Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Soviet
Union, Eastern Mediterranean, Volume XXIV
Index
-
Adams, John Quincy, 71n
-
Adams, Sherman, 93n
-
Adenauer, Konrad, 71, 732
- Air Force, U.S., 34–36, 43, 54
- Albania, 186
-
Aldrich, Winthrop W., 51, 137–138, 311n
, 313n
, 318n
,
355n
, 363n
, 365n
, 366–367, 369n
, 376n
, 408–410, 418–423, 426–428
-
Allen, George V.:
- Cyprus dispute, 273n
, 278, 299n
, 300n
, 316n
, 325n
, 351, 352,
353, 358, 360n
-361n, 371, 379, 392n
, 426n
, 429–430, 441, 442,
444n
, 452, 458n
, 459–460, 462n
, 467, 468n
, 475,
479–481,
492n
, 495n
- Greece, 530–531, 544n
, 558n
, 561–562, 568–569, 570–571, 572–573, 580–581, 594–596, 602
- Turkey, 633–636, 642–643, 647–649, 658,
677, 686–687, 688, 691
- American Committee for Liberation from
- Bolshevism, 13, 16,
18
-
Amerika, 213, 216
-
Amory, Robert, Jr., 38n
-
Anderson, Dillon, 44, 218, 220n
, 226, 229, 230, 231, 233, 235–236, 654, 656–657, 680–682, 683, 684
-
Anderson, Robert B., 628n
, 631n
, 639n
-
Andreyev, A.A., 3
-
Angleton, James, 105n
, 110n
- Arab-Israeli conflict, 662, 677–678, 736
-
Armitage, Sir Robert, 309n
-
Armour, Norman, 697–698, 699–700, 701
-
Armstrong, W. Park, Jr., 31–32, 36, 54, 61, 63n
, 104n
, 107n
,
109n
, 115–116, 117n
, 124n
, 527n
, 540–541
-
Arneson, R. Gordon, 149–150, 183–184
-
Attlee, Clement R., 8
- Austria, 280, 352,
535
-
Averoff-Tossizza, M. Evangelos,
396, 405, 409, 413, 414, 417–418, 424, 426n
, 428, 429, 436–437, 438–439, 441, 442, 444n
, 452, 453–455, 459–460, 479n
, 480, 482–483, 492n
, 495n
, 497n
, 507, 514–516, 524, 525, 526
- Baghdad Pact, 438, 532, 700, 702–703, 705, 710, 711–712, 721, 742
- Balkan Pact, 529, 601, 621, 721
-
Barbour, Walworth, 35n
, 329n
, 346–347, 352, 353, 401–403, 408, 412n
,
418–428, 444n
, 496, 497, 500
-
Barker, William, 256n
-
Barnes, Robert G., 51n
, 62, 219n
, 316n
, 544n
, 573, 575
-
Baxter, William O., 275n
, 277n
, 285n
, 297n
, 301, 325n
, 344n
, 349n
,
379, 381n
, 530n
, 534, 541, 544n
, 635, 637n
, 639, 643–644, 647, 659n
, 674n
, 675, 685n
, 686n
-
Bayar, Celal, 378, 513n
,
651–653, 659n
, 666–668, 670, 695, 712n
, 719, 740
-
Beam, Jacob D., 41n
, 54–55, 73n
, 85–87, 99n
, 107n
, 109n
,
117, 127, 219n
, 256
-
Beeley, Harold, 506
-
Belcher, Taylor G., 354n
-
Bennett, W. Tapley, Jr., 35n
, 692n
, 693
-
Beria, Lavrenty P., 24,
26, 28, 57, 69, 98
-
Berlin, Isaiah, 157, 158, 159
-
Bernau, Phyllis D., 25n
, 31n
, 41n
, 42n
, 44n
, 45n
, 54,
62, 146n
-
Berry, James L., 583–585, 693
- Bevan, Aneurin, 8
- Birgi. See
Nuri Birgi,
M.
- Black, Eugene R., 719
- Blair, William M., Jr., 252
-
Blake, Robert O., 253n
, 256
-
Bohlen, Charles E., 23n
, 44, 51, 52,
58, 62, 82, 93–94, 119, 136, 153n
, 159
- East-West exchanges, 256–257
- Ideology, role in Soviet affairs, 160–161
-
Khrushchev’s “secret
speech” on Stalin, 72, 103–104, 107, 111–113, 114–115
- Military-Party political conflict, 172, 174–176
-
Molotov’s resignation, 108–109
- Purge of Presidium members, 157–161
- Soviet leaders, conversations with, 65–72, 113–115, 138–139
- Soviet leadership, 30, 94–95, 139–141
- U.S. intelligence operations against Soviet Union, 37, 55
-
Zhukov, assessment of, 174–175
- Bonn, John T., 35
- Boteler, William P., 367
-
Bowie, Robert R., 61–62, 93, 117, 218, 219n
, 392n
, 488, 715
- Brentano, Heinrich von, 71
-
Brewster, Herbert D., 327n
, 632n
, 633, 637n
, 715n
, 743n
- Brezhnev, Leonid I., 143
- British Guiana, 283
- Bronk, Dr., 162, 165
- Brown, Elizabeth A., 443n
, 455n
,
503n
-
Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 224, 233–235, 236, 266n
-
Brundage, Percival, 235
-
Bulganin, Nikolai A., 31, 39, 40, 56, 71, 95n
, 108, 138, 147, 151, 174, 253
- Disarmament policy, 66, 70, 155
-
Eisenhower, attitude
toward, 65–66
- Election to premiership, 23–24
- Friendship and cooperation treaty with U.S., proposed, 41, 42, 47, 53–54, 61, 62
- Heads of State meeting (1955), 33, 210, 214
- U.K. visit, 96, 122
- U.S. access to, 43–44, 66–67
- Bundy, McGeorge, 218
-
Burdett, William C., Jr., 379
- Burgess, Randolph, 718
- Burke, Adm. Arleigh, 155
-
Butterworth, W. Walton, 276–277, 279–280, 282–284
-
Cabell, Gen. Charles P., 155, 215n
, 547
-
Caccia, Sir Harold, 445n
, 448, 449, 450, 456n
, 483–484, 496n
,
506, 510
- Calligas, Stephen, 322n
- Canada, 191
- Canelopoulos, Panayotis, 274n
, 275, 301, 302, 303, 540
-
Cannon, Cavendish W.:
- Cyprus dispute, 274n
, 276n
, 278n
, 300n
, 301–303, 304n
, 309,
311–313,
315–316,
326n
, 329, 340n
, 341,
345n
-346n, 347–348, 349,
350, 354n
, 356n
, 396
- U.S.-Greek relations, 534, 537–538, 539, 545–546, 550,
552–553,
563, 564–565, 569n
, 570–571, 572n
-
Capehart, Homer E., 308, 662
-
Cavalierato, Phedon A., 430, 573, 575, 577
- Central Intelligence Agency, 60, 148
- De-Stalinization program, report on, 128–136
-
Khrushchev’s “secret
speech,” 105n
,
110n
, 115–116
- Soviet leadership situation, report on, 38–40
-
Zhukov’s removal,
assessment of, 169–170
- China, People’s Republic of, 7, 163, 186, 198
- De-Stalinization program, reaction to, 87, 88, 129
- U.S. policy toward, 9–10
- War with U.S., possible, 7–10, 61
- Churchill, Sir Winston S., 305, 534
- Clark, Bob, 22, 50
- Cline, Ray, 105n
, 110n
-
Cochran, H. Merle, 633, 673, 676, 682, 687, 716
-
Collins, Gen. J. Lawton, 548–549
- Collins, V. Lansing, 746
- Commerce, U.S. Department of, 209, 230–231
- Communist periodicals, importation into U.S., 206–210, 212
- Congress, U.S., 165, 352
-
Coulson, Sir John E., 368–369, 415, 491n
- Courtney, Raymond, 330–331, 333, 336, 338n
,
339n
, 340n
, 341–343, 355, 393n
- Coyne, J. Patrick, 194n
, 208n
-
Crain, Mary G., 281n
, 327n
, 336
- Gumming, Hugh S., Jr., 154–156, 169, 172, 174, 180–182, 190–191, 733
-
Cutler, Robert, 2, 3–6, 7, 10, 25, 147, 162, 163, 164, 165, 192, 195–196, 197, 198, 199, 208–209, 218–219, 266n
, 488, 612–613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 707, 708, 717–719, 727n
- Cyprus dispute, 533, 536
