Index

• Abbott, George M., 23n , 25
• Agroville program in Vietnam, 285, 368, 383– 384, 500, 533
  • Diem’s assessment of, 326– 327, 506, 590– 591
  • Peasant dissatisfaction with, 302, 316, 326
  • Suspension of program, 623
  • U.S. assessment of, 411, 485– 489
• Alsop, Joseph, 429
• Amory, Robert, Jr., 446– 447
• Anderson, Daniel Virden, 236n , 250, 272– 275, 412n , 451– 453, 458, 465n , 498n , 514, 524n , 705, 711– 713
• Anderson, Dillon, 138– 140, 171
• Anderson Committee, Vietnam visit by, 138– 144
• Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN):
  • Anti-guerrilla training, 283, 286, 290
  • Can Lao Party influence in, 163, 534
  • Casualties, 318– 319
  • Commando school, termination of, 402, 477– 478
  • Commando units, personnel for, 325– 326, 353, 379
  • Communications capabilities, 474
  • Communist infiltration of, 307
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 354, 358
  • Coup, possible reaction to, 562– 563
  • Coup attempt (1954), 534– 535
  • Desertions, 383
  • Failures in combat, 305– 306
  • Firepower of, 473
  • General officers of, 132
  • Headquarters and staff personnel, 628, 630, 701
  • Mobility of personnel and equipment, 473
  • Morale in, 294
  • Officer corps, 294, 533– 534
  • Populace, treatment of, 532
  • Promotions in, 294
  • Reorganization of, 401, 687
    • MAAG position, 443– 444, 471– 474
  • U.S. intelligence re, 293
• Arneson, R. Gordon, 85– 86
• ARVN. See Army of the Republic of Vietnam.
• Askew, Laurin B., 407n , 409n
• Assistance programs, U.S., to Vietnam (see also Economic assistance, U.S.; Military assistance, U.S.; Technical assistance programs, U.S.):
  • Congressional interest in, 225– 227, 289, 382
  • Delays in, 127, 351
  • Devaluation of piaster, relation to, 519n
  • Economic dependence through, 128, 207– 208
  • Economic-military balance in, 13– 15, 237, 241
  • FY 1960, 74– 77
  • FY 1961, 673
  • Objectives of, 119– 120
  • Political reforms tied to, 672– 676, 685
  • Political situation and, 268
  • Vietnamese cooperation and, 42
• Australia, 418– 419
• Ba Cut, 531
• Bao An. See Civil Guard.
• Bao Dai, 726
• Barbour, Robert E., 4– 5, 17– 20, 114n
• Barnes, Thomas J., 485n
• Barrows, Leland, 10, 31, 61, 127– 128
• Bayar, Celal, 438n
• Bell, John O., 672– 673
• Binh Xuyen, 72, 531
• Black, Col. Edwin F., 410n , 439n , 653
• Boggs, Marion W., 448
• Bonesteel, Maj. Gen. Charles H., III, 91n , 93n , 279
• Bourguiba, Habib, 8
• Bowie, Thomas D., 109n , 113
• Brandstatter, Arthur F., 586
• Brucker, Wilber M., 93– 94
• Bui Van Luong, 724, 726
• Bunting, Frederick H., 37
• Burke, Adm. Arleigh, 325n , 390
• Buttinger, Joseph, 430
• Buu Hoi, 726
• Ca Le, Madame, 160
• Calhoun, John A., 408n , 457n
• Camau Peninsula, 214– 217
• Cambodia:
  • China, People’s Republic of, relations with, 455, 529
  • Communist insurgency from, 43– 44, 121, 529, 571
  • Communist political activities in, 24– 25
  • Counter-insurgency operations, cooperation re, 378
  • French presence in, 529
  • Political situation, 99
  • United States, relations with, 529– 530
  • U.S. military assistance, 641, 705
  • Vietnam, relations with, 9, 11, 193
    • Border control arrangements, 450– 451, 454– 456, 719– 720
    • Islands dispute, 363, 433– 434, 450, 454, 496– 497
    • Press truce, 497– 498
    • U.S. position, 41– 42, 119, 190– 191, 362– 363, 449, 742
    • Vietnamese position, 364
  • Vietnamese attack on, 433– 437, 439– 441, 448– 449, 452– 453
    • Diem’s assessment of, 453– 454, 463
• Cambodian minority in Vietnam, 416
• Campbell, Alan L., 30n
• Can. See Ngo Dinh Can .
• Can Lao Party (see also National Revolutionary Movement):
  • Administrative Bureau, 154
  • Army of the Republic of Vietnam, influence in, 163, 534
  • Business activities, 146, 156
    • Cassia exports, 88– 89, 160– 161, 184, 222– 223, 244
    • Corruption in, 90, 295– 296, 375– 377, 385, 455– 456
    • Diem’s assessment of, 375– 377
    • Embassy Club, 159
    • Export license sales, 158
    • Investment arrangements with the government, 223– 224, 244
    • Investment committee, 160
    • Lime operations, 245
    • Misinformation re, 224– 225
    • Monopolization of business and industry, 224
    • Nhu’s comments re, 220– 225
    • Oil imports, 159– 160, 295
    • Phosphate deposits, exploitation of, 158– 159
    • Profits from, 157
    • Ship purchases, 161– 162
    • U.S. position, 88– 90, 168– 169, 184, 385
    • Villahermosa case, 157– 158
  • In Central Vietnam, 151, 160– 162, 165, 727
  • Clandestine character of, 264
  • Democracy, role in movement toward, 264
  • Diem’s assessment of, 150– 151, 375– 377, 434– 435, 455– 456
  • Factions:
    • Central Vietnam Group, 160– 162, 727
    • Huynh Van Lang group, 153
    • Labor faction, 726– 727
    • Tran Van Trai–Ha Due Minh group, 153
    • “Young Turks,” 726
  • Government officials, campaigns against, 114– 115
  • Government officials criticism of, 29– 30
  • Government officials in, 154– 155
  • Industrialist and businessmen’s section, 376
  • Internal conflicts, 165– 168
  • Kuomintang, similarity to, 155– 156
  • Leadership problem, 146– 147, 164– 165
  • Members, duties of, 263– 264
  • Military Committee, 154
  • Military establishment, relations with, 154, 163– 164, 167– 169, 266
  • Organization Bureau, 153– 154
  • Organization of, 89– 90, 145– 146, 149– 150, 537n
  • Origins of, 148– 149
  • Peasants, insensitivity toward, 189
  • Personalism philosophy, 89– 90, 145
  • Political operations, corruption in, 296– 298
  • Political power of, 84– 85, 87, 116
  • Reform proposals re, 577, 582– 583, 593, 600
  • In southern Vietnam, 152– 155, 165
  • Statutes of, 150– 151
  • Surveillance of U.S. personnel, 116
  • Training and Indoctrination Bureau, 153
  • Unification proposals, 149–150, 166– 167
  • U.S. influence on, 169– 170
  • U.S. policies re, 147
  • Vietnamese people, assistance to, 162– 163, 243– 245
• Canada, 137, 334n
• Canal reconstruction, 214, 216, 350– 351
• Cao Dai, 530– 531
• Cao Van Luan, 151
• Cao Xuan Vy, 727
• Caravelle Group, 725
• Caravelle Manifesto, 404n , 435n
• Carr, Paul E., 255n
• Cassia exports, 88– 89, 160– 161, 184, 222– 223, 244
• Catholics, 561– 562, 727
• Central Intelligence Agency:
  • “Alternate Political Leadership for Vietnam” report, 721– 728
  • “Sino-Soviet Bloc Activity in South Vietnam” report, 423– 425
• Central Vietnam (see also Ngo Dinh Can ):
  • Can Lao Party in, 151, 160– 162, 165, 727
  • Communist insurgency in, 12– 13, 19, 83, 247– 249, 308– 309
  • Psychological warfare in, 4– 5
• Chau. See Nguyen Huu Chau .
• Chen Yi, 455n
• Cherne, Leo, 429– 430
• China, People’s Republic of, 92, 455, 511, 529
• China, Republic of, 155– 156, 367, 380
• Chinese minority in Vietnam, 5, 44, 535
• Choi, General, 684
• Chou En-lai, 434, 455
• Chuong. See Tran Van Chuong .
• CINCPAC. See Felt, Adm. Harry D .
