Establishment of a Program of Exchange of Information and Persons with the Soviet Bloc
1. Memorandum From Secretary of State Dulles to President Eisenhower
Source: Eisenhower Library, Whitman File, Dulles–Herter Series. Confidential.
2. Policy Information Statement Prepared in the Department of State
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.00/1–2958. Confidential. Transmitted as an enclosure to circular instruction CA–6459, January 29, sent to 99 diplomatic and consular posts.
3. Paper Prepared in the Department of State
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.613/3–2058. Confidential. The authorship of the paper is unclear. The source text was an enclosure to a brief memorandum of March 20 from Secretary Dulles to President Eisenhower, in which Dulles noted that he had asked “the Department to get up a memorandum of points that should be taken into account in connection with a possible large-scale exchange of students with the U.S.S.R.”
In a February 25 memorandum to the Executive Secretariat, Joseph N. Greene, Jr., referred to the President’s comments to Secretary Dulles on January 17 about increasing student exchanges with the Soviet Union (see the source note, Document 1) and said that the President had in mind an exchange of “upwards of ten thousand students.” Greene noted that Dulles wanted the Department’s recommendations on such a proposal. (Department of State, Secretary’s Memoranda of Conversation: Lot 64 D 199) universities have consistently been reluctant or have refused to assume any security responsibilities for Soviet-bloc students in the belief that this is a governmental function.
4. Memorandum of Conversation
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.613/6–2458. Confidential. Drafted by Clough.
5. Letter From the Secretary of State’s Special Assistant for East-West Exchanges (Lacy) to Secretary of State Dulles
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.61/7–2558. Confidential.
6. Despatch From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.61/9–458. Limited Official Use. Drafted by S.C. Blasier.
7. Memorandum of Conversation
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 033.6111/12–558. Secret. Drafted by Freers and approved on January 6 by Brigadier General R. E. Cushman, Jr., Executive Assistant to the Vice President. A copy of a briefing paper for the Vice President to use for his conversation with Zhukov was sent to Cushman as an enclosure to a December 3 memorandum from Macomber. (Ibid., 611.61/12–358)
8. Despatch From the Embassy in Poland to the Department of State
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.493/1–2959. Official Use Only. Drafted by Frank J. Lewand. The Department of State was asked to pouch copies to Moscow, Prague, Berlin, Vienna, Paris, and London.
9. Memorandum of Discussion at the 407th Meeting of the National Security Council
Source: Eisenhower Library, Whitman File, NSC Records. Top Secret; Eyes Only. Prepared by Gleason on May 21.
10. Memorandum of Discussion at the 408th Meeting of the National Security Council
Source: Eisenhower Library, Whitman File, NSC Records. Top Secret; Eyes Only. Prepared by Gleason on May 28.
11. Memorandum From the Director of the U.S. Information Agency (Allen) to the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Gray)
Source: Eisenhower Library, Project Clean Up. Confidential.
12. Memorandum From Acting Secretary of State Dillon to President Eisenhower
Source: Eisenhower Library, Project Clean Up. Confidential. A copy was sent to Gray under cover of a memorandum of June 16 from Dillon. (Department of State, Central Files, 511.613/6–1659)
13. Memorandum [text not declassified] to the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Gray)
Source: Eisenhower Library, Project Clean Up. Secret.
14. Memorandum of Meeting Between President Eisenhower and His Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Gray)
Source: Eisenhower Library, Project Clean Up. Top Secret. Prepared by Gray on July 16.
16. Report Prepared in the Department of State
Source: Department of State, INR Files. Official Use Only. This appeared as an article on pages 5–6 of the August issue of Sino-Soviet Affairs, which is the source text.
18. Memorandum of Conversation
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.61/9–1559. Confidential. Drafted by Davis and cleared in draft by Payne and Halsema.
19. Memorandum of Conversation
Source: Department of State, Conference Files: Lot 64 D 560, CF 1475. Secret; Limit Distribution. Drafted by Merchant and Kohler and approved by Herter on October 6. The meeting was held in the main room of the Aspen Lodge.
20. Memorandum of Conversation Between Secretary of State Herter and the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Gray)
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.614/10–359. Secret.
21. Intelligence Report Prepared by the Bureau of Intelligence and Research
Source: National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, OSS–INR Reports. Secret; Noforn. A title page, a table of contents, and the 28-page body of the report are not printed. A note on the cover sheet indicates that the report is not a statement of Departmental policy.
23. Letter From the President’s Special Assistant on Science and Technology (Kistiakowsky) to Secretary of State Herter
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.613/11–2459. Confidential.
24. Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning (Smith) to Secretary of State Herter
Source: Department of State, OCB Files: Lot 61 D 385, USSR & Satellites—General 1959–1960. Confidential.
25. Paper Prepared in the U.S. Information Agency
Source: Department of State, OCB Files: Lot 61 D 385, USSR & Satellites—General 1959–1960. No classification marking. Copies of the paper were distributed to the Operations Coordinating Board Assistants under cover of a March 21 memorandum from the Board’s Executive Assistant, Charles E. Johnson, a copy of which is attached to the source text. According to a March 23 memorandum from O’Connor to Berding and Martin, in which the preliminary and informal notes from the OCB’s luncheon meeting that day were quoted, the paper was used as background by Abbott Washburn, Director of USIA, in briefing the Board on plans for exhibits in the Soviet bloc. According to the memorandum, the members expressed “full and enthusiastic support for the exhibits but expressed no judgment as to costs or sources of additional funds.” (Ibid.)
26. Memorandum of Conversation
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.61/4–2560. Official Use Only. Drafted by O’Neill and cleared by Davis in draft.
28. Report Prepared by an Ad Hoc Interagency Committee
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.60/6–1560. Confidential. The 42-page body of the report and the 25 pages of annexes are not printed.
According to a memorandum of February 14, 1961, from Kohler to Secretary of State Dean Rusk, the Committee was established on August 21, 1959, at the direction of the Planning Board of the National Security Council. Its task was to study the question of the importation of Communist propaganda and to make recommendations to the Board. The Committee included representatives from the Departments of State and Justice, the Customs Bureau, the Post Office Department, the Central Intelligence Agency, the U.S. Information Agency, the Interdepartmental Committee on Internal Security, and the National Security Council. The Committee was chaired by Richard D. Kearney of the Office of the Department of State Legal Adviser.
According to a memorandum from Secretary Rusk to President Kennedy on March 13, 1961, the report was considered by the NSC Planning Board on July 20 and August 19, 1960, at which time the Board agreed that further action on the report should be deferred until late 1960. (Ibid., 511. 60/3–1361)
29. Despatch From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State
Source: Department of State, Central Files, 511.61/7–1860. Official Use Only. Drafted by Hans N. Tuch.