- Amnesty issue, 342–343, 413–414, 480
- Commonwealth status, proposal for, 406
- Conference, proposed, 470–471
-
Eisenhower-Karamanlis meetings, 428, 433,
523–525
-
Eisenhower’s letter to
Karamanlis, 340–341
- Greek perspective on, 587–588, 602
- Greek political situation, impact on, 270, 354, 442, 446–447, 457,
523–524,
526, 561–562
- Greek sovereignty, Turkish opposition to, 351–352, 378–379, 382, 391,
454, 471, 721
- Greek terms for resolution, 383, 413–414
- Greek-Turkish discussions, proposed, 423–424, 426n
, 427, 429–430, 433,
435, 437, 438, 495, 512, 518, 521,
523–525
- Greek-Turkish violence, 280, 281, 284–285, 287,
364, 549
-
Makarios’ deportation,
346–347
-
Makarios’ release, 469–470, 472
- Greek position, 414, 431, 459–460
- Turkish reaction, 471–472
- U.K. position, 409, 462n
, 465, 467
- U.S. position, 363, 386, 410n
, 444, 460, 466, 467–468, 469
-
Makarios’ visit to London,
481
- Military bases issue, 454, 502
- Montgomery’s assessment of, 517–519, 520–521
-
NATO as mechanism to
resolve, 289–290, 356–357, 360–361, 362
- Greek position, 464n
, 465, 468n
-
Spaak’s mediation
efforts, 518, 521, 525–526
- “Three-man commission” proposal, 461n
, 462–464, 465–466, 470
- Turkish position, 450, 470
- U.S. initiative, proposed, 384, 385–392
- U.S. position, 444, 447, 462–464
- Partition option, 365n
- Greek-Turkish discussions re, proposed, 437, 438
- Turkish position, 437, 450, 512, 513n
- U.K. position, 427, 450, 474, 518
- U.S. position, 512, 513, 518
- Plebiscite to determine island’s future, proposed, 417, 442,
463
- Security treaty, proposed, 366, 369, 370,
371n
, 372, 373,
377
- Self-determination:
- Greek position, 313, 395, 414, 417–418, 434–435
-
Makarios’
position, 320n
- Timetable for, 361–362
- Turkish position, 313, 358
- U.K. position, 314, 370, 420–421, 422, 429
- U.S. position, 298, 305, 310–313, 340–341, 352
- Self-determination, U.K. proposal (Nov.
1955):
- Failure of, 346–347
- Greek position, 316n
, 317n
, 318n
, 321, 322–325, 326n
, 328–329, 339–340, 345
- Harding–Makarios negotiations, 306, 309, 310, 311, 329n
, 330, 332–335, 336–337, 339–340, 346–347, 562
-
Makarios’
position, 319–320, 323, 332n
, 333–334, 338n
, 339n
, 342–343
- Text of, 314, 335–336
- U.K. position, 321, 343–344, 355n
- U.S. efforts to facilitate agreement, 315–318, 322–326, 328–331, 332n
, 333, 335n
, 336–339, 341–343, 344–345, 354–355
- Self-determination, U.K. proposal based on Radcliffe constitution
(June 1956), 376, 379
- Provisions of, 366n
, 368–369, 373
- Turkish position, 368, 372, 377, 379
- U.K. statement on, 370–371
- U.K.-Turkish negotiations, 366–367
- U.S. informed of, 368–369
- U.S. position, 371–376, 380, 381–382
- Self-government, proposed U.K.-Cypriot negotiations, 475–478
- Self-government, U.K. proposal (Sept.
1955), 279–280
[Page 754]
- Self-government, U.K. proposal based on Radcliffe constitution
(July 1956), 379–380
- Formulation of constitution, 402–403, 409, 421
- Greek position, 381, 401–403, 410–411, 413, 433, 436–437, 438–440, 447–448
- Publication of constitution, 426–427, 437
- Turkish position, 423–426, 427, 437
- U.K.-Greek meeting on, possible, 401–403
- U.S. efforts to mediate agreement (see
U.S. envoy
below)
- U.S. position, 380, 381–382, 440, 441
- Skouras’ mediation efforts, 382–383, 405–406
-
Spaak’s mediation efforts,
513, 518, 521, 525–526
- Strategic importance of Cyprus and, 283, 364–365
- Suez crisis and, 429, 434
- Terrorist activities, 334, 364, 367,
465
- Cessation of, U.K. response to, 393–394
- Greece’s responsibility for, 358–359, 395, 407
-
Makarios’
involvement in, 333, 337n
, 346, 353, 480–481
- “Tridominium of responsibility” proposal (Sept.
1957), 500–502, 508–511
- Tripartite Conference of 1955, 292, 542–543
- Tripartite Conference of 1957, proposed,
483–484,
497, 505
- Trusteeship to replace British rule, proposed, 277n
, 479, 482–483
- U.K., demonstrations against, 275–276
- U.K. Labor Party resolution, 510, 513, 515
- U.K. policies, Greek attitude toward, 271–272
- U.K. “unilateral” strategy, 421–422
- UNGA consideration of (9th session), 269–270, 504
- UNGA consideration of (10th session), 303, 504
- Greek position, 300–302, 534, 544
-
Thurston’s views
on, 290–291
- U.K. position, 292–293, 294–297, 303, 304
- U.S.-Greek relations, impact on, 302–303, 304
- U.S. position, 287–288, 293–294, 297–300, 301–302
- UNGA consideration of (11th session), 436n
, 442, 504–505, 452
- Debate, 455–457
- Greek position, 362, 412, 414, 419, 428–429, 431–432, 453–455
- “Item at. end of agenda” proposal, 419–420, 421–422, 427, 429
-
Karamanlis’ speech,
428–429
- U.K. position, 402, 407–408, 409, 415–416, 419, 421–422, 427, 444n
, 455–456n
- U.S. position, 407–408, 410n
, 411–412, 415–416, 431, 432–433, 448–450, 451–453
- U.S. resolution, proposed, 443–444, 446
- U.S.-U.K. relations, impact on, 445, 448–450, 452
- UNGA consideration of (12th session), 352, 412n
, 458,
502n
, 503, 507,
511
- U.S. envoy:
- Appointment of, 403–405
- Greek representatives, meetings with, 412–415, 417–418, 426n
- Proposal for, 398–400
- Report of, 434–436
- Turkish representatives, meetings with, 415, 422–426
- U.K. representatives, meetings with, 408–412, 418–423, 426–428
- U.S. initiative, proposed, 384, 385–392, 460–462
- U.S. mediation of, proposed, 395, 397, 401
- U.S. policy toward settlement, 385,
488–489,
493–494
- U.S. private funds for Makarios, 353
- U.S. role in resolving, 394–396, 521–522
- U.S.-U.K. secret discussions (Aug. 1957),
485, 496–503, 518
- Western world endangered by, 447, 449–450
- Czechoslovakia, 186, 252
- Dale, William N., 510
- Davis, Clement, 358
- Davis, Nathaniel, 144, 145–146
- Davis, Richard H., 93–95
- Dearborn, F.M., 182
- Declaration of Washington of 1956, 411
- Defense, U.S. Department of, 231–233, 236–242, 578, 611
- Denmark, 190, 191
- Dennis, Eugene, 118, 134
- De-Stalinization program. See under
Soviet Union.