• Civil Guard in Vietnam:
  • Anti-guerrilla training, 493– 494, 628– 629
    • Equipment for, 552– 553
    • MAAG responsibility for, 544– 547, 552, 556– 560, 565– 566, 572n , 597
    • U.S. Special Forces, for, 282, 287– 289, 290
  • Casualties, 318– 319
  • Command structure, 678
  • Communications training, 505
  • Counter-insurgency operations, role in, 323, 339, 406– 407
  • Equipment for, 32– 34, 37– 38, 59, 78– 79, 552– 553
  • Force level reductions, 58– 60, 78
  • Military control of:
    • Country Team position, 30– 32, 62, 78
    • Decree re, 686, 689– 691
    • Defense, U.S. Department of, position, 26– 29, 387n – 388n , 571
    • Durbrow’s position, 557, 572n
    • JCS position, 491– 492
    • MAAG position, 443, 551
    • U.S. position, 59, 62, 77, 79– 80, 597
    • Vietnamese position, 24– 25, 60– 61, 78
  • National organization to supervise, proposal re, 489– 491, 498n
  • Reorganization, MAAG plan for, 701– 702
  • U.S. Operations Mission, problems with, 503– 505
  • U.S.-Vietnamese program for (Jan. 1959), 128– 131, 134– 135, 218
• Cleveland, Robert G., 236n , 451n , 633n , 720n , 751n
• Colby, William E., 255n , 632, 660– 663, 671n
• Colegrove, Albert M., 220n , 226, 405– 406, 429
• Colegrove newspaper articles, 220– 221, 225
• Collins, Gen. J. Lawton, 138– 141, 681
• Commando units. See under Counter-insurgency operations.
• Communist insurgency in Vietnam:
  • Aircraft, use of, 305– 306
  • Army of the Republic of Vietnam, infiltration of, 307
  • Assassinations, 72, 304– 305, 317, 539
  • Attack units, size of, 320– 321
  • Bien Hoa attack (July 1959), 220
  • From Cambodia, 43– 44, 121, 529, 571
  • Casualties, 318– 320
  • In Central Vietnam, 12– 13, 19, 83, 247– 249, 308– 309
  • Communist cells in Vietnam, 469– 470
  • Coup, intentions re, 301, 310
  • Decrease in, 215
  • Dissidents, surrender of, 83, 85
  • Elections, activities during, 232
  • Guerrilla tactics, 283, 299, 372– 373
  • Hit and run tactics, 342– 343
  • Increase in, 176– 177, 300– 301, 310, 336, 345, 538– 539, 743
  • Infiltration routes, 309
  • International Supervisory and Control Commission refusal to acknowledge, 408
  • Kidnappings, 304– 305, 317, 539, 590
  • From Laos, 361– 362, 510
  • Methods, determination of, 218– 219
  • Military assistance to Vietnam, relation to, 97– 98
  • Military-type operations, 305– 307, 424
  • Peasants, intimidation of, 368
  • People’s Army of Vietnam, 309– 310
  • Political and psychological activities, 526– 527
  • Popular support for, 205, 532– 533, 616
  • Propaganda operations, 307
  • Rubber plantation attacks, 72
  • Rural areas, control of, 43– 44, 129, 406– 407, 716, 718
  • Status through April 1960, 303– 304
  • Subversion attempts, failure of, 7– 8
  • Supply lines, 368
  • Tay Ninh attack (Jan. 1960), 296n , 303, 343– 344
  • Terrorism, use of, 215– 216, 615– 616
  • Troop strength, 301
  • Vietnamese fabrications in reporting, 428– 429
• Communist invasion of Vietnam, possible, 700, 717– 718, 750
• Comstock, Col. Richard H., 64n , 396– 400
• Congress, U.S., 101– 102, 225– 227, 273– 274, 289, 382, 382n , 441– 442, 467– 469
• Corcoran, Thomas J., 3n , 20n
• Coster, Donald Q., 495– 496, 503– 508
• Counter-insurgency operations in Vietnam:
  • Aircraft, use of, 390
  • Anti-guerrilla training (see also under Army of the Republic of Vietnam; Civil Guard):
    • British trainers for, 349, 386– 387, 410– 411
    • Competitive exercises, 481– 482
    • Durbrow–Williams misunderstanding re, 396– 404, 474– 483, 493, 524
    • International Supervisory and Control Commission interest in, 287
    • Locations for, 394– 395
    • MAAG involvement in, 291– 293, 394– 395, 474– 483
    • Need for, 406– 407
    • Obstacles to, 478– 481
    • Officer training, 216, 218
    • Okinawa as base for, 331– 332
    • Personnel for, 394
    • Results of, 482
    • Rotation for, 337– 338, 354– 356, 363, 479, 546
    • Time requirements, 475– 476
    • U.S. instruction manuals, 360, 398, 401– 402, 475
    • U.S. Special Forces, for, 206, 218, 281– 282, 287– 289, 290, 322– 324, 346– 347, 354, 393, 407n
  • Army of the Republic of Vietnam used for, 121, 310, 354, 358
  • Border control system, 450– 451, 454– 456, 719– 720
  • In Camau Peninsula, 214– 217
  • Cambodian cooperation, 378
  • Centralized command, 310– 311, 315– 316, 321– 322, 324, 336– 337, 339– 340, 356, 429
  • Coastal surveillance, 323, 327
  • Commando training school, 64– 65, 402, 477– 478
  • Commando units:
    • Army of the Republic of Vietnam volunteers for, 285–286, 325– 326, 353, 379
    • Equipment for, 353
    • Force levels, 348– 349, 352, 373– 374
    • Functions of, 352– 353
    • U.S. position, 323– 324, 337, 343, 353– 354, 357– 358
    • Vietnamese position, 283– 286
  • Communist bases, attacks on, 369– 371, 378
  • Coup attempt of Nov. 1960, effects of, 651
  • Emergency Operations Control System, 573– 574
  • Equipment for, 321– 322, 328, 353, 452, 570, 590
    • Defense, U.S. Department of, position, 332, 342n , 358
    • Funding for, 342n , 393
    • Vietnamese position, 325– 326, 350– 351
    • Vietnamese requests, 365– 366, 389
  • Equipment used to attack Cambodia, 433– 435
    • Diem’s assessment of, 453– 454, 463
    • U.S. reaction to, 435– 437, 439– 441, 448– 449, 452– 453
  • Farmers’ Associations, 250– 251, 260n
  • French contribution to, 543
  • Helicopters for, 703– 704, 710, 746
  • Hoa Hao, possible use of, 295, 349
  • Hot pursuit, rights of, 571
  • Intelligence reports, 315, 374, 378– 379
  • Intelligence system, 321– 322, 348, 356– 358, 363, 378, 384, 389– 390, 571, 590– 591, 606, 623– 624, 733
  • Jungle teams, 605n – 606n
  • Lansdale to assist with:
    • Defense, U.S. Department of, position, 466
    • Diem’s request for, 409, 425– 426, 440
    • Durbrow’s position, 462– 463
    • Limitations on, 457– 459
    • State, U.S. Department of, position, 443n , 465– 466, 501
  • Logistics in, 390
  • MAAG plan (Oct. 1960), 613– 620
  • Military installations, inadequacy of, 91– 92
  • Military methods, reliance on, 188– 189
  • Military Tribunals, use of, 216
  • National course of action:
    • Defense, U.S. Department of, position, 571– 575
    • JCS recommendations, 512– 514, 547– 548
    • MAAG position, 614
    • State, U.S. Department of, position, 604– 605
  • Pacification timetable, 372
  • Peasants(see also Agroville program), 194– 195, 285– 286, 302– 303, 311– 316, 326– 328, 351– 352, 379
    • Adviser system at province level, 332– 333, 341– 342, 390– 394
    • Civil Affairs operations, 347– 348
  • Phuoc Thanh Province operations, 305– 306
  • Populace, control of, 574– 575, 619
  • Psychological warfare, 205– 206, 321, 323, 347, 571– 572
  • Regimental camps, construction of, 370
  • Road and canal construction, 12– 13, 214, 216, 236n , 350– 351, 505– 507
  • Rural areas, control of, 388
  • Sweep operations, 308– 309, 320– 321
  • Training camps, 371– 372
  • U.S. advisers in the field, possibility of, 178– 180, 182– 183
    • State, U.S. Department of, position, 217– 218
    • Vietnamese position, 199– 201, 203– 204
  • U.S. policies re, 53– 54, 362, 414– 415
  • U.S. troops involved in, possibility of, 570
  • U.S.-Vietnamese joint effort, proposal re, 69– 70, 71n , 85– 86
  • U.S.-Vietnamese military conferences, 533
  • Vietnamese Air Force, use of, 323
  • Villages, protection of, 371, 378
• Coup, possible:
  • Army of the Republic of Vietnam reaction to, 562– 563
  • CIA assessment of, 728
  • Communist intentions re, 301, 310, 560– 561
  • Conditions for, 167– 168
  • Durbrow’s assessment of, 560– 563, 709– 710
  • Leadership of, 587– 588
    • Catholic refugees, 561– 562
    • Intellectuals, 330– 331
    • Military, 266
    • Opposition parties, 562
    • Peasants, 560
    • Sects, 562
    • Students, 561
    • Trade unions, 561
  • Likelihood of, 563
• Coup attempt, 1954, 534– 535, 667– 668
• Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 631
  • Cessation of hostilities, 658
  • Communist capitalization on, 647, 652, 658
  • Communist support of, 687
  • Counter-insurgency operations, effect on, 651
  • Coup attempt of 1954, similarity to, 667– 668
  • Durbrow’s reaction to, 635– 637, 649– 650, 662– 663, 669
    • Defense, U.S. Department of, position, 667– 668, 681– 682
    • State, U.S. Department of, position, 633, 640
    • Vietnamese position, 705– 707, 716
  • Eisenhower letter to Diem re, 682– 683
  • Felt trip in response to, possible, 640– 641
  • First-hand accounts, 638– 639, 660– 663
  • Investigation of, 690
  • Junior officers’ role in, 645– 646
  • Leaders of, 632– 633
    • Escape to Cambodia, 657– 658
  • Lessons of, 653– 655
  • Marines, Diem’s request for, 634– 635
  • Military, effects on, 659– 660
  • Military control of government, 651– 652
  • Minh, role of, 646
  • Negotiations, 637– 638, 643, 647
  • Objectives of, 633– 635, 642– 643
  • Political reforms, effects on, 658– 659
  • Popular reaction to, 639, 647, 652
  • Provisional government, 644– 645, 648, 650
  • Rebellious troops, identification of, 665– 666
  • Revolutionary Committee, 635, 642
  • Surrender of rebels, 648, 664
  • U.S. backing of, alleged:
    • Diem’s position, 677, 708
    • Rebel leaders, contact with, 671n
    • Vietnamese pamphlet re, 670– 672, 679– 681
  • U.S.-Vietnamese relations, effect on, 688
  • Vengeance re rebels, 655– 657, 664– 666, 678
• Cumming, Hugh S., Jr., 69, 71n , 438, 717– 718
• Cunningham, H. Francis, J., 330– 331
• Cutler, Robert, 40n
• Dabney, Lt. Gen. John A., 670n
• Dai Ta Loc, Lt. Col., 639
• Dai Viets Party, 725
• Dan. See Phan Quang Dan .
