Casablanca
powers), 1,4,
7–8, 63n
, 95–98, 841–842
- Gilpatric, Roswell L., 734n
, 736, 780n
, 792
- Gizenga, Antoine (see also
Gizenga role
under
Adoula government; Stanleyville
government), 1, 56, 60, 102–103, 286–287
- Glenn, Edmund S., 275n
,
374n
, 379n
, 476n
, 686n
, 857
- Godley, G. McMurtrie, II, 139, 152n
, 160–161,164, 558n
, 577n
, 641n
,
644n
, 720n
, 724n
, 725n
, 779n
- Adoula government, 189–192, 366n
- Adoula government establishment, 166–171,173–176
- Belgian personnel withdrawal, 199–200
- Katanga issue, 290–291, 647,650–651, 790,828–829
- Good, Robert C, 828
- Goodpaster, Brig. Gen. Andrew J., 19n
- Gore, Albert, 253
- Greene, Col M.J.L., 267n
, 361n
,
532n
, 641n
, 734n
, 752n
- Greenhill, Denis, 158, 519, 522, 799–800, 808
- Gromyko, Andrei, 123
- Grove, Brandon H., 828
- Guinea (see also
African states; Casablanca
powers), 1, 8,
63n
- Gullion, Edmund A., 192–194, 300n
,
525n
, 866
- Adoula government:
- political situation, 361n
, 366n
, 367n
, 368–370, 601–602, 678–682, 701–703, 710–711,776–777
- Soviet military aid, 708–710
-
UN economic aid, 209–210, 244n
- United States, relations with, 374, 883–884
- Katanga issue, UN military
intervention, 205–207, 214–216, 224–226, 229–231, 233n
, 307–308, 314–315, 389
- Katanga reintegration, 756
- Adoula government position, 210–212, 251–252,440–442
- Cleveland visit, 432–435
- Dodd ietter, J 560, 566
- economic measures, 469–470
- Kitona Accord implementation, 347n
, 388, 397, 407–409, 419–421, 432–434
- McGhee visit, 584–586, 600–601, 614–619, 621–623, 628–634
- package proposal development, 519, 522, 567–570
- package proposal implementation, 568–570, 574–577, 589–593, 602–603, 625–628, 706–708, 764–765
- secession collapse, 798–799, 811–813, 818–820, 822–825, 845–847, 849–851
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting (Kitona), 313–314, 318–321, 322n
, 323–327, 329–331, 335–336
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting resumption, 394–396, 400n
, 401n
, 407–409, 410–413, 419–421, 422n
, 432–434, 505–507
- Tshombe-Ball meeting proposal, 538–539, 549, 567
-
UN military intervention and,
562–566
-
UN military presence, 394–395
-
UN position, 522, 822–825
- Hamilton, Fowler, 641
- Hammarskjold, Dag, 27, 31,42,129, 150–151,192–193
- Adoula government establishment, 36,
53, 57–58, 62,145–146,150
- Belgian personnel withdrawal, 6–7, 144–145, 202–204
- Dayal replacement, 110, 115n
, 121–122,126–128, 139–140
- death of, 226–227
- Katanga issue, 202–204, 214–216, 228–229
- Lumumba imprisonment/assassination, 60–63
- Matadi “conflict, 108–109,125–126
- neutralization proposals, 51
- new U.S. policy (2961), 35–37, 57–59
- Soviet criticisms of, 9, 64, 96,100
-
UN mandate strengthening, 43, 51, 82–85,104–106
-
UN withdrawal proposals, 13, 30
- U.S. criticisms of, 14, 16n
- Hanainy, Helen, 538, 549
- Hare, Raymond A., 15n
,
25, 28, 63n
- Harriman, W. Avereil, 24–25, 186, 261–265,871, 881n
- Harrop, William C, 471n
, 828, 852n
- Hart, Philip, 253n
- Hartman, Arthur A., 724n
- Hefner, Frank K., 244n
- Herter, Christian A., 1, 14–16
- Herz, Martin, 25, 27, 508
- Hilliker, Grant G., 862–864, 880–881
- Hilsman, Roger, 727–728, 734n
- Hoffacker, Lewis, 253–255, 558n
- Hoffman, Paul G., Ill Home, Lord, 49n
, 50,116–118
- Hood, Lord, 116,158, 427–429, 774
- Huffman, Robert C, 244n
- Hughes, Thomas L., 647
- Hutchinson, Edmond C, 444n
, 471n
,
479n
, 641, 845, 876n
- Igwe, D.C, 495
- Ileo, Joseph, 33–34,
36, 40, 43, 66,127, 130,166–167,184,189, 855
- India, 20, 47, 59
- Lumumba imprisonment/assassination, 63n
- Rusk-Nehru discussion, 114–115
-
UN forces participation, 105–106, 458–459
-
UN military intervention in Katanga,
232n
-
UN Security Council discussions, 37, 281
- Indonesia, 30, 42,
63n
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 385, 392
- International Cooperation Administration (ICA), 244n
- International Monetary Fund (IMF), 385, 392, 471, 476, 683, 857
- Ireland, 36, 61
- Israel, 877
- Ivory Coast, 84
- Iyasu (Ethiopia), 85
- Jha, L.K., 83
- Johnson, G. Griffith, 876n
, 881n
- Johnson, Lyndon B., 476
- Johnson, U. Alexis, 155n
, 169n
,
178n
, 218n
, 324n
- Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 39, 291n
, 324n
, 325n
, 718–720, 780–782
- Jones, G. Lewis, 47n
- Junkemann, Col, 828
- Kalanda-Mabita, Auguste, 855, 876n
‘Kalonji, Albert,
17, 36, 94, 162, 190, 576
- Kambola, Henri, 176
- Kamitatu, Cleophas, 36, 96,131–132, 171, 410–412, 424, 501, 503, 678, 854–855
- Kanza, Thomas, 145n
,
701
- Kasanda, Justin, 391
- Kasavubu, Joseph, 8, 32–33, 51,
55–57, 128
- Adoula government establishment, 38,
40, 43–44, 58, 117, 141, 166–169
- Congo National Army training, 99, 107
- Katanga reintegration, 318–319, 626
- Matadi conflict, 119–120
- political situation, 3, 16, 680, 682n
, 711
- Round Table Conferences, 19, 33–34, 121, 126–127, 141
- Stanleyville government, 121
-
UN role expansion, 44, 54
- Kashamura, Amicet, 36, 56, 60
- Kasongo, Julien, 140, 168,174, 308, 374
- Katanga issue (see also
Katanga reintegration):
- Belgian involvement (see also