- Dewey, Maj. Gen. L.R., 659, 666, 697–701
- Dewey, Thomas, 691
-
Dillon, C. Douglas, 267, 408, 412, 417, 418, 420, 423, 426, 695, 718
- Disarmament, 66, 70–71, 154–156, 190
- Dixon, Ben, 557n
- Dixon, Sir Pierson, 415
-
Dodge, Joseph M., 617–618
-
Draper, William H., Jr., 631
-
Dulles, Allen W., 2–3, 105, 198
- Cyprus dispute, 472
- East-West exchanges, 197, 198
- Greece, 457, 544–545, 562–563, 571, 602
- Soviet Union, 42n
, 128, 187
- Cominform, dissolution of, 95–96
- Communist Party 20th Congress, 59–60
- De-Stalinization program, 73–74, 75, 87–88, 118–119, 120, 123, 136
-
Khrushchev’s
“secret speech,” U.S. publication of, 110n
- Leadership changes, 25–27, 29,
142, 146–148
- Military-Party political conflict, 177–178
- Satellites (Sputnik), 162–163, 165, 167n
- U.S. political warfare against, 5, 6–7, 25,
110n
- Warsaw Pact, establishment of, 29, 30
-
Dulles, John Foster, 2, 122, 198, 438, 535
- Cyprus dispute, 270–272, 305,
306, 307, 309–310, 343, 357–359, 362–363, 371, 379,
406, 433, 454–455, 464, 495, 517,
534, 536
- Greek political situation, impact on, 446–447
- Greek-Turkish violence due to, 289n
, 308, 327–328
-
Makarios’ release,
444, 467–468, 469
-
NATO as mechanism to
resolve, 356–357, 360–361, 362, 444, 447, 450, 462n
- Partition option, 365n
, 512–513
- Security treaty, proposed, 372, 373
- Self-determination, timetable for, 361–362
- Self-determination, U.K. “new formula” proposal (Nov. 1955), 314, 316–318, 321, 325–326, 336–340, 343, 344–345
- Self-determination, U.K. proposal based on Radcliffe
constitution (June 1956), 368–369, 371–374, 375–376, 380
- Self-determination, U.S. position on, 310–311, 313n
- Self-government, U.K. proposal based on Radcliffe
constitution (July 1956), 380, 381–382, 436–437, 438–440, 441, 447–448
- Skouras’ mediation efforts, 382–383, 405–406
-
Spaak’s mediation
efforts, 525–526
- “Tridominium of responsibility” proposal (Sept. 1957), 508–510, 511
- Tripartite Conference of 1955, 272, 273–275, 277–279, 286
- Tripartite Conference of 1957,
proposed, 484, 487, 489–491
- Trusteeship to replace British rule, proposed, 482–483
- U.K., demonstrations against, 275–276
- UNGA consideration of (9th
session), 269–270
- UNGA consideration of (10th
session), 292, 293–294, 299, 300n
, 304
- UNGA consideration of (11th
session), 407–408, 411–412, 415–416, 443–444, 445, 446, 448–455, 456n
- UNGA consideration of (12th
session), 503–508, 514–516
- U.S. envoy to work toward resolution, 398, 400n
, 403–405, 410–412, 458
- U.S. initiative, proposed (Aug.
1956), 384
- U.S. role in resolving, Turkish criticism of, 521–522
- U.S.-U.K. secret discussions (Aug.
1957), 496–499
- Western world endangered by, 447, 449–450
- Decision-making in government, views on, 683–684
- East-West exchanges, 193, 196, 197,
211–214,
215, 217n
, 218,
219n
, 220n
, 224, 226–229, 231–237, 239–242, 246n
, 250n
, 254,
258–259,
266n
- Greece, 308, 527n
, 532, 535–536, 538,
540, 544, 550n
,
558, 562, 581, 593n
- Heads of State meeting (1955), 33–34
-
Khrushchev, assessment of,
119–120
- Middle East Defense Organization plan, 532–534
- Soviet Union, 60, 93n
, 121, 146, 149, 154,
182, 190
- Communist parties worldwide, control of, 31–32
- De-Stalinization program, 74–75, 82n
, 100, 117, 127–128
-
Eisenhower-Zaroubin meeting, 41–44, 45n
, 46–49
- Evolutionary change in government, possible, 187–189
- Friendship and cooperation treaty with U.S., proposed,
47–53, 61, 62
-
Khrushchev’s
“secret speech” on Stalin, 104–105, 110n
, 115, 121–122
- Military-Party political conflict, 172–174, 180
- Soviet system, assessment of, 122–123
- Satellites (Sputnik), 167n
, 183, 189
- U.S. intelligence operations against, 42–44, 48, 54
- U.S. political warfare against, 5, 6–7, 25,
117
- Turkey, 637–639, 643, 649, 650–653, 669n
, 681,
682, 683–688, 716, 718,
733, 735n
, 749
- Dunn, Frederick, 32
- East-West exchanges:
- Agricultural delegations, 194, 199
-
Bohlen’s assessment of,
256–257
- Communist periodicals, importation into U.S., 206–210, 212
- Foreign Ministers discussion, 211–212, 214,
221
- Heads of State discussion of, 211,
214
-
NSC discussion of, 194–200, 226–243
-
NSC reports, 200–206, 243–246
-
OCB discussion of, 265–266
-
OCB report, 259–264
- Soviet policy, 201–202, 227,
228
- State Department paper on, 220–223
- Student exchanges, 193, 194, 218–219, 259–266
- Suspension by U.S., 253–255, 256–259
- Third countries, impact on, 222, 225, 228,
229, 236–242, 245
- U.K. policy, 215, 256, 258
- U.S. election campaign, Soviet observation of, 250–253
- U.S. military alliances, impact on, 232, 240
- U.S. military officers’ visit to Soviet Union, 106–107, 115, 119,
246–249
- U.S. motivation for, 200–201
- U.S. policy, 197, 201–202, 221, 256,
258
- Administration of, 203–204, 217, 231, 232–233
- Admission application procedures, 193–194
- Broadening of, pros and cons, 202–203, 204–205
- Commerce Department position, 230–231
- Defense Department position, 231–233, 236–242
- Fingerprinting provision, 213,
224, 233–234, 257, 260
- Funding for, 217, 234–235
- Initiative-taking by U.S., 215–217, 221, 222–223, 227–228, 229–230, 231, 244–245
- Internal security concerns, 198, 234–235, 265–266
- JCS position, 229–230, 231–232
- Justice Department position, 233–235
- Objectives and courses of action, 222–223, 245–246
- Policy guidelines, 205–206
- Revision of, 223–243
- U.S.-Soviet negotiations, 267–268
- Eban, Abba, 448
-
Eden, Sir Anthony, 8, 33, 45, 51, 155, 210, 214, 240, 341, 411n
, 534
- Cyprus dispute, 311n
, 313n
, 316–317, 364–365, 374,
377–378,
379, 380, 382–383, 402–403, 405
- Egypt, 95, 282n
, 283n
, 389, 532, 577, 630, 747
-
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 2, 115n
, 198–199, 305, 411n
- Cyprus dispute, 272, 304, 340–341, 349,
359, 364, 365n
,
374–377,
382, 384n
, 404–405, 428, 433,
459, 464–469, 472, 488,
506, 520–521, 523–525
- East-West exchanges, 106–107, 197,
199, 209, 211, 220n
, 224, 227, 241, 246,
250n
, 253, 258,
259n
, 266n
-
Eisenhower Doctrine, 582n
, 711n
- Greece, 573n
,
585, 593, 729
- Heads of State meeting (1955), 33, 210–211, 214
- Soviet leaders’ attitude toward, 65–66
- Soviet Union, 26–27, 41, 59, 60, 67n
, 183
- De-Stalinization program, 74,
75, 100, 127–128
- Friendship and cooperation treaty with U.S., proposed,
47–49, 50–51, 53,
61, 62
-
Khrushchev’s
“secret speech” on Stalin, 110n
- Leadership changes, 23–24, 142, 143
- Military, political influence of, 24, 27
- Satellites (Sputnik), 162,
164–165, 166
- U.S. intelligence operations against, 44–45, 48, 54,
105–106, 107, 142