• Dang Duc Khoi, 726
• Dang Van Sung, 725
• Dap Chhuon, Gen., 299, 529– 530
• De Gaulle, Charles, 544n
• De Jaegher, Raymond J., 634
• Defense, U.S. Department of (see also Joint Chiefs of Staff):
  • Cambodia, Vietnamese attack on, 439– 441
  • Civil Guard, 26– 29, 37– 38, 387n – 388n , 571
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 332, 342n , 357– 359, 466, 572– 575
    • U.S. troops involved in, 570
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 640– 641, 667– 668, 681– 682
  • Jet facility construction, 187– 188
  • Military assistance, U.S., 233n , 422– 423
  • MAAG personnel ceiling, 274– 276
  • Political situation, 549
  • Thuan, meeting with, 387– 390
  • Vietnamese Air Force, 63– 64, 73– 74, 135– 136, 196n , 359
  • Vietnamese military students, training of, 53
• Development Loan Fund Corporation, 76, 186, 237, 242
• Diem. See Ngo Dinh Diem .
• Dillon, C. Douglas, 118n , 128, 187– 188, 225, 237– 238, 273– 274, 352n , 382– 383, 388n , 437– 438, 461– 462, 466, 672
  • Diem, U.S. support for, 459– 462
  • Political reforms, 591– 594, 735– 737
• Do Cao Minh, 727
• Do Cao Tri, Maj., 639
• Do Mau, Col., 727
• Douglas, James H., 279, 336, 439n , 457– 458, 549, 572n , 667, 730
• Draper Committee (see also Anderson Committee), 138n , 172– 174
• Dulles, Allen W., 40n , 412n , 585– 586
• Dulles, John Foster, 39n , 55, 79– 80, 96, 98– 100, 134– 135, 210
• Dung. See Tran Trung Dung .
• Duong Van Duc, Gen., 164, 726
• Duong Van Minh, Maj. Gen., 267, 348– 349, 531, 562, 639, 646, 659, 662, 667, 722
• Durbrow, Elbridge:
  • Agroville program, 302, 485– 486, 589– 591
  • Anderson Committee visit to Vietnam, 138– 144
  • Army of the Republic of Vietnam:
    • Reorganization of, 471
    • U.S. intelligence re, 293
  • Assistance programs, U.S., 225
    • Balance in, 13– 15
    • FY 1960, 74– 77
  • Cambodia:
    • Vietnamese attack on, 433– 437, 439n , 453– 454
    • Vietnamese relations with, 190– 191, 454– 456
  • Can Lao Party, 84– 85, 87– 90, 184, 221– 225, 375– 377
    • Report re, 144– 170
  • Chau resignation, 15– 16
  • Civil Guard:
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 544– 547, 556– 557, 565– 566
    • Military control of, 30– 32, 60– 61, 77, 557, 572n , 597
  • Communist insurgency, increase in, 176– 177, 300– 301
  • Communist invasion, possible, 750
  • Counter-insurgency operations:
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 283– 288, 290, 331, 354– 356, 393, 406– 407, 409, 462– 463
    • Border control, 719– 720
    • Centralized command, 356
    • Coastal surveillance, 327
    • Commando units, 325– 326, 352– 354, 379
    • Equipment for, 325– 326, 328, 350– 351, 393
    • Intelligence reports, 378– 379
    • Intelligence system, 356– 357, 590– 591
    • Lansdale to assist with, 409, 462– 463
    • Military methods, reliance on, 188– 189
    • Misunderstanding with Williams re, 396– 404, 474, 524
    • Peasants, 194– 195, 302– 303, 326– 327, 351– 352
    • U.S.-Vietnamese joint effort, 69– 70, 71n , 85
    • Vietnamese-Cambodian relations and, 450– 451
    • Village protection, 378
  • Coup, possible, 560– 563, 709– 710
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 632– 638, 640– 645, 649– 650, 654, 662– 663, 665– 672, 676, 681– 683, 705– 708, 716
  • Diem, relations with, 193– 194, 662
  • Diem, U.S. popular opinion re, 86– 87
  • Diem, U.S. support for, 483n , 495– 497
  • Economic development, 12– 13, 131n , 240
  • Economic situation:
    • Budget, 10– 12, 240
    • Devaluation of piaster, 174n , 519– 520
    • Exchange rate of piaster, 241, 522– 523
    • Government involvement in businesses, 242
    • Mixed economy, 6
  • Effectiveness of, 580
  • Elections (1959), 227– 233
  • Jet facility construction, 105– 107
  • Lansdale visit to Vietnam, possible, 691– 692
  • Laos, 543– 544
  • Leadership alternatives to Diem, 749
  • McGarr, relations with, 524– 525
  • Military assistance, U.S.:
    • Diem’s preference for, 140– 141
    • FY 1960, 233– 236
    • Increase in, 559, 565
    • Reduction in, 14– 15, 193– 194, 207– 208, 239– 240, 276– 278
  • MAAG personnel ceiling, 3, 211– 213, 273– 274
  • Military budget, Vietnamese contribution to, 181– 182
  • Personalism philosophy, 109– 113
  • Political reforms, 575– 579, 598, 622– 625, 683– 686, 688– 691, 707– 708, 710– 711, 740– 741
    • Diem’s reaction to, 605– 609
    • Memorandum for Diem, 745– 748
    • Presentation to Diem, 595– 596
  • Political situation, 4
    • Diem’s efforts for political support, 214– 217, 514– 515
    • Foreign press coverage, 733– 734
    • Leadership alternatives to Diem, 464
    • Opposition to Diem, 189– 190, 404– 406, 456
    • Reports re, 255– 271, 293– 299
    • Stability of Diem government, 556– 560, 564– 567
    • U.S.-French discussion re, 541– 543
  • Recall of, proposed, 653
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level increase, 172, 392, 557– 558, 566– 567, 621– 622, 626– 631, 694, 737– 739, 749– 750
  • Secretary of State for Southeast Asia proposal, 70– 71
  • Self-Defense Corps, 82– 84
  • Technical assistance programs, U.S., 240– 241
  • Temporary Equipment Recovery Mission, 1– 2
  • Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, report re, 509– 512
  • Vietnam situation, assessment of, 741– 745
  • Vietnamese Air Force, 66– 69, 73, 175, 176n , 196– 198, 250, 731– 732
    • Jets for, 102– 103
  • Vietnamese attitude toward, 569
  • Williams, relations with, 444– 445
  • Williams, retirement of, 170– 172, 492
  • Youth groups, 732– 733
• Durdin, Tillman, 432
• Economic assistance, U.S., to Vietnam:
  • Congressional actions re, 101– 102
  • Delays in, 14, 140, 367
  • Increase in, Vietnamese position, 101
  • Reductions in, 208, 367
  • Uses of, 97– 98, 253
• Economic development in Vietnam:
  • Agricultural development, 236– 237
  • China, Republic of, agreements with, 380
  • Construction projects, Vietnamese initiative re, 251– 252
  • Education and, 248
  • French credits for, 380
  • Government attitude toward, 242, 262
  • Industrial development, 76, 364, 365, 380– 381
  • Military personnel used for, 18– 19
    • U.S. position, 131– 134
  • Political situation and, 15– 16, 191, 262– 263
  • Popular support for government through, 15– 16, 191
  • Public works programs, 11
  • Rice exports, 76, 128, 242, 381
  • Road construction, 12– 13, 214, 216, 236n , 252– 253, 350– 351, 505– 507
  • Rubber replantation, 381
  • Rural development programs, 50, 122
  • Three-year plan, 519– 521
  • U.S. policies re, 419– 420
  • U.S. support, need for, 505– 506
  • Vietnamese financing of, 240
• Economic situation in Vietnam (see also Business activities under Can Lao Party ):
  • Budget, 10– 12, 76– 77
  • Counterpart funds, 141, 185
  • Deficit financing, 240
  • Devaluation of piaster, 174, 181, 186, 519– 520
  • Development Loan Fund loans, 76, 186, 237, 242
  • Entrepreneur class, formation of, 223– 224
  • Foreign exchange rates on piaster, 141, 173– 174, 241, 363– 364
    • U.S. position, 520n – 521n , 522– 523
  • Government involvement in businesses, 238, 242, 253– 254
  • Local currency resources, 366– 367
  • Long-range planning, 367
  • Military assistance, U.S., relation to, 241
  • Mixed economy (third way), 5– 7
  • Monetary reforms, 381– 382
  • National Economic Council, proposed, 607, 624, 686, 689
  • Private investment:
    • U.S. position, 43, 120, 122, 420
    • Vietnamese position, 262– 263
  • Standard of living, 368
  • Taxation, 237, 284, 520– 521, 545n , 740
  • U.S. assistance, dependence on, 128, 207– 208
  • U.S. policies re, 47– 50, 122– 123, 270– 271
• Eden, Anthony, 210
• Eisenhower, Dwight D., 12, 138n , 255n , 407, 447, 489n , 507, 641, 705n
  • Diem, letters to, 39– 40, 609– 611
• Eisenhower, John S.D., 220, 408n , 664, 705n