UN military
intervention (2962) below), 5–6, 27, 79, 84,145, 148–149,150,153, 155–157, 263–264, 617–618
- Belgian position, 208–209, 242–243, 248,
258–259,
282
- British position, 207, 240–241, 282
- Canup recall, 67–68
- Dodd visit, 283–284
- economic importance of, 5–6, 32, 53, 234
- French policy, 67, 73
- Gizenga speech and, 286–287
- Independence Day celebrations, 487–488, 506n
- Kongolo conflict, 396, 408, 575,
655
- Leopoldville government position, 34,
207n
- Lumumba imprisonment/assassination and, 17–18, 20–21, 94
- Munongo insurrection, 203, 205, 207
- post-reintegration, 835–837, 843–844, 846–847, 850–851,855,866
- Rhodesian Federation and, 236, 240–241, 258, 285–286, 295,
303, 349
- Round Table Conference and, 34
- Seven Seas munitions transport, 112–113
-
SNIE 65–61, 5–6
-
SNIE
65–2–41, 294–299
- Stanleyville neutral zone invasion, 12–13,16, 19
- Tshombe visit to U.S., 380–381
-
UN forces (see also
UN subheadings below and
under
Katanga reintegration), 12–13, 16, 36, 84, 127–128, 193n
-
UN military
intervention (2962), 196n
, 198–201, 321
- Adoula government position, 255, 307–308, 318, 322n
- Belgian mercenary involvement, 212–213, 221–222, 259, 364
- Belgian position, 218–219, 246–247, 275, 354, 355n
- British position, 321, 338–339, 364
- cease-fire negotiations, 214,
223–225, 228, 232–233, 254–255, 303, 304–309, 318, 322n
, 329
- command arrangements, 314
- Congo National Army participation, 305, 314–315
- Indian troops, 305, 314
- Katangan position, 182,197, 238n
, 243, 253–254, 292–293, 329
- Kitona Conference and, 332–333
- mercenaries, 332–333
-
SNIE
65–2–61, 297
- tripartite discussions, 218n
, 302–303
-
UN position, 202–204, 214–217, 221–222, 224–226, 228–229, 300, 314–315
-
UN Security Council
discussions, 268, 270, 272
- U.S. assistance, 221–222, 227–228, 231–232, 237, 267–268, 290–293, 361–362, 389
- U.S. information, 324–325
- U.S. position, 201–202, 220–222, 299–302, 311
-
UN Security Council discussions, 268–275, 278–282
- U.S.-British discussions, 338–339
- U.S. policy, 76–77, 205–206, 234–237, 268–274, 344–346
- Katanga reintegration (see also
Katangan participation
under
Adoula government: establishment):
- Adoula government position, 210–212, 234,
249–252,
375–376,
440–442,
501–503,
505, 517–518
- Adoula government use of force, 574–577, 595, 602–603, 716–717
- Belgian personnel withdrawal and, 150,153,155–157
- Belgian position, 164–165,185,188, 236,
276–277
- Bocheley-Davidson appointment, 214,
217–218,
220, 224
- British position, 217, 236, 258n
, 265–266, 289–290, 481–483
- Cleveland visit, 432–435
- constitution, 333
- Adoula government position, 502, 527–528, 627–628, 765
- Belgian position, 581
- British position, 467–468, 482, 583, 662
- Katangan position, 606–609, 611
- package proposal development, 490, 492, 546–547
- Tshombe Vice-Presidency offer and, 484
-
UN position, 512–513, 515–516, 655–658
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 477–478
- U.S.-Belgian-British consultations, 445– 446, 448, 456–457, 462–463
- U.S. position, 472–473, 498, 514–515, 594
- Dodd letter, 558–560, 566–567
- economic measures (see also
under
package proposal implementation
below), 372–373, 376–377, 482–483
- Adoula government position, 376–377, 469–470
- Belgian position, 293–294, 355n
, 356–357, 367–368, 397–399, 403–405, 428, 463, 465–467, 487, 510–511
- British position, 482–483, 540
- Katangan position, 692–693
- package proposal development, 479–480, 490–491, 525–526, 529–530, 545
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting and, 414–419, 422–423, 425–427
-
UN position, 416–417, 484–485, 487, 494
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 351–353, 356–357, 478
- U.S.-Belgian-British consultations, 446– 447, 453, 458
- U.S. position, 272–273, 279, 284–286, 296–297, 301, 342–344, 350–352, 354–355, 365–366, 383, 397, 475, 488, 498–499, 513
- formal declaration, 463–464
- French position, 516, 619–620
- Harriman-Tshombe discussions, 261–265
- Hilsman paper, 727–728
- Katangan position, 181–182,194–196, 287–288, 391–392
- Kennedy letter, 647–648
- Kitona Accord, 334–338
- Kitona Accord implementation (see also
economic measures
above;
Tshombe-Adoula meeting resumption
below), 340–341, 344–346, 351n
, 377–378, 383, 386–388, 411
- McGhee visit, 578–579, 594,
646–647,
661
- Adoula government meetings, 632–634
- Adoula government position, 584–586, 600–601
- Belgian position, 581–582
- British position, 582–584
- reports, 628–631,635–638
- Tshombe letters, 621–623, 640–641, 680–681
- Tshombe meetings, 603–619
-
UN position, 579–580
- mediation proposals (see also
Wachuku mediation proposals
below), 276–277, 286–287, 290,
427–429,
434–435,
439, 441–442, 445–447, 513–514, 662
- military pact, 151–152
- mixed commission, 397
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962)
(see also
U.S. military aid
under
UN military
intervention, possible (1962) below), 720–722, 729–746, 760–764, 774,
780, 787–788
- Nigerian position, 495–496
- package proposal development (see also