- U.S. military officers, visit by, 106–107, 246
- U.S. political warfare against, 6, 7, 20n
-
Zaroubin, meeting
with, 41–49
- Turkey, 608, 613–615, 616–617, 618, 647,
653, 654, 680, 681, 682–684, 704n
, 707–709, 716, 719,
727–732,
741n
, 747–748
- U.S. satellite program, 167, 168
-
Zhukov, assessment of, 27, 29
-
Eisenhower Doctrine, 582, 711–712
-
Elbrick, C. Burke, 62, 117n
, 183, 371, 392n
, 407, 430, 511, 577, 693, 735n
- Ergin, 686, 687
-
Erim, Nehat, 447, 451–452
-
Erkin, Feridun, 643
-
Esenbel, Melih, 470, 476, 482, 497n
, 637, 638, 639, 642, 643, 648, 650, 662–663, 692n
, 737n
, 739, 747, 748, 749
- Estonia, 13
- European Free Trade Area, 589, 596
- Evans, Allan, 61
- Exintaris, Georges, 536
- Export control legislation, U.S., 230
- Export-Import Bank, 568–569, 642
- Faure, Edgar, 33, 210, 214
-
Fechteler, Adm. William M., 666, 668, 669, 671
- Fischer, Louis, 137–138
-
FitzGerald, Dennis A., 593, 634–635, 637, 642, 675
-
Flemming, Arthur S., 5, 6, 616, 617, 654, 655, 656, 657
- Foot, Sir Hugh, 510n
,
518
- Foreign Agents Registration Act, 207
- Formosa, 2, 7–10
-
Foster, Andrew B., 271, 509
- France, 102, 621
- Francis, Clarence, 536
-
Frederika, Queen of the
Hellenes, 541, 542, 544
- Free Europe Committee, 13
- Freers, Edward L., 144n
, 253n
, 256
-
Fulbright, J. William, 187–189
-
Furnas, Howard, 35n
, 113n
, 562n
- Galbreath, C. Edward, 669
- “Genetrix” balloon intelligence operation, 34–37, 42–45, 48,
54–55
-
George, Walter F., 199, 250n
, 403, 404n
- Gerhardt, John K., 20n
- German Democratic Republic, 86, 129, 179, 186
- Germany, Federal Republic of, 661–662, 732
-
Gleason, S. Everett, 2n
, 11, 25n
, 27, 59n
, 61, 72n
, 75,
118n
, 123, 146n
, 161n
, 166, 177n
, 178,
194n
, 195n
, 200, 210, 226n
, 243, 488n
, 489, 493, 586, 612n
, 618n
, 619, 653n
, 657, 680n
, 685, 707n
, 710, 717n
, 720
-
Glendinning, C. Dillon, 632
-
Goodpaster, Brig. Gen. Andrew J.,
23, 51n
, 105, 142, 731
- Goodyear, John, 659
- Gordey, Michael, 111
-
Görk, Haydar, 278, 358, 451–452, 645, 649, 650, 687
-
Gray, Gordon, 540n
, 552,
557, 560, 571, 574, 656, 671, 675, 682, 694
- Greece (see also
Cyprus dispute):
- Agriculture, 563, 565, 575–576
- Balkan Pact, 529, 601
- Common Market, interest in, 589, 596
- Communist activities, 531, 541, 546,
553–556,
588, 606
- Economic development program, 565,
567, 568–569
- Economic situation, 528, 566–567, 588–589, 599
- Foreign policy, 528–529, 567,
583–584,
586, 604
-
IDEA, 528, 541–542, 556
- Internal security situation, 553–557, 588,
606
-
Karamanlis’ visit to U.S.,
428–432,
433, 573–578
- Middle East developments, role in, 532–533, 581–582, 597, 604–605
- Military capabilities, 529, 567, 583,
590, 605
- National Intelligence Estimates on, 527–529, 566–567
- Nationalist ambitions, 586–587
-
NATO, relations with, 287, 296,
308–309,
358, 556, 577–578, 602
-
OCB reports on, 553–557, 603–607
- Papagos visit to U.S., proposed, 537–538, 543
- Political situation, 528, 540–548, 556–557, 566, 508–581, 588,
604
- Repatriation of Greeks from Soviet bloc, 555, 588
- Richards Mission visit, 581–582
- Soviet Union, relations with, 563,
564, 567, 569n
,
575, 588
- United States, relations with, 323–324, 587, 597–600
- U.S. economic assistance, 308, 536, 579
- Defense support funds, 530–531, 535–536, 557, 578–579, 584, 589, 594–595
- Economic development, support for, 568–569, 589, 601
- Reductions in, 593–597
- Requests for assistance, 550–551, 563, 568, 572, 575–576, 593–594
- U.S. policy on, 578–580, 591–592, 605
- U.S. military assistance, 548–549, 573–574, 584,
590–592,
605, 729
- U.S. military security guarantees, 606–607
- U.S. personnel, extraterritorial and immunity protections for,
538–540,
552–553,
557–561,
570–571,
587, 607
- U.S. policy objectives and courses of action, 583–592, 600–607
- Yugoslavia, relations with, 533, 534
- Green, Theodore F., 662
- Grey, Paul, 215
- Grivas, Col. George, 394n
, 480–481
-
Gromyko, Andrei A., 108, 190–191, 735, 741
-
Gruenther, Gen. Alfred M., 536, 669, 671, 693n
, 701
- Guatemala, 32
- Gulek, Kalim, 645
-
Hagerty, James C., 22–24, 41–46, 48–53, 206n
- Hamilton, William L., 269n
- Hanes, John W., Jr., 219n
-
Harding, Field Marshal Sir John,
306, 309, 310, 319, 329n
, 330, 331, 332–334, 336–337, 340n
, 346, 364, 377, 393n
, 402–403, 413, 470, 510, 517, 562
- Harriman, W. Averell, 502n
- Harrison, Geoffrey, 501n
- Harvard University, 218–219
- Haskell, John H., 659, 665
- Hayter, Sir William, 88, 497n
- Heads of State meeting (1955), 33–34, 210–211, 214
-
Henderson, Loy W., 117, 217, 678, 718, 736
-
Hensel, H. Struve, 634, 635–636, 639n
, 642
- Heritage Foundation, 250n
-
Herter, Christian A.:
- Cyprus dispute, 462–464, 473–475, 485–487, 491–492
- East-West exchanges, 265, 266
- Greece, 583, 593–594, 596, 600,
602
- Soviet Union, 143, 144, 153n
, 163–164, 167–168, 169, 172n
, 182,
187n
- Turkey, 707–708, 715
- Hitler, Adolf, 122
- Holcombe, John L., 627n
, 659
-
Hollister, John B., 578–580, 650, 651, 652, 653, 682, 691, 708, 715
-
Holmes, Julius C., 384, 388–392, 439, 478n
, 577n
- Hood, Lord Samuel, 510
-
Hoover, Herbert, Jr.:
- Cyprus dispute, 281–282, 288n
, 297–300, 349, 354–355, 361n
, 393–394, 396–397, 432–433, 436n
- East-West exchanges, 215n
, 219n
, 220n
, 253–254, 255
- Greece, 538–540, 544n
, 558, 568, 576,
578
- Soviet Union, 29, 30, 35–36, 42, 43, 67n
, 99n
, 106, 107–108, 109–110, 117
- Turkey, 609, 610, 613, 615, 616,
628n
, 629, 633,
639, 648, 649, 650n
, 654, 655, 656–659, 669, 674–675, 682–683, 688,
689, 690n
, 691,
695, 704–706
- Hoover, J. Edgar, 226, 235
-
Howe, Fisher, 30–31, 38n
, 44n
, 124n
, 215n
,
511n
- Hoyer Millar, Sir Frederick, 497n
, 500
-
Hughes, Rowland R., 4–5, 655, 656
-
Humphrey, George M., 8, 197, 198, 237, 238, 240–242, 608, 614, 615, 617, 618, 650n
, 654, 669, 675, 682–685, 691, 715
- Hungary, 129, 141,
186, 252
- Hydrogen bomb, 23, 24, 163
- Iams, J.D., 440n
- Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 201, 204, 224, 234, 266
- Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S., 193, 205
- India, 95, 130,
457
- Indonesia, 130
- Inonu, Ismet, 744
- Institute of International Education, 193
- Interdepartmental Committee on Certain U.S. Aid Programs
(Prochnow Committee), 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 724
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 667
- International Broadcasting Service, U.S., 102
- International Monetary Fund, 633, 640, 673, 676, 679, 682, 686–687, 688–690, 692
- International Press Service, U.S., 102
- Iran, 702–703,
705
- Iraq, 532, 622,
630, 662
-
Ismay, Baron Hastings Lionel, 461n