• Elections in Vietnam (1959):
  • Candidates, government selection of, 227– 228
  • Communist activities during, 232
  • Election law violators, seating of, 231– 233, 269
  • Foreign coverage of, 228
  • As propaganda exercise, 228– 229
  • Results of, 229– 231
  • U.S. assessment of, 231n
• Elting, Howard, Jr., 6, 29– 34, 58– 59, 92– 96, 103– 105, 220– 221, 243
• Erichsen-Brown, 309
• Erskine, Gen. Graves B., 26– 27, 713
• Eurasia, 162
• Evans, Col. Robert F., 26, 36– 37, 63– 64, 81, 124– 127, 209– 212
• Fall, M. Bernard, 428– 429
• Farmers’ Associations, 250– 251, 260n
• Felt, Adm. Harry D., 83– 84, 387
  • Counter-insurgency operations:
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 281– 282, 346, 358
    • Equipment for, 351
    • Lansdale to assist with, 458
    • National course of action, 512– 513, 572
    • U.S. advisers in the field, 199– 200
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 640– 641, 645, 648, 650, 657
  • Lansdale visit to Vietnam, possible, 729, 730n
  • Military assistance, U.S., 93– 94
  • MAAG personnel ceiling, 272, 275
  • Political situation, 549
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level increase, 328– 329, 621, 695
  • Vietnamese Air Force, 103, 124– 126, 366
  • Williams, retirement of, 171
• Fine, Sherwood M., 514, 516– 518, 673n
• Fink, Andrew J., III, 300n
• Fippin, William H., 486
• Fishel, Wesley R., 426– 433, 589n
• FitzGerald, D.A., 673– 676
• Fitzgerald, Desmond, 568
• Flesch, Lt. Col. Joseph M., 332, 338, 342, 357, 387n , 391, 572n
• Foster, Lt. Col., 444n
• Fox, M. J., 134n
• France, 137, 613
  • Cambodia, presence in, 529
  • Cultural effect on Vietnam, 75– 76
  • Laos, presence in, 99, 543n – 544n
  • Political situation, concerns re, 456, 483– 485, 541– 543
  • Vietnam, relations with, 380, 418– 419
• Frechtling, L. E., 187n
• Free Khmer Radio, 433– 436, 497
• French, Jerome T., 339, 669– 670, 692– 693, 713– 717
• Fruit, Melville M., 218
• Fulbright, J. William, 225, 427
• Garcia, Carlos P., 184
• Gardiner, Arthur Z., 142, 176– 177, 185– 186, 226, 445, 455, 633n
• Gates, Thomas S., Jr., 387n – 388n , 447, 501, 547, 641, 653, 703
• Geneva Accords, 65– 66, 198n , 209, 334n – 335n
  • U.S. policies re, 417– 418
• Goodpaster, Brig. Gen. Andrew J., 172n , 408
• Gore, Albert E., 274n , 444
• Grant, William B., 509n
• Gray, Gordon, 118n , 412n , 451n
• Great Britain. See United Kingdom.
• Green, Marshall, 65
• Ha Thuc Luyen, 151– 152, 246– 247
• Ha Van Vuong, 158, 284
• Hall, Thomas E., 134n
• Hannah, John A., 586, 589n
• Hare, Raymond A., 451n
• Heavner, Theodore J. C, 243– 250, 308
• Helble, John, 589n
• Herter, Christian A., 40n
  • Assistance programs, U.S., 225
  • Cambodia, Vietnamese attack on, 448– 449
  • Civil Guard, 118n , 493– 494
  • Communist insurgency, 218– 219
  • Communist invasion, possible, 717
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 217– 218, 604– 605
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 633
  • Diem, U.S. support for, 609
  • MAAG personnel ceiling, 23, 334– 335, 441– 442
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level increase, 720– 721
  • Thuan’s U.S. visit, 236n , 384– 386
• Ho Van Nhut, 330, 725
• Hoa Hao, 295, 331, 349, 531
• Hoang. See Thai Quang Hoang, Gen.
• Hoang Co Thuy, 227, 635, 637, 642, 644, 666, 690, 725
• Hoang Hung, 115
• Hohler, H.A.F., 456n
• Houghton, Amory, 114– 117
• Hutchinson, Maj. Gen. Donald R., 125– 126
• Huynh Van Lang, 153, 727
• ICC. See International Supervisory and Control Commission.
• Inagaki, René-Georges, 687
• India, 7, 137, 334n
• Information and cultural programs, U.S., 52– 53, 75– 76, 241, 271, 412, 420– 421
• Internal security. See Civil Guard; Counter-insurgency operations; Self-Defense Corps.
• Internal Security Council, 600, 623
• International Cooperation Administration, U.S., 26, 53, 37– 38, 367
• International Education Exchange Service, 53
• International Supervisory and Control Commission (ICC):
  • Civil Guard, 130– 131
  • Communist insurgency, refusal to acknowledge, 408
  • Counter-insurgency operations, interest in, 287
  • Function of, 210
  • Influence of, 418
  • MAAG personnel ceiling, 211– 212, 272, 334– 335, 408, 469
  • Temporary Equipment Recovery Mission, interest in, 1n , 2– 3, 21, 202
  • Termination of, U.S. position, 136– 137
  • U.S. policies re, 43, 120, 418
  • Vietnamese Air Force, jets for, 66– 69
• Irwin, John N., II, 80, 118n , 135, 172n , 187, 198n , 288, 328, 387– 390, 412n , 489, 498n , 572– 575, 621, 640– 641
• Japanese Reparations Agreements, 380
• Jenkins, Albert leS., 459n
• Jet facility construction in Vietnam:
  • Commercial cover for, 67, 106, 188
  • Funding for, 106– 107, 187– 188
  • JCS position, 108– 109, 192, 193n
  • Second facility, possible, 105– 106, 107n , 187– 188
    • Funding for, 192– 193
  • Vietnamese position, 367
• Johnson, U. Alexis, 611– 613
• Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S.:
  • Civil Guard, 489– 492
  • Communist insurgency, 345
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 512– 514, 547– 548, 703– 704
  • Jet facility construction, 108– 109, 192, 193n
  • MAAG personnel ceiling, 275– 276
  • Political situation, 549
  • Vietnamese Air Force, 102– 103, 108– 109, 125– 126
• Jonas, Gilbert, 431
• Katay Don Sasorith, 8
• Kattenburg, Paul M., 25
• Kennan, George F., 502
• Kent, Sherman, 293, 526
• Khrushchev, Nikita S., 423
• Knight, Robert H., 106n – 107n , 410n , 439n , 458, 465– 466, 670n , 682
• Kocher, Eric, 3n , 55n , 71– 74, 87, 90n , 136– 137, 175– 176, 196n
• Korea, Republic of, 438
  • U.S. policies re, 459– 461
  • Vietnam, similarity of circumstances, 461– 462
• Kossamak, Queen of Cambodia, 373
• Kuomintang, 155– 156
• Ladejinsky, Wolf, 69– 71, 86– 88, 90n , 103– 105, 188– 190, 294– 296, 400, 450– 451, 495, 514– 518, 591n , 612, 734
• Lalouette, Roger, 456n , 483n , 484, 613
• Lam Le Trinh, 15, 154, 215
• Lampert, Brig. Gen. J. B., 193– 194, 349, 387n
• Lansdale, Col. Edward G., 442
  • Agroville program, 411
  • Cambodia, Vietnamese attack on, 439n , 463
  • Civil Guard, military control of, 26– 29, 62, 691
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 320, 324n – 325n , 338, 570– 572
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 206– 207, 288– 289, 337– 338, 386– 387, 410– 411
    • Centralized command, 336– 337
    • Commando units, 337, 348, 357
    • Peasants, efforts to win over, 341, 391
    • Possible involvement in, 409, 425– 426, 440, 443n , 457– 459, 462– 463
    • Psychological warfare, 204– 206
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 653– 654, 659, 667– 669
  • Draper Committee, 138n
  • McGarr, briefing for, 528– 536
  • Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame, 568– 569
  • Political reforms, 579– 585
  • Political situation, 279– 281
  • Self-Defense Corps, 80– 81
  • Special National Intelligence Estimate, background information for, 526– 528
  • Vietnam visit, possible, 691– 693, 729– 730
  • Williams, retirement of, 501– 502
• Lao Dong Party, 301, 309
• Laos:
  • Army of, 92, 95
  • Communist insurgency from, 361– 362, 510
  • Economic situation, 92, 383
  • French presence in, 99, 543n – 544n
  • Political situation, 8– 9, 98– 99
  • Vietnam, relations with, 41– 42, 119, 543– 544, 742
• Lausche, Frank J., 226
• Le Dinh Hue, 244
• Le Khac Quyen, 247
• Le Quang Tung, Lt. Col., 727
• Le Truong Quat, 624
• Le Van Dong, 153– 154, 188– 189, 228, 294, 561, 726
• Le Van Kim, Gen., 642
• Le Van Ty, Gen., 64, 65n , 266– 267, 315, 353, 393, 633n , 644– 646, 666, 722
• LeMay, Gen. Curtis E., 704
• Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman Louis, 345– 348, 389– 390, 501, 682
• Liberty and Progress Party, 438
• Lien Minh, 530– 531
• MAAG. See Military Assistance Advisory Group.