package proposal implementation
below), 479–481, 483n
, 527–532, 541–549
- Adoula government position, 557
- British position, 507–508
- French position, 541
-
UN position, 493–495, 500–501, 512–513, 552–553
- U.S.-Belgian-British-French discussions, 519–522, 527–529, 539–541
- U.S. position, 488–492, 498–499, 503–504, 506, 512–514, 525–527, 533
- package proposal implementation (see also
McGhee visit
above), 574
- Adoula government position, 602–603, 625–628, 644–645, 681, 706–708, 764–765
- Adoula government troop movements and, 574–577
- Belgian position, 581–582, 682–685
- British position, 583–584, 598
- economic measures, 583–584, 586, 591–593, 597–598, 599, 654, 661, 664–673, 674–678, 681, 711–716, 723–727, 730, 740, 764–765
- Elisabethville commissions, 585n
, 587, 589–590
- Katangan position, 567,691–693, 704–705
- New York meeting, 693–699, 6,
706–709
-
UN position, 586–587, 657–659, 682–684, 696–699
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 664–667, 686–690,696
- U.S. position, 561, 568–573, 577–578, 594–597, 599–600, 623–625, 647–651, 653–656, 699–701
- Proposal for National Reconciliation, 520n
, 523–524, 529–530, 540–541, 543, 545—548
- protocols of agreement (June 22–24, 1961), 150–152
- secession collapse, 832
- Belgian position, 814–815
- British position, 799–800, 808–809
- Bunche visit, 808, 810
- Cleveland report, 837–839
- Cleveland visit, 801–802, 805, 808, 837–839
- Tshombe return, 797–801, 803–804, 808–809, 814–815, 818–820, 825n
897
-
UN forces and, 811–813, 815–816
-
UN position, 822–825
-
UN role, 816–818, 820–822, 826–827
- U.S. policy, 804–806, 809–811, 828–831, 845–847
-
SNIE
65–62, 450–451
- Struelens interference, 399–402, 502–503, 642–643, 656
- summit conference proposal and, 165–166,180–181
- tripartite discussions, 186–187
- Tshombe Vice-Presidency offer, 484,
487
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting (Kitona), 264,
265–266,
286, 288–290, 295–296, 304–305, 312–313, 313–321, 322–328, 329–330, 338n
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting resumption, 388, 394–396, 402–404, 405,
407–413,
416–417,
419–421,
423–426,
432–434,
436–437,
505–507
- Tshombe-Ball meeting proposal, 534–539, 549–551, 567
-
UN-Katangan military
conflict (Dec. 1962–Jan. 1963), 788–790, 790–796, 806–807, 811–813
-
UN military intervention, possible
(1962) (see also
UN-Katangan
military conflict (Dec. 1962–Jan.
1963) above), 516
- British position, 468, 516
- Soviet position, 437
- U.S.-Belgian-British consultations, 452
- U.S. military aid, 722, 732–736, 742, 744–746, 748–754, 757–760, 765–768, 768–769, 774–776, 777–778, 780–782, 792–793
-
UN military intervention,
possible (2962)--Continued U.S. military mission, 752, 754–755, 757–758, 760, 765–768, 772, 775, 782–788
- U.S. position, 201–202, 556–557, 562–566, 659–660
-
UN military presence
and, 337, 383, 387, 388–389, 390–391, 393, 431,
448, 454, 458–459, 484, 491, 499,
654, 655, 663–664, 741
-
UN position, 217, 483–485, 522–524
-
UN Security Council discussions, 271–272
- U.S. approaches to Adoula government, 503–504
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 476–478, 508–511
- U.S.-Belgian-British consultations, 427–429, 431, 435–436, 443–447, 449–450, 452–455, 462–465
- U.S.-British discussions, 430–432
- U.S. contingency plans, 648–656
- U.S.-Indian discussions, 438–439
- U.S. policy, 255–258, 271–272, 382–383
- U.S. position, 136, 238–239, 261–262, 756
- Wachuku mediation proposals, 508–510, 516, 599
- Kaysen, Carl, 747, 753n
, 797n
, 815n
, 816n
, 845n
, 849n
- Kazadi, Fernand, 94
- Keating, Kenneth, 656
- Kellerman, Henry J., 363n
, 370n
- Kennedy, John F., 24, 40, 46, 71n
, 92–93, 138,144
- Adoula government, 278, 876–879
- Adoula visit to U.S., 374–380
- Congo National Army training, 858–862, 875–876
- Katanga issue, 234, 268,275–278, 284n
, 380–381
- Katanga reintegration, 218n
, 261n
, 338n
, 467,472–475, 534, 558n
, 619–620, 651–652, 774–776
- Adoula government position, 517, 518n
- McGhee visit, 635, 646–647
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962), 729, 734–737, 743, 747–748, 751–752, 760–764
- package proposal development, 525–527
- package proposal implementation, 599–600,641–643, 653–656, 686–690
- secession collapse, 801–802, 807n
, 831,837,845–847, 849
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting (Kitona), 310–311, 322n
, 328n
-
UN military intervention,
747, 774–776
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 476–478, 686–690
- U.S.-Belgian-British consultations, 449–450
- U.S.-British discussions, 430–432, 760–764
- Nkrumah visit to U.S., 95–98
-
UN forces, 89, 497n
, 847
-
UN General Assembly meeting, 870–871
- Kenney, George R., 367n
, 372n
, 391n
- Khiary, Mahmoud, 166,182, 200, 244n
, 394–395
- Khrushchev, Nikita, 99–100
- Kibwe, Jean-Baptiste, 165–166, 243, 292
- Kimba, Evariste, 152,196–197, 255, 292, 386, 493–494, 691, 788–789
- Kimbimbi, Emmanuel, 374, 391, 410
- Kimvay, Felicien, 391
- Kirk, Alan G., 165, 351n
, 356
- Kitona Accord. See under
Katanga reintegration.