, 463
- Israel, 448, 532,
662
- Italy, 119
-
Izvestia, 3, 32, 206–210
- Jackling, Roger, 510
-
Jackson, C.D., 32
-
Jackson, William H., 85n
, 211, 214, 227, 239, 240
- Jagan, Cheddi B., 283n
- Japan, 129, 196
-
Jernegan, John D., 271, 285–288, 297n
, 509, 544n
, 610–612
- Johnson, Ellis A., 32
- Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 4, 7–8, 106, 195n
, 229–230, 231–232, 488, 611, 616, 618n
, 634,
708, 718
- Jones, G. Lewis, 659
- Jones, John Wesley, 143
-
Jones, Owen T., 430, 446, 451n
, 483n
, 485n
, 491n
, 497n
, 500, 517n
, 519n
, 573, 575, 577, 702n
, 704n
, 715–717, 741n
, 743–745
- Jordan, 747
- Judd, Walter H., 662
- Justice, U.S. Department of, 193, 195–196, 206, 208, 210, 231, 233–235
-
Kaganovich, Lazar, 40, 57, 142–143, 153, 157–158
-
Kalijarvi, Thorsten V., 647, 682n
- Karamanlis, Constantine, 562
- Cyprus dispute, 345, 354, 397n
, 409,
410, 433, 441, 468n
, 492n
, 495n
, 523–525, 549
-
Eisenhower’s
letter, 340, 341n
-
Makarios’ release,
414, 444n
, 459–460
- Self-determination, U.K. “new formula” proposal (Nov. 1955), 311, 315, 316, 317, 318n
, 322–325, 326n
, 339, 340, 341n
- Skouras’ mediation efforts, 382, 405, 406
-
Spaak’s mediation
efforts, 525–526
- UNGA consideration of (11th
session), 428–429
- UNGA consideration of (12th
session), 517n
- U.S. role, 394–396, 412–415, 417
- Middle East developments, Greek role in, 581–582
-
NATO, Greek relations with, 358, 577–578
- Prime Ministership, accession to, 306n
, 541–542, 544–545, 546, 547–548
- Richards Mission visit to Greece, 581–582
- Soviet-Greek relations, 563, 575
- U.S. economic assistance, 551, 563, 568,
575–576,
593
- U.S. military assistance, 548, 573–574
- U.S. personnel, extraterritorial and immunity protections for,
552, 558, 560–561
- U.S. visit, 428–432, 433, 573–578
- Kassimatis, Gregory, 596–597
- Kennan, George F., 96–98, 125–127, 160n
-
Khrushchev, Nikita S., 3, 33, 95n
, 106, 138–139, 141, 155, 182, 260, 734, 735
- Communist Party 20th Congress, 56, 58, 72, 73, 77
- Consolidation of power, 38–40, 64, 144, 147–148, 158–159, 180
- De-Stalinization program, 72, 73, 74, 77, 188, 114–115
- Disarmament policy, 66, 70–71, 155, 190
-
Dulles’ assessment of, 119–120
-
Eisenhower, attitude
toward, 65–66
- Foreign policy, 190–191
- Leadership position, rise to, 26, 28–29
- Leadership role, views on, 68–69
-
Malenkov, power struggle
with, 69, 108, 158–159
- Military-Party political conflict, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179–180
- One-man-rule by, possible, 151–154, 157–158, 180
- Political movement against, possible, 39–40, 120
- Purge of Presidium members (1957), 143, 144,
147–148,
149, 150, 157–161
- Satellites (Sputnik), 162–163
- “Secret speech” on Stalin (see
Soviet Union:
Khrushchev’s “secret speech” on
Stalin)
- U.K. visit, 96, 122
- U.S. military officers visit to Soviet Union, 115, 119
- U.S.-Soviet relations, views on, 113–114, 115
- Killian Committee, 165
- Kirk, Roger, 562n
-
Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone A., 276–277, 351–353, 363n
, 365n
, 401–403, 408, 410, 418, 426–428, 444n
- Kirov, Sergey M., 112
- Klosson, Boris, 104n
-
Knight, Ridgway B., 289n
, 666, 704n
-
Kohler, Foy D., 659n
, 661, 662–663, 666, 677–680
-
Kommunist, 39n
, 77, 85, 87, 91
-
Konev, Marshal Ivan S., 147, 178n
, 179
- Koppers, Inc., 569
-
Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat, 327, 677–678
- Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 186
- Korean war, 120
- Kranich, Robert, 61
- Kuwait, 365
-
Lacy, William S. B., 250, 253n
, 256, 265, 266, 267–268
- Laingen, L. Bruce, 384n
, 385n
, 393n
, 396n
, 428n
, 517n
, 519n
, 568n
, 583n
, 600n
, 602
- Lange, Halvard, 389n
- Larson, G. Edward, 164, 165, 265, 718
- Laskey, Denis S., 510
- Latvia, 13
- Lawrence, Bill, 51–52
-
Lay, James S., Jr., 3n
, 20n
, 192,
200n
, 206n
, 220n
, 223–226, 229n
, 620
- Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 69, 75, 103, 116
-
Lennox-Boyd, Alan, 344, 353, 408, 409, 465n
-
Liatis, Alexis S., 307
-
Lincoln, Francis F., 568n
, 633
- Linebarger, Paul, 32
- Lister, Ernest A., 430
- Lithuania, 13
- Litvinov, Maxim M., 32n
-
Lloyd, Sir John Selwyn, 258, 328, 329n
, 332, 343–344, 362, 366, 368n
, 376n
, 408, 409, 410, 415–416, 445, 456n
,
464, 465, 487, 489, 490, 498n
, 506–507, 510–511
-
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 303, 312, 313n
, 416, 428, 445n
, 507, 516–517, 521–522, 742
- Logofet, Alexander, 46, 47
-
London Times, 376
-
Luce, Clare Boothe, 46, 317n
-
Lyon, Frederick B., 473n
, 746
- MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 701
-
MacArthur, Douglas, II, 117n
, 214, 215n
, 332, 379, 415, 702, 704n
-
McCardle, Carl W., 53, 117n
-
McGuire, E. Perkins, 573, 659–660, 661, 662, 663, 665–666
- McKinnon, Robert A., 490n
-
Macmillan, Harold, 214n
, 496n
, 510n
- Cyprus dispute, 305, 306–307, 309–311, 459, 464,
465, 472
-
Makarios’ release,
466, 467, 469–470, 472
- Self-determination, U.K. proposal (Nov.
1955), 314, 318n
, 321, 328–329, 343
- Self-government, U.K. proposal (Sept
1955), 279–280, 283
- Tripartite Conference of 1955, 272–273, 274, 275, 276–277, 279–280
- Tripartite Conference of 1957,
proposed, 487, 490
- UNGA consideration of (10th
session), 292–293, 294–297, 304
- Macomber, William B., 54, 187, 189
-
McSweeney, John M., 443n
, 451n
, 462n
, 479, 480, 481, 704n
-
Maffitt, Edward P., 289n
, 666
-
Makarios III, 315, 317, 330–331, 341, 346, 353, 361n
, 380, 467, 472, 475, 479, 481, 502
- Release from Seychelles, 469–470, 472
- Self-determination, negotiations with U.K. re, 306, 309,
310, 329n
, 330,
332–334,
336–337,
339–340,
346, 562
- Self-determination, position on, 319–320, 323, 333–334, 338n
, 342–343
- Terrorist activities, involvement in, 333, 337n
, 346, 353, 480–481
-
Makins, Sir Roger M., 275, 314, 316–317, 332–334, 343n
, 349, 364n
, 371–374, 375–376, 377n
,
379–380, 407–408
-
Malenkov, Georgi M., 3, 39, 40, 57, 65–66, 81, 98, 112, 114, 138, 139
- Malia, Martin, 218
- Malinovsky, Marshal Rodion Ya., 169
- Mangano, Philip A., 269n
-
Markezinis, Spyros, 278n
- Martino, Gaetano, 389n
- Mead, Maj. Gen. Armistead D., 739–740
-
Melas, George V., 271–272, 273, 278, 285–288, 357–359, 381–382, 430, 439–440, 453, 514, 526, 532–534, 561–562, 573, 574, 575, 577, 593, 596, 597
-
Menderes, Adnan, 614n
, 650, 659n
, 677–678, 731, 747
- Cyprus dispute, 279, 378, 423–424, 437–438, 476–477, 478,
520, 526, 651
- Economic situation, 629, 630–632, 644–646, 669–670, 673, 679,
688–689,
716, 749
- Election of 1957, 510n
, 743, 744, 745n