• McElroy, Neil H., 93
• McGarr, Lt. Gen. Lionel C., 492, 501
  • Briefing for, 528– 536
  • Civil Guard, military control of, 691
  • Communist invasion, possible, 750
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 635– 637, 645– 648, 650– 652, 657– 660, 663, 668, 676– 678
  • Diem, relations with, 525
  • Durbrow, relations with, 524– 525
  • Leadership alternatives to Diem, 749
  • Political situation, 556, 564– 566
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level increase, 621, 695– 696
• McGee, Gale, 274n , 385, 444
• McIntosh, Frank, 367
• McKnown, Col. William K., 390
• Macmillan, Harold, 55n , 58
• Macomber, William B., Jr., 289
• Manac’h, Etienne M., 483– 484
• Mansfield, Michael J., 225– 226, 273– 274, 382, 427, 429, 441, 467, 525
• Maritain, Jacques, 110n
• Mau. See Vu Van Mau .
• Mehlert, Calvin E., 109n
• Mendenhall, Joseph A., 36, 39n , 55n , 64, 71n , 73n , 79n , 127n , 128n , 134n , 136n , 147n , 175n , 217n , 255n , 300n , 444, 579n , 589, 625n , 677n , 722n , 745n , 746n
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 660– 662
• Menderes, Adnan, 438n
• Menon, Gopala, 683– 684
• Merchant, Livingston, 447, 498n , 640– 641, 682, 711, 751– 752
• Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group, 588– 589
• Military assistance, U.S., to Vietnam, 51
  • Administration of, Vietnamese position, 251– 252
  • Civil commodities purchased with, 235– 236
  • Communications equipment, 94– 95
  • Communist insurgency, relation to, 97– 98
  • Congressional interest in, 273– 274
  • Defense, U.S. Department of, summary of, 422– 423
  • Diem’s preference for, 140– 141, 181– 182
  • Economic situation, relation to, 241
  • Equipment needs, 91, 93– 96
  • FY 1960, 233– 236
  • FY 1961, 422
  • Increase in:
    • Durbrow’s position, 559, 565
    • MAAG position, 554– 555
    • Vietnamese position, 100– 101
  • Reduction in, 176– 177
    • Areas to be cut, 277
    • Economic consequences of, 207– 208, 276– 277
    • Force levels, effects on, 239– 240
    • Psychological effects of, 139– 140, 384
    • Vietnamese position, 14– 15, 361– 362
    • Williams’ position, 373
  • State, U.S. Department of, control of, 273– 274
  • Vietnamese-Cambodian relations and, 193
• Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) (see also MAAG subheadings under other subjects):
  • Army of the Republic of Vietnam reorganization, 443– 444, 471– 474
  • Audits of military expenditures, 140– 141
  • Civil Guard:
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 544– 547, 552, 556– 560, 565– 566, 572n , 591
    • Military control of, 551
    • Plan for Reorganization, 701– 702
  • Counter-insurgency operations:
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 291– 293, 394– 395, 474– 483
    • Plan for (Oct. 1960), 613– 620
  • Establishment of, 45
  • Logistic advice by, 57, 468
  • Military assistance, increase in, 554– 555
  • Personnel ceiling, establishment of, 55
  • Personnel ceiling increase, 3
    • Congressional interest in, 441– 442, 467– 469
    • Foreign governments, explanations for, 57– 58
    • International Supervisory and Control Commission interest in, 211– 212, 272, 334– 335, 408, 469
    • Process of, 467– 469
    • Subterfuges re, 210– 211
    • Temporary Equipment Recovery Mission personnel for, 212– 213
    • U.S. figures re, 272– 276
    • U.S. plan for, 211– 213
    • U.S. position, 20– 23, 36– 37, 56– 58
  • Reduction in, possible, 470– 471
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level increase, 695– 703
  • Stability of Diem government, proposals re, 550– 560, 564– 567
  • Temporary Equipment Recovery Mission, relation to, 210– 211
  • Training responsibilities of, 209– 210, 324
  • Vietnamese attitude toward, 444
• Military budget, Vietnamese:
  • U.S. contribution to, 51, 366
  • Vietnamese contribution to, 14, 173, 181– 182, 254, 278, 361– 362
• Military forces in Vietnam. See Army of the Republic of Vietnam; Civil Guard; Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces; Self-Defense Corps; Vietnamese Air Force.
• Military situation in Vietnam (see also Communist insurgency; Counter-insurgency operations), U.S. policies re, 50– 52, 271
• Miller, George P., 93
• Minh. See Duong Van Minh, Maj. Gen .
• Montagnards, 46, 83, 308, 416
• Morse, Wayne, 226
• Moyer, Raymond, 226
• Murphy, Lt. Col. J. A., 339
• Musolf, Lloyd D., 586– 589
• Myers, Maj. Gen. Samuel L., 64– 65, 342, 400n , 402, 477
• National Assembly, reform proposals re, 577, 583, 601, 624, 686, 736, 740, 747
• National Economic Council, 607, 624, 686, 689
• National Intelligence Estimates:
  • NIE 63–59, 201– 203
• National Police and Security Service, 320
• National Revolutionary Movement, 12– 13, 83, 115– 116, 166, 244– 245, 260n
• National Security Council:
  • Communist insurgency, 585– 586
  • Documents:
    • NSC 5809, 34– 35, 523– 524
  • Meetings:
    • 444th, 446– 447
    • 460th, 585– 586
  • Military takeovers, 255n
  • Political situation in Vietnam, 446– 447
• Natsios, Nicholas A., 77n
• Navy, Vietnamese, 358– 359, 554
• Ngo Dinh Can, 217
  • Alternative to Diem, possible, 724
  • Americans, contact with, 19– 20
  • Can Lao Party, 150– 152, 163, 165– 167, 243
  • Communist insurgency, 19, 247– 249
  • Economic development, 18– 19
  • Elections (1959), 227
  • Peasants, concern for, 195
  • Personal life, 17– 18, 246– 247
  • Policies of, 4– 5
  • Political power of, 90, 117, 248– 250
• Ngo Dinh Diem:
  • Advice received by, 302, 312, 315
  • Agroville program, 487– 489, 506, 590– 591, 623
  • Army of the Republic of Vietnam reorganization, 443– 444
  • Assistance programs, U.S. (see also Military assistance, U.S., below ), 140, 351
  • Cambodia:
    • Islands dispute, 450, 454
    • Vietnamese attack on, 434– 435, 453– 454, 463– 464
    • Vietnamese relations with, 190, 454– 456
  • Can Lao Party, 89, 149– 151, 155, 165, 167– 169, 296, 298, 375– 377, 434– 435, 455– 456
  • Civil Guard:
    • Command structure, 678
    • Force level reductions, 58
    • Military control of, 24– 25, 28, 30– 34, 60– 61, 572n , 597, 689– 691
    • U.S. Operations Mission, problems with, 503– 505
  • Communist insurgency, 83, 85, 372– 373
    • In Central Vietnam, 12– 13
    • Increase in, 176– 177
  • Counter-insurgency operations:
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 283– 286, 290, 410– 411
    • Border patrols, 454– 456
    • Centralized command, 316, 321– 322, 340
    • Coastal surveillance, 327
    • Commando units, 325– 326, 348– 349, 373– 374, 379
    • Communist bases, attacks on, 369– 371
    • Equipment for, 325– 326, 328, 350– 351, 358
    • Hoa Hao, use of, 295
    • Intelligence reports, 374, 378– 379
    • Intelligence system, 590– 591
    • Jungle teams, use of, 605n – 606n
    • Lansdale to assist with, 409n , 425– 426, 440, 457– 459, 462– 463
    • Military installations, inadequacy of, 91– 92
    • Peasants, 302– 303, 313– 315, 326– 327, 341, 351– 352
    • Training camps, 371– 372
    • U.S. advisers in the field, 203– 204
    • U.S.-Vietnamese joint effort, 69– 70, 71n
    • Village protection, 371, 378
  • (Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 634, 649– 650, 653, 655– 657, 665– 666, 677– 678, 682– 683, 690, 705– 708
  • Durbrow, relations with, 193– 194, 662
  • Economic development:
    • Construction projects, 251– 252
    • Road construction, 12– 13, 252– 253, 505– 507
    • U.S. support, need for, 505– 506
  • Economic situation:
    • Budget surplus, 10– 12
    • Devaluation of piaster, 181, 519n
    • Government involvement in businesses, 253– 254
    • Taxation, 284, 740
  • Eisenhower letters to, 39– 40, 578– 579, 585, 594n , 609– 611
  • Elections (1959), 231– 232
  • Farmers’ Associations, 250– 251
  • Fishel letter to, 426– 433
  • Foreign press treatment of, 733– 734, 739– 740
  • French, attitude toward, 506– 507
  • Health of, 93
  • Ladejinsky, relations with, 103– 105
  • McGarr, relations with, 525
  • Military assistance, U.S.:
    • Administration of, 251– 252
    • Equipment, 91, 93– 96
    • Preference for, 140– 141, 181– 182
    • Reduction in, 14– 15
  • Military budget, Vietnamese contribution to, 181– 182, 254
  • Nhu, defense of, 679
  • Personality of, 114, 142, 587, 742– 743
  • Political philosophy, 258
  • Political reforms, 595– 596, 678, 684– 685, 740– 741
    • Actions re, 622– 625, 688– 689
    • Presentation of, reaction to, 606– 609, 612– 613
    • U.S. memorandum re, 746– 748
  • Political situation:
    • Criticism by government officials, 16
    • Deterioration of, reaction to, 516– 518
    • Opposition. See Opposition to Diem under Political situation in Vietnam.