- Kiwewa, Antoine, 189
- Klutznick, Philip M., 125
- Knepper, William E., 828
- Kohler, Foy D., 63n
,
79n
, 116, 476
- Korn, David, 142n
- Koumorico, Victor, 189
- Lansdowne, Lord, 224
- Lardner, ‘Lynford, 361n
- Lavallee, Jerome, 77n
,
160n
- Lebel, Claude, 70, 78n
, 158
- Ledward, R.T.D., 116
- Lefevre, Rene, 236
- Legere, Col. Lawrence J., 716, 768n
, 787n
- LeMay, Gen. Curtis E., 718–720
- Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman L., 24,46, 89, 324n
, 325n
- Leopoldville government (see also
Adoula government):
- African states support for, 8, 20
- Belgian involvement, 7,19–20, 22–23, 26, 32, 63
- Ileo role, 166–167
- Kasavubu-Mobutu conflicts within, 3,12
- Katanga reintegration, 151–152
- Lumumba participation, 4,12–13, 27, 32
- new U.S. policy (1961) and, 55–57
- political prisoners executions (see also
Lumumba participation
above), 66, 71, 76, 78–79
- public relations, 89–90
- Stanleyville government economic aid, 103–104,107
- Stanleyville government, military conflicts with, 1, 12, 56–57, 60, 68n
, 69,
86,128
-
UN economic aid, 138–139,149,151
-
UN forces and, 66
-
UN recognition, 72
- U.S. military aid, 33–34, 70
- weakness of, 9, 22, 42, 76
- Liberia, 8, 20, 72, 74–75, 280
- Libya, 1, 63n
- Linner, Sture C, 129,199–200
- Adoula government establishment, 168,170–171,174, 185,192
- Katanga reintegration, 314, 386, 388,
482–483
-
UN military intervention in Katanga,
207, 215, 290–291,302, 305
- Loridan, Walter, 483, 486, 493–495, 682, 693, 696, 698
- Loutfi, Omar, 281
- Lucet, Charles, 186
- Lumumba, Patrice (see also
Stanleyville government):
- African states support for, 4, 7–8,15, 20, 58–59
- imprisonment/assassination, 16–18, 20–21, 66, 93–94
- Afro-Asian states position, 63–64, 97
- Soviet position, 99–100
-
UN investigation, 64,124, 841–842
-
UN position, 60–64
- U.S. Congressional investigation, 18
- influence of, 3–4,15
- Leopoldville government participation, 4,12–13, 32, 41n
release proposals, 36–37, 41n
, 44,48, 49n
, 52, 61–62
- Round Table Conference and, 29
- Soviet support for, 58–59
- takeover possibility, 10,13–14
- Lundula, Victor, 102,107,131,150, 249, 260, 273
- Lutula, Joseph, 189
- MacArthur, Douglas, II, 164–165, 476n
, 479n
, 853
- Belgian involvement, 132–138, 141–142, 147n
, 153n
- Katanga issue, 208–209, 218n
, 246–248, 258–259
- Katanga reintegration, 289n
, 461n
, 464–465
- economic measures, 293–294, 355n
, 356, 397–399,403–405,465–467
- Kitona Accord implementation, 401–402,405
- package proposal implementation, 664–667,676–678,682–683, 686, 696–697
-
UN military intervention,
757–760
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 476–477, 508–511,686
- MacEoin. See
McKeown.
- Macmillan, Harold, 218n
, 310–311, 338n
,
430–432,467–468, 472, 760–764, 774–776
- Madagascar, 84
- Maffitt, Edward P., 114n
- Mahamba, Alexandre, 62
- Maiga (Mali), 83
- Malaya, 20
- Mali (see also
African states; Casablanca
powers), 1, 7,
63n
, 83
- Manning, Robert J., 755n
- Manzikala, 102,131
- Martin, Edwin M., 113, 244n
- Mau, Frank A., 63n
, 65n
- McBride, Robert H., 31n
,
52n
, 63n
, 70n
, 86n
- McCloskey, Robert J., 755n
- McCone, John A., 747
- McGhee, George C. (see also
Katanga reintegration: McGhee visit, 306n
, 327n
, 344n
, 346n
, 354n
, 358n
, 365n
, 366n
, 372n
, 399n
, 413n
, 418n
, 421n
, 427n
, 444n
, 459n
, 471n
, 472n
, 479n
, 488n
, 498n
, 501n
, 503n
, 525n
, 533n
, 570n
, 577n
, 578n
, 639n
, 640n
, 711n
, 714n
, 720n
, 723n
, 724n
, 725n
, 752n
, 770n
, 793n
, 797n
, 803n
, 806n
, 815n
, 816n
, 820n
, 829n
- Katanga reintegration, 427–429, 476–478, 501,
534–535,
790
- economic measures, 350–353, 356–357
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962), 73
4n
, 747, 757n
, 787
- package proposal development, 519–522, 533
- package proposal implementation, 641–643, 647–648, 650–651, 653–655, 657–659, 664–667, 671–675, 686, 690, 693–695
- secession collapse, 828,845
-
UN military intervention,
659–660, 787
- McHugh, Brig. Gen. Godfrey T., 801n
, 802n
- McIlvaine, Robinson, 55–57
- McKeown, Maj. Gen. Sean, 88,129
- McKesson, John A., III, 862–864
- McKillop, David, 265
- McNamara, Robert S., 19n
, 89,92–93, 718, 760, 780
- McSweeney, John M., 51n
Meloy, Francis E., Jr., 875n
- Merrill, Philip, 828
- Mexico, 30
- Meyer, Andre, 356
- Millar, Frederick Hoyer, 116
- Miller, Robert H., 79n
,
146n
, 176n
, 242n
, 284n
, 306n
, 340n
, 344n
, 351n
, 354n
, 356n
- Millet (France), 486–487
- Mladek, J.V., 471,476
- Mobutu, Col. Joseph (see also
Congo National Army; Leopoldville government), 3–4, 26, 57,190, 678, 858–862
- Morocco (see also
African states; Casablanca
powers), 1, 7,15, 20,
63n
- Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), 62
- Mozambique, 871
- Mpolo, Maurice, 16, 60n
, 94
- Muana, Tshiala, 632
- Muhona, Paul, 386
- Muller, Charles, 153n
- Munongo, Godefroid, 17, 20–21, 60n
, 136,164,166,182,193,196–197, 386
- Murron, Edward R., 90
- Narasimhan, C.V., 126, 300n
, 321,
388–389, 486–488, 522
- Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 25,146, 308
- National Security Council (NSC):
- Action Memoranda:
- Executive Committee meetings:
- No. 36, Dec.