- Richards Mission visit to Turkey, 710–712
- Soviet Union, Turkish relations with, 679, 733
- Soviet-Syrian threat, 695–696, 704,
734, 738, 739–741, 748
- U.S. economic assistance, 651, 749
- U.S. military assistance, 611, 659–661, 712
- Menderes, Etem, 378, 424–425, 426n
, 693n
, 745
-
Merchant, Livingston T., 41, 42, 43, 44n
, 52, 61, 215–217, 288n
,
307, 316n
, 335n
, 535
-
Merrill, Frederick T., 250–252, 256, 265
-
Mićunović, Veljko, 143
- Middle East Defense Organization plan, 282n
-283n, 532–534, 622
- Middleton, Drew, 376
-
Mikoyan, Anastas I., 3, 30, 39, 40, 59–60, 65–66, 69, 95n
, 137, 138, 144, 147, 158, 172, 174, 180
- Millikan, Max, 32
- Milne, Matilda, 633, 636
-
Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 23, 24, 27, 31, 39, 44, 52, 57, 59, 65–66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 92, 95, 98, 114, 139–141, 214
- Mongolia, 186
- Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law, 517–519, 520, 521n
- Morris, W., 465n
, 510
- Mosely, Philip, 32
- Moskatov, P.U., 56
-
Murphy, Robert D., 220n
, 253n
- Cyprus dispute, 288n
, 430–432, 500–503
- Greece, 557–560, 569n
, 570, 574, 575,
576, 577–578, 580n
- Soviet Union, 34, 73n
, 85, 107n
, 109n
, 116, 117, 125,
167n
, 183
- Turkey, 628–629, 647, 691, 693,
694, 715
- Mutual Security Program, 188
-
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 389n
, 454, 597, 630n
, 690, 721, 747
- National Intelligence Estimates:
- National Security Council:
- Documents:
-
NSC
5501, 3n
, 20–21
-
NSC
5502/1, 12–19
-
NSC
5505/1, 3–11, 20–22
-
NSC
5508/1, 192, 194, 195–206
-
NSC
5510/1, 612–619, 620–628
-
NSC
5607, 243–246
-
NSC
5708/2, 715–717, 720–727
-
NSC
5718, 488–489, 493–494, 583–585
-
NSC
5718/1, 585–592
- Meetings:
-
230th, 608
-
234th, 2–11
-
236th, 25–27
-
238th, 612–619
-
239th, 29–30
-
242d, 194–200
-
243d, 208–210
-
260th, 547
-
264th, 653–657
-
277th, 59–60
-
278th, 60n
-
280th, 72–75
-
281st, 87–88
-
282d, 95–96
-
285th, 680–685
-
289th, 118–123, 226–243
-
290th, 378–379
-
291st, 136
-
305th, 141
-
313th, 157
-
316th, 707–710
-
320th, 472
-
328th, 715–717
-
329th, 142–143
-
330th, 146–149
-
333d, 488–489
-
339th, 161–166
-
342d, 177–178
-
346th, 187
- Planning Board report, 206–208
- Nehru, Jawaharlal, 438
- Nenni, Pietro, 118, 119, 129
-
New Leader, 98
-
New York Daily News, 49
-
New York Daily Worker, 118, 124
-
New York Herald Tribune, 219
-
New York Times, 51–52, 105n
, 110n
, 151, 534, 734
- Newman, Joseph, 98
-
Nixon, Richard M., 251
- Cyprus dispute, 378–379
- East-West exchanges, 232–233, 234–235, 236,
239, 241, 253n
- Soviet Union, 6, 10, 33, 120, 165
- Turkey, 656, 657
- Noel-Baker, Philip J., 358
- Nolting, Frederick E., Jr., 530, 736n
-
Norstad, Gen. Lauris, 701, 709, 715–716, 727, 731–732
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 114, 191, 232
- Committee on Non-Military Cooperation, 389n
, 440n
- Cyprus dispute (see
NATO as
mechanism to resolve
under Cyprus
dispute
)
- Greece, relations with, 287, 296, 308–309, 358,
556, 577–578, 602
- Turkey, relations with, 621–622
- Norway, 190, 191
- Nunley, William T., 448
-
Nuri Birgi, M., 327n
, 351, 377n
, 378, 422, 424, 425, 426n
, 437, 447, 448, 451–452, 473n
, 477, 629n
, 677–678
- Nuri Said, 695, 742, 748
-
Nutting, Sir Harold, 294, 355, 408, 409, 412n
, 418, 419, 420, 421–422, 427–428
- O’Grady, John F., 432n
,
686n
- “Open-Sky” proposal, 42, 43, 70
- Operations Coordinating Board, 85–87, 99–103, 117, 165, 220n
, 259–266, 553–557, 585, 602–607
- Organization of American States, 228
- Oulashin, Eric, 562n
-
Overby, Andrew N., 633–634, 635, 636, 637, 642, 675
-
Packard, Robert F., 35
- Pakistan, 622, 630
- Pallis, Lt. Gen. Stylianos, 548
- Palmer, Joseph, II, 356n
- Panama, 457
-
Papagos, Marshal Alexandros, 274n
, 289n
, 301–302, 306n
, 528, 529, 534, 535, 537–538, 542, 545, 546, 547, 556, 580
-
Papandreou, George, 541, 543, 599
- Parsons, Marcelis, 458n
- Patterson, Gardner, 659, 663–665, 666, 675
-
Paul I, 300–301, 304, 317n
,
347, 459, 467, 468n
, 541, 542, 544–546, 547, 580
-
Peake, Charles B. P., 315, 318, 408, 410
- Pearson, Lester B., 389n
-
Penfield, James K., 401, 517n
, 519n
, 597–600
-
Perkins, George W., 308–309, 361, 404n
, 408, 412, 417, 418, 420, 423, 426, 461n
, 502, 550–552, 695
- Pervukhin, M.G., 30, 39, 136, 139, 143
- Peter, Janos, 197
- Pettee, George, 32
-
Phleger, Herman, 117
- Pinay, Antoine, 214n
- Pipinellis, Panayotis, 545
- Planning Coordination Group, 4–5, 6, 7, 11, 12n
, 20n
-
Plastiras, Gen. Nikolas, 556
- Poland, 86, 129,
186, 252
- Porter, Paul R., 631
-
Porter, Brig. Gen. R.W., Jr.,
614, 615, 613
- Possony, Stefan, 33
- Post Office Department, U.S., 207, 108, 209, 210
- Potomac Charter of 1954, 305, 310–311
- Pravda, 3, 32, 77–78, 85–86, 87, 91, 92, 95, 118, 142, 170,
172, 173, 179, 206–210
-
Prochnow, Herbert V., 675, 680n
- Prochnow Committee. See
Interdepartmental Committee on Certain U.S. Aid
Programs.
- Quantico Panel, 32–33
- Quarles, Donald A., 163, 165, 167n
- Radcliffe, Lord, 366n
,
370, 380, 409
-
Radford, Adm. Arthur W., 4, 7–9, 42n
, 106, 142, 195n
, 229–233, 238–239, 240, 299, 612n
, 613–615, 618, 628, 639n
, 655, 656, 657, 684, 693, 694, 719, 727n
- Radio Free Europe, 25
- Rand Corporation, 35
-
Randall, Clarence B., 668, 669–673, 675–677, 682, 691–692, 715
- Rayburn, Sam, 250n
Red Star, 77, 85, 155, 170, 173
- Reilly, John, 266
- Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 713
- Rhodopoulos, Constantine, 546
- Richards, Arthur L., 87n
-
Richards, James P., 731
- Riley, Gen. William E., 632, 650, 651, 663–664, 665, 666, 678, 697
- Roberts, Maj. Gen. Frank P., 666
-
Robertson, Reuben B., Jr., 231–232, 237–238, 239, 241, 654, 655–656
-
Rockefeller, Nelson A., 4–5, 6, 11, 12n
, 20n
, 25, 32, 34, 198, 655, 657
-
Rockwell, Stuart W., 523, 525, 735n
, 737n
, 747, 748, 749
- Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantine K., 174, 177
- Romania, 186, 252–253
- Roosevelt, Franklin D., 32n
- Rooth, Ivor, 673
- Rostow, W. W., 33
-
Rountree, William M., 361, 430, 436n
, 446, 491n
, 500, 506, 514, 569n
, 573, 575, 577, 695, 715, 743
- Cyprus dispute, 335n
, 361, 371, 384,
396n
, 398–400, 403n
, 440n
, 445n
, 450, 451n
, 456n
, 471–472, 508, 515,
516, 517–519
- Greece, 580n
,
581–582,
600–602
- Turkey, 702–704, 738n
, 742
- Rumiantsev, Nikolai P., 71
-
Russell, Francis H., 305n
, 307
- Saburov, M.Z., 30, 39, 143
- Salisbury, Lord, 472
- Salt, Barbara, 322n
,
332, 369, 379, 407–408
- Saltonstall, Leverett, 662
- Sarper, Selim, 358, 432–433, 741
- Satellite program, U.S., 167, 168
- Satellites. See under
Soviet Union.
- Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 438, 448, 740–741, 742
- Saudi Arabia, 438
-
Scott, Walter K., 536n
, 609–610
-
Seager, Cedric H., 575, 578, 632
-
Shanley, Bernard M., 41,
42, 44, 45n
-
Shepilov, Dmitrii T., 108–109, 143, 151
- Siefkin, Forest, 669
- Simmons, John, 46
- Sisco, Joseph J., 503n
- Sismanides, A.D., 575
-
Skouras, Spyros, 382–383, 405–406
- Smith, Elaine D., 733n
- Smith, Gerard C., 187n
-
Snyder, Lucille, 281n
, 628n
, 637n
- Socialist Parties, 122, 133
- Socialist-Communist “Fifth International,” 133–134
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 232
-
Soviet Affairs, 96
-
Soviet Aviation, 170,
171
-
Soviet Culture, 140
- Soviet émigreé, 12–19
-
Soviet Fleet, 170, 171, 172
- Soviet Union (see also
East-West exchanges; Soviet-Syrian threat
under
Turkey), 25, 69, 81, 138, 182
- Anti-Khrushchev movement,
possible, 39–40, 120
- Bolshevik revolution, anniversary of, 182–183
- Collective leadership policy, 60, 63–64, 69–70, 87, 94
- Cominform, 31–32, 95–96
- Communist nations, leadership of, 186–187, 191
- Communist parties worldwide, control of, 31–32, 120, 191
- Communist Party, 57, 68
- 20th Congress, 56–57, 58, 59–60, 63–65, 72, 73, 77
- Decentralization of international Communism, 133–135
- De-Stalinization program (see
also
Khrushchev’s “secret speech”
below), 94, 148, 188
- Charges against Stalin, 78–79
- Chinese reaction, 87, 88, 129
-
CIA report on, 128–136
- Explanatory campaign, 77–78, 85–86, 124–125, 126–127, 131, 135
- Foreign Communists reactions, 118–123, 124, 126, 127–130, 133
- Foreign policy aspects, 81–82, 89–90
- Initial criticisms of Stalin, 63, 65
- Kennan’s assessment of, 96–98
- Leadership’s strategy for implementing, 76–78,
91–92, 118–123, 131–136
- Motivations for, 74, 79–82,
88–91, 102–103
- “Murder of Stalin” theory, 96–98
-
NSC discussion of, 73–75,
87–88, 118–123
-
OCB report on, 99–103
- Public opposition to, 73–74
- Risks of, 75–76, 92–93, 136
- U.S. exploitation of, 86, 99–102, 107–108, 117–118, 125–127
- U.S. intelligence report on, 75–82
- U.S. official public comments on, 82–84, 100, 102
- World reaction, 83–84
- Disarmament policy, 66, 70–71, 154–156, 190
- Domestic innovations, 64–65, 80
-
Eisenhower-Zaroubin meeting, 41–49
- Evolutionary change in government, possible, 187–189
- Flights to U.S., possible, 145–146
- Foreign policy, 26–27, 64, 81–82, 89–90, 95–96, 185–186, 190–191
- Friendship and cooperation treaty with U.S., proposed, 41, 42, 47–54, 61–62
- Greece, relations with, 563, 564, 567,
569n
, 575, 588
- Heads of State meeting with Western nations (1955), 33–34, 210–211, 214
- Hungary, invasion of, 148, 159, 253
- Hydrogen bomb development, 23, 24, 163
- ICBM development, 154–156, 162
- Ideology, role in Soviet affairs, 160–161
-
Khrushchev’s
“secret speech” on Stalin, 72, 73, 77, 121–122, 137
- Leadership (see also
Collective leadership policy
above), 94–95, 121
- Leadership changes, 3, 16–17, 22–30, 139–141
- Leadership situation under Khrushchev (see
also
Collective leadership policy
above), 38–40, 151–154, 157–158, 180
- Military, political influence of, 24,
27, 30–31, 40, 146, 149
- Military capabilities, U.S. assessment of, 248–249
- Military coup, possible, 159–160
- Military-Party political conflict, 169–182, 185
- Politburo, 59, 60n
- Public unrest, 16, 21–22, 73–74, 141
- Socialist Parties, relations with, 122, 133
- Satellites (Sputnik), 156, 185
- Foreign policy aspects, 185–186
-
NSC discussion of, 161–166
- Propaganda re, 162–163, 167–168, 183, 184
- U.S. reaction, 163–166, 167–168, 169, 183–184
- World reaction, 163, 164, 183, 184, 189
- Student riots, 73–74
- Turkey, relations with, 621, 662–663, 667, 679,
733, 736–737
- United States, relations with, 65–67, 113–114, 115
- U.S.-China war, attitude toward, 7–10, 61
- U.S. intelligence operations against, 34–37, 42–45, 48, 54, 105–106, 107, 142
- U.S. military officers, visit by, 106–107, 115, 119,
246–249
- U.S. political warfare against:
- Coordination of, 4–5, 6,
7, 11, 20n
- De-Stalinization program, exploitation of, 99–102, 107–108, 117–118, 125–127
- Discontents in Soviet population, exploitation of, 16, 21–22
-
Khrushchev’s
“secret speech,” publication of, 103–105, 107–108, 109–113, 114–115
-
NSC discussion of, 3–11
-
NSC report, 20–22
- Quantico Panel report, 32–33
- Soviet émigrés, role of, 15–19
- Warsaw Pact, 29, 30
-
Spaak, Paul Henri, 483n
, 485, 486, 490, 500, 501, 508, 509, 511, 513, 515, 518, 521, 525–526, 735, 736n
- Speier, Dr. Hans, 33
- Sputnik. See
Satellites under Soviet
Union.
-
Staats, Elmer B., 603n
- Stalin, Iosif (see also
De-Stalinization program
under
Soviet Union), 23, 57, 69, 120, 122
-
Stassen, Harold E., 6, 7, 9–10, 120–121, 123, 164, 611, 614, 659, 731
- Stearns, Monteagle, 490n
- Stelle, Charles C., 215n
- Stephanopoulos, Stephanos, 274–275, 276n
, 278, 279, 280, 288, 290, 299, 301, 535–536, 539, 540, 542, 544, 545, 546, 547
-
Stevens, Francis B., 99n
, 127
-
Stevenson, Adlai E., 250–252, 253
-
Stoessel, Walter, 85n
, 211, 212, 215n
, 219n
- Stone, Galen L., 61
- Strange, Col. Hubert E., 547–549
- Strategic Air Command, U.S., 35
- Strauss, Lewis, 24
- Streibert, Theodore D., 25
- Sturc, Ernest, 673, 676
- Sullivan, Charles A., 632
- Summerfield, Arthur E., 209
- Surplus Property Act of 1944, 260n
- Swank, E.C., 144n
, 149n
- Syria (see also
Soviet-Syrian threat
under
Turkey), 179–180, 438, 532, 630, 693
-
Theotokis, Spyridon, 306–310, 315, 317, 321, 323, 328–329, 340n
, 341n
, 345n
, 350, 354, 361–362, 363n
, 547, 550–552
-
Thompson, Llewellyn E., 145, 150–154, 170–172, 178–180, 182, 185–186, 501n
, 740n
- Thomson, Charles A.H., 33
- Thornburg, Max, 646
-
Thurston, Ray L., 274n
, 288–291, 318n
, 322–325, 394–396, 397n
, 412–415, 417–418, 541–543, 544, 560–561, 570, 577n
-
Timmons, Benson E. L., Ill,
360n
, 491n
, 510, 577
- Tito, Josip Broz, 60, 72, 83, 96,
109, 113, 123, 133–134, 143, 149, 177, 347
-
Togliatti, Palmiro, 80, 96, 118, 119, 123, 124, 126, 129, 131, 133, 135
-
Toon, Malcolm, 253n
, 256
- Treasury, U.S. Department of the, 206, 208, 210
- Treaty of Friendship and Collaboration (Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia) of Feb. 28, 1953. See
Balkan Pact.