    • Peasants, 189– 190, 296– 297
    • Political support, efforts re, 214– 217, 214– 217, 296– 297, 515, 522, 545n
  • Popular attitudes toward, 84– 85
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level increase, 254, 328– 329, 605n , 621– 622, 731– 732, 739
  • Secretary of State for Southeast Asia proposal, 70– 71
  • Self-Defense Corps, 82– 84, 150– 151
  • U.S. popular opinion re, 86– 87
  • U.S. support for. See Diem, U.S. support for under Political situation in Vietnam.
  • Vietnamese Air Force, 731– 732
  • Williams, retirement of, 171, 172n , 445, 501
  • Youth groups, 732– 733
• Ngo Dinh Luyen, 116, 148– 149, 519n , 724
• Ngo Dinh Nhu:
  • Alternative to Diem, possible, 724
  • Ambassadorship, proposed appointment to, 577, 579n , 581– 582, 592– 593, 596, 603– 604, 684– 685
  • Cambodia, 9
    • Vietnamese attack on, 433
  • Can Lao Party, 116, 150, 152– 155, 157– 158, 165, 189, 243– 244, 297– 298
    • Business activities, 220– 225
  • Communist insurgency, 7– 8, 25, 215
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 315
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 635, 637, 643, 663
  • Diem, relations with, 297, 679
  • Economic assistance, U.S., 141
  • Economic development, 131– 134
  • Economic situation, 5– 7
  • Elections (1959), 227, 229
  • Laos, 8– 9, 543n
  • Military, interest in, 265– 266
  • Personalism philosophy, 110– 112
  • Political situation, role in, 7, 90, 117, 258, 622, 624
  • Succession question, 267
• Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame, 568– 569, 679
• Ngo Khac Tinh, 727
• Ngo Trong Hieu, 229
• Nguyen Bao Toan, 726
• Nguyen Chanh Thi, Col., 633, 642, 644, 658, 665– 666
• Nguyen Cong Vien, 115
• Nguyen Dinh Quat, 161
• Nguyen Dinh Thuan, 23, 400n , 503
  • Agroville program, 316, 368, 383– 384
  • Alternative to Diem, possible 724
  • Cambodia:
    • Communist political activities in, 24– 25
    • Vietnamese attack on, 463– 464
    • Vietnamese relations with, 191, 364
  • Can Lao Party, 154, 295, 377n , 385, 434n
  • Civil Guard, military control of, 24– 25, 78, 387n – 388n
  • Communist insurgency, 176– 177
  • Counter-insurgency operations:
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 287, 363– 364, 406n
    • Commando units, 348
    • Equipment for, 365– 366, 389
    • Peasants, alienation of, 326– 328
    • Rural areas, control of, 388
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 632, 634– 635, 642, 646, 648, 659, 671n , 680
  • Diem, attitude toward, 495– 497, 714, 716
  • Economic development, 236– 238, 380– 381, 519– 520
  • Economic situation, 366– 367, 381– 382
  • Elections (1959), 232– 233
  • Laos, 383
  • Military assistance, U.S., 361– 362, 384
  • Personality of, 533
  • Political reforms, 684, 686– 688
  • Political situation, 215, 385– 386
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level increase, 343, 628
  • U.S. visit, 349, 352n , 361– 369, 380– 390, 426, 431
  • Williams, retirement of, 501n
• Nguyen Huu Chau, Col., 15– 16, 29– 30, 33, 99– 100, 114– 117, 531
• Nguyen Huu Hanh, 16
• Nguyen Khanh, Brig. Gen., 284, 316, 321– 322, 337, 349, 637– 638, 645, 648, 651– 652, 658, 662, 690, 722
• Nguyen Ngoc Tho:
  • Advice for Diem, 312, 315
  • Agroville program, 487
  • Alternative to Diem, possible, 723
  • Cambodia, Vietnamese relations with, 450– 451
  • Can Lao Party, 377n
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 188– 189, 286, 294– 295, 349
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 633n , 636n , 637, 642– 643
  • Economic situation, 519n
  • As Interior Minister, proposal re, 577, 580– 581, 593
  • Michigan State University Group, relations with, 588
  • Political reforms, 591n
  • Political situation, 16, 115
  • Succession question, 266– 267, 517
• Nguyen Phu Due, 430– 431
• Nguyen Thai, 624, 724
• Nguyen Thanh Toai, 154
• Nguyen Thanh Nguyen, 148– 149
• Nguyen Thanh Phuong, Gen., 531
• Nguyen Tran, 269
• Nguyen Van Ban, 160
• Nguyen Van Buu, 19, 88, 116, 152, 159– 162, 166, 295, 376
• Nguyen Van Can, 727
• Nguyen Van Chau, Col., 154, 727
• Nguyen Van Dong, 151, 245
• Nguyen Van Hinh, Gen., 530, 534, 726
• Nguyen Van Le, 562
• Nguyen Van Tarn, 726
• Nguyen Van Tat, 309
• Nguyen Van Thuan, 662
• Nguyen Van Vuu, 521– 522
• Nhu. See Ngo Dinh Nhu .