17,1962, 747
- No. 37, Dec.
17,1962,750–752
- meetings:
-
473d, Jan. 5, 1961, 1–2
-
474th, Jan. 12,1961, 14
-
475th, Feb. 1,1961, 46
- Navez, Andre J., 148n
- Ndele, Albert, 12, 391–392, 678
- Nehru, Jawaharlal, 49n
,
114–117, 438–439
- Nendaka, 308n
, 678
- Neuberger, Maurine B., 253n
- Neutralization proposals, 40, 44, 48–51, 87–89
- British position, 49n
- French position, 54
-
UN position, 35–36, 64
- Ngalula, Joseph, 585, 613
- Niembo, A., 255
- Nigeria, 8, 58, 61, 76, 84,187, 277, 869, 877
- Nitze, Paul H., 38–39, 774, 845
- Nkrumah, Kwame, 8,10,
20, 41,95–98, 187
- Noel, Cleo A., Jr., 438n
- Nokin, Max, 403
- Noronha, Gen., 845
- Norway, 877
- Nwokedi, Francis, 126n
- Nyerere, Julius, 161
- O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 165–166, 180–181,196–198, 224, 248, 254–255
- Ofori-Atta, A. E. A., 95
- Okita, Joseph, 16, 60n
, 94
- Operating Plan for the Congo. See
new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962)
under
Katanga reintegration.
- Organization of African Unity (OAU), 871
- Orientale government. See
Gizenga, Antoine; Stanleyville
government.
- Ormsby Gore, David, 265–266, 288–290, 348–349, 364, 430–432, 481–483, 760, 762
- O’Sullivan, James L., 851–852
- Pachachi, Adnan N., 85
- Package proposal, U.S. See under Katanga
reintegration.
- Pakistan, 85
- Pelcovits, Nathan, 267n
, 406n
, 488n
, 570n
- Pelen, Pierre, 158
- Pelt, Adrian S., 129
- Penfield, James K., 25, 28–29, 49n
, 66n
, 67n
, 68n
, 77n
, 79n
, 92,
95n
, 98n
, 106n
, 121n
- Plimpton, Francis T.P., 139–140,192–194, 286–287, 868–870
- Portugal, 851, 856, 871
- Prem Chand, Maj. Gen. Dewan, 845
- Proposal for National Reconciliation (see also
Katanga reintegration), 520n
, 523–524, 529–530, 540–541, 543, 545–548
- PSA, 58
- Pweto, Jean-Marie, 176
- Qassin, Gen. Abdul Karin, 85
- Rahman (India), 305
- Raja, Gen., 305
- Ramsbotham, Peter, 116
- Raymond (journalist), 70, 73
- Read, Benjamin H., 880–881
- Rewinkel, Milton C., 142n
- Rhodesian Federation, 236,240–241, 258, 285–286, 295, 303, 349
- Riches, Sir Derek, 224
- Rikhye, Brig. Gen. Indar Jit, 13,109, 193n
, 332, 486, 792, 826–827
- Rives, Lloyd M., 828
- Robb, M.A.M., 430
- Robiliart, Herman, 164, 282, 351n
,
397–399, 403
- Rolz-Bennett, Jose 386n
, 388, 390, 486
- Romaneski, Maj., 858
- Roosa, Robert V., 876n
- Roston, Walt W., 46, 185n
, 238n
- Rothschild, Robert, 275, 452, 454, 464–465, 476, 479n
,
508, 682, 686, 693, 696, 857, 875
- Round Table Conferences:
- Belgian position, 32
- Coquilhatville, 126–127,130,132,141
- economic, 121
- Ileo government and, 33–34
- minor parties participation, 58
- Tshombe participation, 19, 34
- U.S. position, 28–29, 40, 43–44,107
- Rowan, Carl T., 351
- Rowell, Edward J., 263–265
- Ruanda-Urundi, 19
- Ruchti, James R., 25n
- Rusk, Dean, 23n
, 46, 88n
, 115n
, 552
- Adoula government, 184–185, 358,
374, 471–472, 644–646
- Adoula government establishment, 38,
40, 48–49,148,160,162–163, 169–170
- Belgian involvement, 31–32, 63, 79–81, 146–147,146–149,155–157
- Congo National Army training, 639–640
- Hammarskjold death, 226–227
- Katanga issue, 268–274
- Canup recall, 67–68
-
UN military intervention (1961), 201–202, 216–222, 223–224, 267– 268, 299–303, 304, 309, 361–362
-
UN Security Council
discussions, 268– 270, 278
- U.S.-British discussions, 338–339, 363–364
- Katanga reintegration:
- Adoula government position, 501–503
- British position, 265–266, 348–349, 363–364, 481, 483n
, 808–809
- constitution, 498, 514–515, 577–578
- economic measures, 284–286, 351–353, 354–356, 365–366, 418–419, 422–423, 498–499, 584n
, 669–671,671–673, 674–675, 711–715
- French position, 619
- Katangan position, 391–392
- Kitona Accord implementation, 344–349, 363–364, 393–394, 399–401,418–419, 421–423
- McGhee visit, 640–641, 646
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962), 747, 751–754
- Nigerian position, 495–496
- package proposal development, 479–481, 561
- package proposal implementation, 570–573, 577–578, 581–582, 623–625, 647, 649–650, 653–656, 669–675,699–701,711–715
- secession collapse, 797–800, 803–804, 808–811, 816–818, 820–822, 828–831, 837–839
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting (Kitona), 288–290, 310, 327–328
- Tshombe-Ball meeting proposal, 535–537, 549
-
UN-Katangan military conflict
(Dec. 1962–Jan. 1963), 790–795, 806–807
-
UN military intervention,
possible (1962), 556–557, 770–773, 777–778, 782–784
-
UN military presence and,
390, 391n
- U.S. approaches to Adoula government, 503–504
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 351–353, 476
- U.S.-Belgian-British consultations, 427–429, 443–444, 449–450, 459–462
- U.S. policy, 255–258
- Lumumba imprisonment/assassination, 66
- Nehru discussion, 114–115
- new U.S. policy (1961), 40–41, 47–55
- Nkrumah visit to U.S., 95, 97
- Stanleyville government, 65, 359–360