- Treaty of Lausanne of July 24, 1923, 277, 380, 382, 391–392
- Treaty of Mutual Assistance (Turkey, United Kingdom, France) of Nov. 16, 1939, 621
- Trieste dispute, 501n
- Trotsky, Leon, 69, 78, 104
- Tsaldaris, Constantine, 580
- Tunaboglu, Gen., 667, 677–678
- Turco-Pakistani Agreement for Friendly Cooperation of April 2, 1954, 622
- Turkey (see also
Cyprus dispute):
- Air defense concerns, 693–694, 698–699, 703,
706n
- Arab-Israeli conflict and, 662, 677–678, 736
- Baghdad Pact, 532, 700, 702–703, 710,
711–712,
721, 742
- Balkan Pact, 621, 721
- Communist activities, 666–667
- Economic situation:
- Background, 664–665
- Crisis resulting from overdevelopment, 609–611, 617–618, 624–625, 627, 658, 665, 722
- Debt problems, 672–673
- Defense expenditures and, 633–634
- Devaluation measures, 673,
678n
- Foreign relations aspects, 643–644
-
IMF proposals for reforms,
633, 640, 676, 679, 682, 686–687, 688–690, 692
- Political situation, impact on, 645–646
-
Randall’s reports
on, 669–673, 675–677
- Reforms, U.S. insistence on, 609–610, 617–618, 625, 627, 649, 658–659, 723
- Reforms implemented by government, 643, 658, 669–670, 674, 686–688, 692, 716, 722–723, 749
- Reforms proposed by U.S., 633–637, 638, 641–642
- Turkish perspective on crisis, 630–632, 641–642, 644, 667–668
- U.S. assistance to help with, 672, 674–675, 676–677
- U.S. Inter-Agency Committee to develop policy, 618, 628, 633–637
- U.S. loan, request for, 636,
637–642, 647–653, 676
- U.S. military assistance, 663–664
- U.S.-Turkish Consultative Group to develop policy, 628–629
-
Eisenhower Doctrine,
support for, 711–712
- Foreign Minister, appointment of, 745–746
- Foreign policy, 621, 663, 721
- Military establishment, 670–671, 680–686, 699,
708–709,
718–719,
723–724,
727–732
- Mutual assistance agreements, 621,
622, 630, 721
-
NATO, relations with, 621–622
- Northern Tier defense concept, 629–630, 721
- Oil shipments from U.S., 636, 645, 648,
675–676
- Political situation, 510n
, 645–646, 659n
, 722,
743–745
- Richards Mission visit, 710–712
- Soviet-Syrian threat, 707
- Defense forces necessary to meet, 700–701
- Saudi mediation of, 740–742
- Soviet overflights, 693–696, 698
- Soviet perspective on, 734,
740n
- Turkish assessments of, 696–697, 698, 739–741, 748
- UNGA consideration of, 734,
737–738, 741–743
- U.S. assessments of, 702–706, 735–736, 738–739, 741n
- Soviet Union, relations with, 621,
662–663,
667, 679, 733, 736–737
- Strategic importance, 620–621, 720
- Strategic materials, U.S. purchase of, 616–617, 627, 654–655
- U.S. atomic task force stationed in, 713–714, 715
- U.S. economic assistance (see also under
Economic situation
above), 608, 616, 665
- Economic reforms as quid pro quo, 609–610, 617–618, 625, 658–659, 664, 709
- Increase in assistance, requests for, 691–692, 749
- Levels of assistance, 622,
708
- Policy guidance for, 726–727
- Reductions in, 650–651, 685–686
- U.S. goals re, 627–628
- U.S.-Turkish relations, impact on, 719–720
- U.S.-German relations, attitude toward, 661–662
- U.S. military assistance, 626, 712, 716,
724, 726
- Economic situation, impact on, 663–664
- Force levels to be supported, 653–657
- Levels of assistance, 622,
623–624, 631n
, 724
- Reductions in, possible, 680–686, 724–725
- Training, focus on, 615, 663
- U.S. commitment to provide, 611–615, 618n
, 623, 627, 634, 653–657, 659–660, 671
- U.S.-Turkish relations, impact on, 716–717
- U.S. military exercises, 677–678
- U.S. military facilities, 720–721
- U.S. policy objectives and courses of action, 620–628, 720–727
-
Twining, Gen. Nathan F., 106–107, 115, 119, 165, 246–249, 707, 708–709
- Ulbricht, Walter, 85, 129
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See
Soviet Union.
- United Kingdom (see also
Cyprus dispute), 102,
529, 621
- East-West exchanges, policy on, 215,
256, 258
- Soviet leaders visit, 96, 122
- United Nations General Assembly (UNGA):
- Urgüplü, Fuat Hayri, 736–737, 741–743
- U.S. Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, 261
- U.S. Information Agency, 56, 102, 208, 210
- Vasilevsky, Marshal, 111, 155, 178n
- Venizelos, Eleutherios, 286
-
Venizelos, Sophocles, 541, 546, 580
- Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, 186
- Voice of America, 137, 607
- Voroshilov, Kliment Y., 92, 95, 139, 183
- Wadsworth, James J., 453
- Wagner, Robert, 502n
- Wallner, Woodruff, 666
-
Walmsley, Walter N., Jr., 82–84, 88–93, 430, 455n
-456n, 521–522
-
Warren, Avra M., 277n
, 278, 282n
, 618, 629–632, 644–646, 650, 652, 658n
, 660–662, 663, 666–668, 675n
-
Warren, Fletcher, 378, 423–426, 470, 473, 475, 476–477, 482, 492n
, 497n
, 513n
,
675, 688–691, 693n
, 695–697, 710–714, 715–716, 737n
,
745–746, 749
- Warsaw Pact, 29, 30
-
Waugh, Samuel C., 629n
, 719
- Weeks, Clarence, 230–231, 233
- Westinghouse, Inc., 568–569
- White, Lincoln, 441
-
Whitney, John Hay, 460–462, 489–491, 510
-
Wiggin, Charles, 490n
, 496n
, 517n
-
Wilcox, Francis O., 428–430, 453, 455–456, 503n
, 514
-
Williams, Murat W., 117n
, 384n
, 385n
, 393n
, 398n
, 403n
, 410n
, 430, 439n
, 440, 448, 453, 458n
, 499n
, 502, 511n
, 514, 516n
, 517n
, 519n
, 573, 575, 577, 596, 597, 602, 702n
, 704n
- Williamson, Francis, 250n
-
Willis, George H., 573, 575
-
Wilson, Charles E., 7, 9, 75, 142, 195, 196–197, 198, 199, 538, 612n
, 614, 615, 617, 618n
, 639n
, 681, 685, 694, 708, 719
- Wilson, Evan M., 351
-
Wisner, Frank G., 96–98, 105n
, 110n
, 125–127, 157–161, 719
-
Wolf, Joseph J., 693–694
-
Wood, Chalmers B., 269n
, 270n
, 271n
, 275n
, 277n
, 297n
, 305n
, 322n
, 330n
, 338n
, , 339n
, 344n
, 354n
, 357n
, 359, 368, 384n
, 385n
, 393n
, 396n
, 398n
, 403n
, 404, 405n
, 407, 408n
, 410n
, 430, 440n
, 443n
, 462n
,
478n
, 490n
, 491n
, 496n
, 508n
, 530n
, 538, 557n
, 561n
, 562, 570n
, 573,
575, 577
- World Council of Churches, 197
-
Yeagley, J. Walter, 226,
235
-
Young, Hilary, 408, 420
-
Young, John P., 633, 634, 658n
-
Young, Kenneth T., Jr., 535
-
Yugoslavia, 39, 83, 85, 95, 179, 186, 187, 191, 286, 533, 534, 621–622
-
Zaghlul, Sa’d, 352
-
Zaroubin, Georgi N., 41, 42, 46–49, 52, 53, 267
-
Zhavoronkov, V.G., 139
-
Zhukov, Marshal Georgi K., 30–31, 40, 60n
, 64, 120, 138, 143, 147, 149, 153, 159
-
Zorlu, Fatin Rüstü, 277n
, 279–280, 282n
, 351, 446–447, 451–452, 520, 628, 633, 637–643, 647–648, 650, 652, 658, 661, 739–741, 745–746, 747, 748, 749