• Nitze, Paul H., 502
• Nixon, Richard M., 501
• O’Connor, Jeremiah J., 451
• O’Daniel, Lt. Gen. John Wilson, 430, 531
• O’Donnell, Rear Adm. Edward J., 124, 204, 209, 272– 274, 338, 342n , 366, 386, 391, 425, 489– 492, 570, 572n , 579, 692
• Opal, Chester H., 77n
• Operations Coordinating Board:
  • Operations Plan for Vietnam:
    • June 1958, 40– 54
    • Jan. 1959, 117– 124
    • April 1960, 412– 425
  • “Possible Actions To Improve the Situation in Vietnam” (June 1960), 498– 500
• Oram, Harold, 430– 431, 734
• Pakis, Sue S., 640n
• Pakse–Kontum highway, 236n , 252– 253
• Palmer, Lt. Gen. Williston B., 590
• Paracel Islands, 158– 159
• Parker, Guy J., 255n
• Parkes, Roderick W., 33, 306
• Parsons, J. Graham, 69, 100
  • Assistance programs, U.S., 225– 227, 351
  • Cambodia, Vietnamese relations with, 190– 191, 362– 363
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 396, 465– 466, 524
  • Coup attempt, Nov. 1960, 633n , 654– 655, 679– 681
  • Diem, U.S. support for, 594n
  • Economic situation, 363, 523n
  • Lansdale visit to Vietnam, possible, 692
  • MAAG personnel ceiling, 212, 272
  • Political reforms, 624
  • Political situation, 40n , 385, 484– 485, 564, 608
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level increase, 626, 694, 711
  • Thuan’s U.S. visit, 352n , 361– 363, 384– 386
  • Vietnamese Air Force, 198n
  • Williams, retirement of, 170, 492– 493
• Pathet Lao, 510
• People’s Army of Vietnam, 309– 310
• People’s Committee Against Rebels and Communists, 670n – 671n , 680
• People’s Liberation Movement, 310
• Personalism philosophy:
  • Can Lao Party and, 89– 90, 145
  • Goals of, 110– 111
  • Governmental support for, 112– 113
  • Popular support for, 111– 112
  • U.S. interpretation of, 109– 113
• Peterson, Avery F., 365– 366, 368
• Pham Dang Lam, 116
• Pham Quang Dan, 725
• Pham Thu Duong, 154
• Pham Van Dong, 301, 309, 423
• Pham Van Nhu, 154
• Pham Xuan Chieu, Gen., 348, 642
• Phan Khac Suu, 230, 435, 725
• Phan Quang Dan, 227– 228, 230– 232, 268– 269, 608, 644
• Philippines, 28– 29
• Pho Proeung, 455n
• Picher, Lt. Gen. Oliver S., 126
• Political reforms in Vietnam:
  • Asian ambassadors’ position, 683– 684
  • Coup attempt of Nov. 1960, effects of, 658– 659
  • Diem’s position, 595– 596, 606– 609, 612– 613, 622– 625, 678, 740– 741
  • Effectiveness of, 708
  • “Frank and friendly” talk with Diem re, 576– 578, 580, 591n – 592n
  • Institution of, 686
  • Memorandum for Diem (Dec. 1960), 745– 748
  • MAAG position, 555– 556
  • Propaganda efforts re, 578, 584
  • Proposals:
    • Can Lao Party, surfacing of, 577, 582– 583, 593, 600
    • Censorship, relaxation of, 578, 584, 601, 624, 686, 736, 747– 748
    • National Assembly debates and investigations, 577, 583, 601, 624, 686, 736, 740, 747
    • National Defense Minister, appointment of, 577, 581, 593, 600
    • Nhu appointment to ambassadorship, 577, 579n , 581– 582, 592– 593, 596, 603– 604, 684– 685
    • Opposition party members appointed to cabinet, 577, 582, 600, 624
    • Peasants, efforts re, 578, 584, 593– 594, 602, 624, 688– 689, 736, 748
    • Press conferences, 748
    • Public declarations of property by officials, 577– 578, 583, 601
    • Text of, 589– 604
    • Tho as Interior Minister, 577, 580– 581, 593
    • Tuyen, transfer of, 577, 582, 592– 593, 596, 603– 604
    • Youth programs, 607– 609, 625, 732– 733
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces troop increase tied to, 694, 710– 711, 720– 721
  • State, U.S. Department of, position, 147n – 148n , 735– 737, 745– 748
  • U.S. assistance programs tied to, 672– 676, 685
  • U.S. position, 118
• Political situation in Vietnam (see also Can Lao Party; Coup, possible; Coup attempt, Nov. 1960; Elections (1959); Political reforms):
  • Assistance programs, U.S., importance of, 268
  • Authoritarian emphasis, 40n , 255, 257– 259, 385– 386
  • Cabinet ministers, 427
  • Civil rights, 105
  • Communist parties, outlawing of, 257
  • Corruption, 312n
  • Democracy, movement toward, 260– 261, 264
    • Intellectuals’ criticism re, 427– 428, 432– 433
    • U.S. concerns, 427– 428
  • Deterioration of, 541
    • Diem’s reaction to, 516– 518
    • U.S. reaction to, 517– 518
  • Diem, U.S. support for (see also Leadership alternatives to Diem and Opposition to Diem , below), 77, 447, 461– 462, 483n , 484, 495– 497
    • Defense, U.S. Department of, proposals, 549
    • Eisenhower letter of support, 578– 579, 585, 594n , 609– 611
    • MAAG proposals, 550– 560, 564– 567
    • Revocation of support, possible, 672– 676
  • Economic development and, 15– 16, 191, 262– 263
  • Elections, U.S. position re, 41
  • “Forced march” concept, 258– 259
  • Foreign press coverage, 733– 734
  • Foreign travel restrictions, 270, 602
  • French position, 456, 483– 485, 541– 543
  • History of, 741– 742
  • Leadership alternatives to Diem, 256, 266– 268, 517
    • Can Lao factions, 726– 727
    • Catholics, 727
    • CIA report re, 721– 728
    • Exiles, 726
    • Government figures, 723– 724
    • Military officers, 722– 723
    • Ngo family, 724
    • Oppositionists, 725– 726
    • Sects, 727
    • State, U.S. Department of, position, 751
    • U.S. search for, 464, 744, 749
  • Military, role of, 256, 265– 266
  • Minorities, role of, 416
  • Neutralism option, 7
  • NSC consideration of, 446– 447
  • Opposition parties, 81, 143, 168, 452
    • Diem’s assessment of, 507– 508
    • Letter to Diem, 404– 406
    • Press conference by, 435
    • Strength of, 438
  • Opposition to Diem, 531– 532, 743– 744
    • Demonstrations, 540– 541
    • French and British concerns, 456
    • Government officials, criticism by, 715– 716
    • Intellectuals, 256, 261, 268– 270, 427– 428, 432– 433, 541– 542
    • Peasants, discontent among, 189– 190, 194– 195, 294, 296– 299
  • Political arrests, 587
  • Political parties, open recognition of, 279– 281
  • Popular support, Diem’s efforts re, 214– 217, 261, 296– 297, 515, 522, 545n
  • Public order and security, 259
  • Sects, 530– 531
  • Trade unions, 262, 561
  • U.S. policies re, 46– 47, 123– 124, 256– 257, 269– 271, 413– 414
  • U.S. role, popular expectations re, 744
  • U.S.-French discussions, 541– 543
• Public relations effort by Vietnam, 430– 431, 734
• Radio Hanoi, 206
• Rahman, Tunku Abdul, 5
• Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF) (see also Army of the Republic of Vietnam; Civil Guard; Self-Defense Corps; Vietnamese Air Force):
  • Force level increase:
    • Air support, 699
    • Combat and logistic units, correction of imbalance, 699
    • Diem’s position, 254, 621– 622, 695– 696, 731– 732, 739
    • Durbrow’s position, 392, 566– 567, 626– 631, 749– 750
    • Felt’s position, 328– 329, 621
    • French position, 613
    • Intelligence capability, increase in, 699
    • Laos border concerns, 605n
    • MAAG position, 695– 703
    • Opposing argument, 566– 567, 626– 631
    • Political reforms tied to, 694, 710– 711, 720– 721
    • Rotation purposes, 553– 554, 557– 559, 564– 565, 698– 699
    • State, U.S. Department of, position, 711– 713, 720– 721, 737– 738
    • Surveillance purposes, 699
    • Training time requirements, 702
  • Reduction in, U.S. position re, 172– 173, 185– 186
  • Reorganization of, proposed, 142– 144
• Reunification of Vietnam:
  • Can’s position, 248
  • U.S. position, 41, 202
  • Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, position, 39, 301, 309, 423
  • Vietnamese declaration re, 39
• Revolutionary Workers’ Party. See Can Lao Party.
• Rhee, Syngman, 438n , 460
• Rice exports, 76, 128, 242, 381
• Riddleberger, James W., 225
• Riley, Vice Adm. H. D., 178– 180, 182, 200– 201
• Road construction in Vietnam, 12– 13, 214, 216, 236n , 252– 253, 350– 351, 505– 507
• Robbins, Capt. B.A., Jr., 36– 38
• Robertson, Walter S., 23n , 104
  • Anderson Committee visit to Vietnam, 138
  • Assistance programs, U.S., 101– 102, 127– 128
  • Civil Guard, 24, 128– 131
  • Communist insurgency, 71
  • Economic situation, 173– 174, 186
  • International Supervisory and Control Commission, termination of, 136
  • Jet facility construction, 107n
  • MAAG personnel ceiling, 20– 23, 55– 58
  • Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces force level reduction, 172– 173, 185– 186
  • Temporary Equipment Recovery Mission, 20– 23
• Robinson, James, 733
• Roseman, Alvin, 366– 368
• Rousseau, James T., 82n , 156, 300n
• Roux, Jacques, 541n
• RVNAF. See Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces.