- Tananarive Conference, 106–108
-
UN forces:
-
UN General Assembly meeting, 871
-
UN mandate strengthening, 40, 48, 70–72, 77–79, 86–87
- U.S.-British discussions, 116–118
- U.S. Naval Task Force (Solant Amity), 92–93
- Rutter, Peter, 647n
,
659n
, 828
- Sahbani, Taieb, 112,144–145,147n
, 150
- Salinger, Pierre, 430
- Salumu, Bernard, 5
- Samuel, A.C.L, 116
- Sandys, Duncan, 774
- Sanger, Richard H., 25, 29
- Satterthwaite, Joseph C, 15n
, 25, 29
- Sauvagnargues, Jean, 186
- Scheyven, Louis, 31–32, 52–53,86–87,
218–219, 275, 351–353, 357, 427–429, 476, 857, 875
- Schlesinger, Arthur, 686, 768–769, 870
- Scott, Joseph W., 360n
- Scott, Sir Robert, 774
- Seip, Peter A., 47n
,
52n
, 53n
- Sendwe, Jason, 12, 58,184,189
- Senegal, 30, 32
- Senghor, Leopold, 662
- Seven Seas Transport, 112–113
- Shuckburgh, Sir Evelyn, 430
- Sisco, Joseph J., 15n
,
25, 42n
, 77n
, 146n
, 155n
, 221n
, 223n
, 304n
, 370n
, 406n
, 426, 488n
, 500, 711n
, 714n
, 720n
, 729n
, 753n
, 770n
, 782n
, 797n
, 814n
, 828, 829n
, 832, 870n
- Sloan, Frank K., 641, 792–793
- Smith, Bromley K., 358n
, 449n
, 747, 750, 768–769
- Smith, George Ivan, 283
- Solant Amity. See
U.S. Naval Task Force.
- Songolo, Alphonse, 78
- Sorensen, Theodore, 749–750, 870
- South Kasai government, 5, 7, 36n
- Soviet bloc (see also Soviet and Soviet
bloc subheadings under other subjects), 27, 68–70
- intervention, requests for, 1, 5,10–11, 65
- Katanga issue, 278–282
- Lumumba imprisonment/assassination, 99–100, 841–842
- support for Stanleyville government, 1,4–5,8–9, 11,58–59, 103,143
- U.S.-Soviet talks proposals, 26, 31, 58–59, 73
- Soviet Union. See
Soviet bloc.
- Spaak, Paul-Henri:
- Adoula government 155n
, 164–165, 476–477, 857–858
- Belgian involvement, 132–138, 141–142, 144,
146–147,
153n
, 155n
, 236
- Congo National Army training, 853,
875–876
- Katanga issue, 208–209, 218n
, 219,
258–259,
275, 282, 289n
- Katanga reintegration, 185, 188, 276–277, 549
- economic measures, 293–294, 356, 403–405, 417n
, 428, 465–466, 487, 661,664–667, 676–678
- Kitona Accord implementation, 393–394, 401–405
903
- package proposal implementation, 581–582, 664–667, 676–678, 682–690, 693–695
-
UN position, 483–487
- U.S.-Belgian discussions, 508–511, 686–690
- U.S.-Belgian-British consultations, 443–444, 461n
, 464–465
- U.S. military aid offer, 757–760, 770
- Special National Intelligence Estimates:
- Springsteen, George S., Jr., 808n
- Stanley, H.S.H., 49
- Stanleyville government (see also
Gizenga, Antoine):
- Adoula-Gizenga meeting, 192–193
- African states support for (see also
Casablanca powers support for below), 26
- Belgian position, 32, 86
- Casablanca powers recognition, 65
- Casablanca powers support for, 5, 7–8,10,13,143
- Congo National Army and, 12
- French position, 260
- Gizenga-Lundula conflict, 359–360
- Katanga issue, 234, 297
- Katanga neutral zone invasion, 12–13, 16,19
- Leopoldville government economic aid, 103–104,107
- Leopoldville government, military conflicts with, 1, 3,12, 56–57, 60, 6Sn, 69, 86
- political situation, 102–104
- Round Table Conferences, 107,121
- Soviet bloc support, 1, 4–5, 8–9, 11, 58–59, 103, 143
- strength of, 19, 22
-
UN surveillance, 149
- U.S. policy, 103–104,107
- Stavropoulos, Constantin, 394n
, 395
- Steeves, John M., 116
- Stevens (UK), 454
- Stevenson, Adlai E., 35–36, 78,123, 359, 773–774, 793n
, 871
- Adoula government establishment, 36,126–127
- Congo National Army training, 853–854
- Katanga issue, 127–128, 280–282
- Katanga reintegration, 265–266, 426–427, 458–459, 483–485, 765–768
- economic measures, 426–427, 667–669
- McGhee visit, 579–580, 582–584
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962), 737–739, 743
- package proposal development, 493–495, 554–556
- package proposal implementation, 586–587, 599–600, 657–659, 667–669, 682–686, 689, 693–699
-
UN-Katangan military conflict
(Dec. 1962–Jan. 1963), 795–796
- Lumumba imprisonment/assassination, 60–63
- new U.S. policy (2962), 57–59
-
UN forces, 25–26,129, 685–686, . 872–874
-
UN mandate strengthening, 64, 74–76, 82–85,104–106
-
UN Security Council meeting proposal,
27, 36–37,458
- Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 19n
, 24, 97n
, 121n
- Stone, Galen L., 152n
,
639n
- Streator, Edward, 828
- Struelens, Michel, 165, 176,181,183, 399–402, 502–503, 642–644, 656
- Sudan, 1, 8, 25, 65, 70, 76, 869
- Sule (Nigeria), 85
- Swann, Emory C., 47n
,
65n
, 114n
, 647n
- Sweden, 36, 841
- Sweeney, Joseph, 257n
,
265n
, 266n
, 430
- Swihart, James W., 116,118
- Tananarive Conference, 96, 103, 106–108, 210, 333
- Tasca, Henry J., 25, 169n
, 393n
, 399n
, 413n
, 427n
, 438n
, 488n
, 495, 512n
- Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 324–325, 780–782
- Thant, U, 486–487
- appointment of, 268n
- Katanga issue
- Tshombe-Adoula meeting (Kitona), 286–287