• Saccio, Leonard J., 93, 118n , 289
• Salan, Gen. Raoul, 535
• Sam Sary, 433, 497
• Sarris, Louis G., 717n
• Savang Vatthana, Crown Prince of Laos, 8
• Scott, Rob, 70
• Sects (see also Binh Xuyen; Hoa Hao) 480, 530– 531, 562, 727
• Seelye, Alfred, 586
• Self-Defense Corps in Vietnam:
  • Casualties, 318– 319
  • Diem’s interest in, 82– 84, 150– 151
  • Elimination of, proposed, 80– 81
  • U.S. funding, 177
  • U.S. policies re, 415
• Service des Etudes Politiques et Sociales, 152– 153
• Shuff, Charles H., 81n , 102, 125– 127, 175, 176n , 192– 193
• Sihanouk, Norodom, Prince, 9, 24– 25, 191, 364, 496– 497, 529
• Smith, James H., Jr., 128, 130– 131
• Smith, Bromley, 118n , 412n , 498n
• Son, Major, 646n – 647n , 648, 651
• Souphanouvong, Prince, 9
• Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, 45
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 83– 84, 416– 417
  • Vietnamese participation in, 415
• Special Forces, U.S., 206, 218, 281– 282, 287– 289, 290, 322– 324, 346– 347, 354, 393, 407n
• Special National Intelligence Estimates:
  • SNIE 63.1–60, 536– 541, 674
    • Background information for, 526– 528
• Sprague, Mansfield D., 27, 40n
• Sriyanon Phao, 8
• Staats, Elmer B., 40n
• Steeves, John M., 65– 66, 342n , 387n , 448n , 457– 458, 737– 738
• Sterling Oil Company, 295
• Stevenson, Adlai, 502
• Stump, Adm. Felix B., 29n , 445
• Sûreté, 214, 216
• Taggart, Glen L., 586
• Taiwan. See China, Republic of.
• Taiwan Straits crisis, 82n , 92, 94
• Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 91– 92, 93, 109, 125, 170– 171
• Technical assistance programs, U.S., in Vietnam 48– 49, 122– 123, 240– 241, 417
• Temporary Equipment Recovery Mission (TERM):
  • Communist propaganda re, 467– 468
  • Function of, 467
  • International Supervisory and Control Commission interest in, 1n , 2– 3, 21, 202
  • Logistic advice by, 468
  • Military Assistance Advisory Group, relation to, 210– 211
  • Termination of, 20– 23, 202, 211– 213, 335, 442
  • Training function of, 55– 56, 210
• TERM. See Temporary Equipment Recovery Mission.
• Thai Quang Hoang, Gen., 633n , 658, 722
• Thailand:
  • Army of, 95
  • Police force of, 27, 29
  • Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, relations with, 510– 511
  • Vietnamese attack on Cambodia, 449n
  • Vietnamese refugees in, 190– 191, 510– 511
• Thanh. See Tran Chanh Thanh .
• Tho. See Nguyen Ngoc Tho .
• Thuan. See Nguyen Dinh Thuan .
• Tinh Than Spirit Group, 148
• Toland, Lt. Col. Butler B., 638– 639
• Ton That Dinh, 723
• Ton That Huon, 160, 245
• Ton That Thien, 726
• Training Relations Instruction Mission, 209
• Tran Chanh Thanh, 148, 154– 155, 232– 233, 306
• Tran Cuu Thien, 485, 487– 489
• Tran Huu The, 111– 112
• Tran Kim Tuyen:
  • Alternative to Diem, possible, 727
  • Can Lao Party, 146, 152– 153, 156, 158– 159
  • Personalism philosophy, 112
  • Transfer of, proposed, 577, 582, 592– 593, 596, 603– 604
• Tran Le Quang, 154
• Tran Ngoc Lien, 409n , 724
• Tran Quoc Buu, 148, 561, 726
• Tran Sanh Buu, 230
• Tran Trung Dung, 16, 28, 148, 154– 155, 291, 348, 393, 399– 400
• Tran Van Chuong, 87, 116, 365, 430– 431, 679– 681
• Tran Van Dinh, 726
• Tran Van Do, 148, 149, 725
• Tran Van Don, Gen., 348, 533, 722
• Tran Van Huu, 726
• Tran Van Lam, 726
• Tran Van Ngan, 230
• Tran Van Soai, 531
• Tran Van Tho, 727
• Tran Van Trai, 158– 159, 727
• Tran Van Tung, 116
• Tran Van Van, 330, 345, 725
• Trigg, William R., III, 486
• Trimble, William C., 720
• Trinh Minh The, 530
• Truong Chinh, 423
• Truong Vinh Le, 151, 165, 608, 624, 723– 724
• Turkey, 438, 461
• Turner, Ralph, 586
• Tuyen. See Tran Kim Tuyen .
• Twining, Gen. Nathan F., 548
• Ty. See Le Van Ty, Gen .
• United Kingdom, 136, 456
  • Vietnam, relations with, 418– 419
• U.S. assistance to Vietnam. See Assistance programs, U.S.; Economic assistance, U.S.; Military assistance, U.S.; Technical assistance programs, U.S.
• U.S. personnel overseas, attitudes toward, 44, 421– 422
• Usher, Richard E., 331– 333, 342n , 387n , 390, 392, 412n
• Valeo, Francis, 251– 254, 385n
• Van Houten, Maj. Gen. John G., 171
• Viet Cong (see also Communist insurgency in Vietnam), 537n
• Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, 417
  • China, People’s Republic of, relations with, 92, 511
  • Economic situation, 511– 512
  • Foreign policy, 509– 510
  • Political situation, 203, 511
  • Reunification policy, 39, 301, 309, 423
  • Sino-Soviet bloc, relations with, 511
  • Thailand, relations with, 510– 511
• Vietnam Airport Program, 106
• Vietnam Radio Network, 367
• Vietnamese Air Force (VNAF):
  • Counter-insurgency operations, role in, 323
  • Helicopters for, 554
  • Jet trainers for, 197
  • Jets for:
    • Defense, U.S. Department of, position, 73
    • Geneva Accords, conflict with, 65– 66, 198n
    • International Supervisory and Control Commission opposition to, 66– 69
    • JCS position, 102– 103, 108– 109
  • Maintenance capabilities, 197
  • Propeller-driven aircraft for:
    • Advantages of, 196– 198
    • Chronology of events through Jan. 1959, 124– 127
    • Defense, U.S. Department of, position, 63– 64, 74, 135– 136, 196n , 359
    • Delivery of, 389
    • State, U.S. Department of, position, 198n
    • U.S. approval of, 250
    • Vietnamese position, 103, 176n
  • Spare parts problems, 65– 66
  • Transport aircraft for, 336, 554
• Vietnamese Oil Company, 159– 160
• Village Defense Corps, 37– 38
• Villahermosa, Don Paolo Manca di, 157– 158
• VNAF. See Vietnamese Air Force.
• Vo Nguyen Giap, Gen., 309
• Vo Nhu Nguyen, 153
• Vo Van Hai, 296, 450, 659, 662– 663, 666, 714, 716, 727
• Voice of America, 52
• Vu Tinh Huan, 116
• Vu Van Mau, 96– 102, 190, 433n , 608, 733
• Vu Van Thai, 142, 352n , 361, 364– 366, 368– 369, 377n , 426, 518, 520
• Vuong Van Dong, Lt. Col., 632, 637– 638, 642, 644, 646– 647, 658, 665– 666, 690
• Walton, Frank E., 218, 503– 508
• Weinel, Captain, 63
• Wellons, Alfred E., 717n
• White, Lt. Gen. Isaac D., 290, 329, 443, 638
• Williams, F. Hayden, 386
• Williams, John, 228
• Williams, Lt. Gen. Samuel T., 181n , 508n
  • Army of the Republic of Vietnam:
    • Economic development projects, used for, 131– 134
    • Reorganization of, 443– 444, 471– 474
  • Assistance programs, U.S., 226
  • Cambodia, Vietnamese attack on, 463– 464
  • Civil Guard, 77– 79
    • Military control of, 26, 31, 33, 61– 62, 78, 442– 443
  • Communist insurgency, 176, 342– 344, 469– 470
  • Counter-insurgency operations, 91– 92
    • Anti-guerrilla training, 291– 293, 355, 358– 360
    • Centralized command, 321– 322, 324
    • Commando units, 323– 324, 343, 348– 349, 373– 374
    • Communist bases, attacks on, 370
    • Equipment for, 321– 323, 328, 351
    • Lansdale to assist with, 425
    • Misunderstanding with Durbrow re, 397– 404, 474– 483
    • Pacification timetable, 372
    • Sweep operations, 320– 321
    • Training camps, 372
    • U.S. advisers in the field, 178– 179, 182– 183, 199– 200, 203– 204
    • Village protection, 371
  • Diem’s health, 93n
  • Durbrow, relations with, 444– 445
  • Jet facility construction, 106
  • Leadership alternatives to Diem, 464
  • Military assistance, U.S., 193, 251– 252, 276n , 278n , 373
  • Military Assistance Advisory Group:
    • Personnel ceiling increase, 211, 274, 441– 442, 467– 469
    • Reduction in, 470– 471
  • Retirement of, 170– 172, 344, 445, 492– 493, 501– 502
  • Self-Defense Corps, 81n
  • Vietnamese Air Force, 176n
  • Vietnamese attitude toward, 569
• Witman, William, II, 117
• Wolf, Charles, Jr., 138n , 141
• Wood, Chalmers B., 88, 90, 144n , 148, 217, 272n , 332, 334, 338, 341, 383, 385, 390– 392, 412n , 448n , 451n , 457n , 483n , 493n , 591n , 604n , 679n , 681, 705– 707, 711n , 735n , 745, 751n
• Young, Kenneth T., 36, 385n
• Youth programs in Vietnam, 607– 608, 625, 732– 733
• Zablocki, Clement J., 226

[Page 775] [Page 776] [Page 777] [Page 778]