-
UN military intervention
(1962), 291, 300, 332–333
- Katanga reintegration, 483–488, 493,
515–516,
579–580
- economic measures, 350n
, 416–417, 485–487, 667–669, 673
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 2962), 737–743
- package proposal development, 500–501, 512–513, 552n
, 555–556
- package proposal implementation, 652–654,657–659, 667–669, 673, 693–695
- secession collapse, 800, 802–803, 820–822, 826–827
-
UN military presence and,
390–391, 431,448, 458–459
- U.S. military aid offer, 766–768, 770
- resignation threat, 595
-
UN forces withdrawal, 516, 867–870
-
UN Security Council discussions, 281, 449,
487
- Thompson, John, 430
- Thompson, Llewellyn E., Jr., 99–101, 763, 871
- Thorneycroft, Peter, 774
- Tienken, Arthur T., 852n
- Timberlake, Clare H., 12–13,33–34,
87–90, 92
- Adoula government establishment, 130–132,143n
- replacement, 129n
- Stanleyville government, 102–104,121
-
UN forces, 13–14, 22,90–91, 9
9n
, 119–120
- Tombelaine, Michel, 182, 224
- Toumayan, Alec G., 876n
- Toure, Sekou, 20, 97
- Tribalisn, 4–5, 72
- Tron, Rene, 47n
, 135n
, 155n
, 160n
, 268n
, 304n
, 336n
, 344n
, 359n
, 363n
- Truman, Lt. Gen. Louis W. (see also
Katanga reintegration:
UN military intervention: U.S. military
mission), 765–768,
772, 784–786
- Tshombe, Moise (see also
Katanga issue; Katanga
reintegration), 5
- Adoula government, participation in, 36,165–166,180–181
- Adoula government relations, 181–183
- Belgian personnel withdrawal, 198
- detention of, 132,136,151
- Katanga reintegration, 193–196, 287–288
- Lumumba assassination, 94
- Round Table Conference, participation in, 19, 34
- Stanleyville neutral zone invasion, 16
-
UN military intervention (2962), 238n
, 243, 253–254
- Tshombe, Thomas, 176
- Tubby, Roger W., 186, 550–551
- Tunisia, 8, 20, 84
- Tweedy, Bronson, 734n
,
845
- Tyler, William R., 158, 242n
, 275n
, 338n
, 393n
, 418n
, 471–472n
, 533n
, 584n
, 619n
, 760n
, 774n
- Adoula government economic aid, 857
- Congo National Army training, 875
- Katanga issue, 275,430, 519
- Udochi, J.M., 495
-
UN forces (see also
Hammarskjold, Dag;
UN subheadings under other subjects):
- additional troops, 30, 32, 43, 84–85
- Adoula government establishment and, 191–192
- Adoula government position, 428
- African states support for, 7, 28, 42
- Casablanca powers contingents, 9, 15–16, 24, 26, 30
- confederation proposals and, 10
- Congo Advisory Committee, 82–83
- contingent withdrawals, 30, 42
- Dayal replacement:
- British position, 116–118
- Indian position, 114–115
-
UN position, 57–58,
85, 110, 115n
, 121–122,126–128,139–140
- U.S. position, 43, 50–51,
89–91, 98–99
- Dayal successor, 82n
, 85
- financing, 124–125
- British position, 159,187
- French position, 620
-
UN position, 484–485, 516
- U.S. position, 595, 690, 841, 848, 872–874
- future prospects, 10–11
- Ghanaian position, 95–96
- Indian participation, 105–109,116–118, 458–459
- Indian position, 114
- ineffectiveness of, 3, 9,13, 22, 24
- joint control proposals, 98
- Katanga (see also
Katanga issue; Katanga
reintegration), 12–13,16, 36,182,193n
- Leopoldville government and, 66, 87–88
- Matadi conflict, 91,106,108–109, 111–112,119–120,125–126, 128
- neutralization proposals and, 36, 40, 43
- Nigerian participation, 496–497
- reorganization, 128–129
- Soviet participation, 739–740
- Soviet position, 9, 99–100, 123
- Soviet Stanleyville airlift and, 1
- Stanleyville invasion of Katanga neutral zone and, 12–13,16
-
UN mandate strengthening:
- Belgian position, 52, 86–87
- British position, 50
- French position, 70–73, 78n
- Gardiner-Nwokedi agreement, 126, 128
- Leopoldville government position, 55–57,104–106,108
- Security Council resolution (Feb.
21, 2962), 72, 74–79,
78n
,
82–87, 96,104–106,108
-
UN position, 43, 82–85
- U.S. position, 24,40, 43,
48, 51, 269, 272
- U.S. criticism of, 13–14
- withdrawal:
- Adoula government position, 867, 878
- Casablanca powers position, 685–686
- secession collapse and, 833–834, 840–841
- Soviet position, 841
-
UN General Assembly meeting,
870–871
-
UN position, 13, 30,
193n
,
516, 867–870
- U.S. position, 531, 748–749, 833–834, 840–841, 846–850, 854, 866–868
- United Arab Republic (UAR) (see also
Casablanca powers), 1,
8, 63n
, 72, 74–75,146,
280–281, 308
- United Kingdom (see also British, tripartite,
U.S.-British, and U.S -Belgian-British subheadings under other
subjects), Win, 116–118
- United Nations (see also
Adoula government: economic
aid;
UN
forces;
UN
subheadings under other subjects):
- General Assembly discussions, 123–125, 870–871, 873
- role expansion proposals, 24, 37–41, 44–45, 53–54, 60–61
- Security Council discussions, 268–275, 278–279, 370–372, 375–376
- Security Council meeting proposal, 27,
36–37,
53, 57n
, 61–62,449, 458, 484–485, 487, 512,
508, 509
- Security Council resolution (Feb.
20–21,1961), 72, 74–79, 77–79, 82–87, 96,104–105,104–106,108, 126,128
- Soviet attacks on, 42, 96, 99–101,123
- U.S. bond issue, 412, 417, 418n
- Uppers (Belgium), 508
- Urquhart, Brian, 283
- U.S. Naval Task Force (Solant Amity), 92–93
- Van den Bosch, Jean, 23n
, 293, 508
- Van der Straeten, E., 351n
- Van Roey (Belgium), 613
- Van Weyenbergh (Union Miniere), 814
- Vance, Sheldon B., 152n
, 155n
, 160n
, 169n
, 172n
176n
, 178n
, 184n
, 216n
, 220n
, 221n
, 223n
, 227n
, 232n
, 238n
, 242n
, 248n
, 255n
, 260n
, 261n
, 288n
, 304n
, 306n
, 320n
, 336n
, 338n
, 340n
, 346n
, 348n
, 354n
, 380n
, 399n
, 418n
, 421n
, 423, 425, 435n
, 438n
, 472n
, 479n
, 500, 501n
, 534n
, 535n
- Wachtmeister (UN), 202
- Wachuku, Agnes, 495
- Wachuku, Jaja, 58, 495–497, 508–510, 516, 599, 662
- Wadsworth, James J., 16n
- Waern, Col., 196
- Wallner, Woodruff, 25, 42n
, 47n
, 52n
, 63n
, 65n
, 66n
, 67n
, 78n
, 79n
, 98n
, 106n
, 111n
, 121n
, 142n
, 146n
, 148n
, 152n
, 201n
, 240n
, 242n
, 255n
, 257n
, 261n
, 267n
, 284n
, 312n
, 340n
, 344n
, 346n
, 351n
, 354n
, 358n
, 360n
, 361n
, 363n
, 365n
, 366n
, 370n
, 372n
, 399n
, 406n
, 413n
, 418n
, 421n
, 427n
, 435n
, 444n
, 472n
, 479n
, 498n
, 501n
, 503n
, 570n
, 577n
, 578n
, 671n
, 674n
, 699n
, 724n
, 816
- Belgian involvement, 15, 26–27
- Katanga reintegration, 388, 390–391, 828
- new U.S. policy (2962), 49
- U.S.-Nigerian discussions, 495
- Weiner, Benjamin, 790
- Welensky, Sir Roy, 236, 258n
, 349,584n
, 598, 847
- Wellings, Rear Adm. J.H., 291n
- Weregemere, 189, 678–679
- West, Robert L., 342n
,
845–846
- White, Ivan B., 116
- White, Lincoln, 218n
- Whitehouse, Charles S., 338n
, 351n
,
358n
, 360n
, 639n
, 814n
, 828, 865n
- Wieschhoff, Heinrich A., 36,110,145n
, 193n
, 202, 215
- Wiggin, C.D., 116
- Wigny, Pierre, 63n
- Williams, G. Mennen, 25, 28,42n
, 47n
, 63n
, 111n
, 121n
, 142n
, 148n
, 238n
, 261n
, 312n
, 320n
, 322n
, 327n
, 340n
, 342n
, 358n
, 359n
, 360n
, 365n
, 366n
, 399n
, 418n
, 459n
, 472n
, 479n
, 525n
, 556n
, 558n
, 561n
, 570n
, 577n
, 578n
, 597n
, 640n
, 644n
, 671n
, 674n
, 711n
, 714n
, 720n
, 723n
, 724n
, 725n
, 752n
, 755n
, 770n
, 782n
, 793n
, 797n
, 809n
, 814n
, 815n
, 816n
, 829n
, 858n
, 881n
- Adoula government, 374, 779–780, 845–846, 865–866
- Adoula government establishment, 160–161
- Africa consultations, 507–511
- Congo National Army training, 858–859
- Katanga reintegration, 265, 440–442, 476–478
- new U.S. policy (Dec. 1962), 734n
, 735, 747
- package proposal development, 519, 522
- package proposal implementation, 647, 649–656, 653–656, 686, 689–690, 693
- secession collapse, 839–845, 852–856
- Leopoldville-Stanleyville military conflict, 60
- Tshombe U.S. visit, 380–381
-
UN forces withdrawal, 866–868
- Williams, Haydn, 361n
- Wilson, Thomas W., 535n
- Winckler, Jean-Claude, 519
- Woodruff, Arthur, 25, 77n
, 121n
, 142n
, 146n
, 152n
, 155n
, 201n
, 240n
, 242n
, 248n
, 257n
, 261n
, 284n
, 344n
- World Health Organization (WHO), 151
- Yost, Charles W., 29,68–69,192,
300n
, 449, 773–774
- Adoula government establishment, 145–146,150
- Belgian involvement, 144–145, 150–151, 448
- Katanga issue, 202–204
907
- Katanga reintegration, 483, 486, 493,
500–501,
515–517,
522–524,
579, 737, 791
- economic measures, 350n
, 488
- Kitona Accord implementation, 388, 423–424, 426
- package proposal implementation, 657, 682, 684, 693, 696, 698
-
UN military intervention,
possible (2962), 766, 768
-
UN military presence and,
391n
,
77Sn
-
UN position, 483, 486, 515–517, 522–524
- Matadi conflict, 112n
, 125
-
UN forces, 25–26,139–140, 868–870, 873
- Youlou, Abbe Fulbert, 187,194
- Yugoslavia, Tin, 63n
- Zorin, Valerian A., 279–282
- Zulueta, Philip de, 430, 760