740.0011 European War 1939/30402: Telegram

The Minister in Switzerland ( Harrison ) to the Secretary of State

4512. From Tittmann. No. 127, July 22.

1.
Although accurate detailed information regarding results bombing by American airplanes July 19 of railroad yards and other military objectives periphery of Rome is difficult obtain, I have general impression they are excellent.
2.
Loss civilian lives and damage done to civilian property (mostly of poorer classes) in neighborhood military objectives is to be regretted but it would appear Italian authorities are largely at fault for not anticipating attack and providing for evacuation beforehand of families living in area. Basilica of San Lorenzo outside the walls (this incidentally is not mentioned as Vatican property in the Lateran Treaty38) which was partially destroyed and Verano Cemetery which was apparently hit lie almost equi-distant between two railway yards connected by main line tracks running alongside cemetery. Furthermore, there happened to be concentration streetcars in square outside Basilica at moment of raid. Other civilian property damaged was in vicinity of obvious military objectives such as Regia Aeronautica and building which houses German headquarters.
3.
Fascist propaganda which is extremely violent and abusive is exploiting raid to utmost to impress world opinion and to stiffen Italian resistance. Much is made of the pretense that raid constitutes outrage against Pope and Christianity and usual atrocity story that civilian population machine gunned is going rounds. It has been [Page 935] pointed out to me that in reality many Fascists are shedding “crocodile tears”. In their hearts they are rejoicing that Papacy has after all proved itself unable protect Rome since loss prestige which they believe Pope will suffer as result will tend to strengthen their own political position with masses. The Germans as well, I understand, have been quick to recognize propaganda possibilities for them.
4.
Consternation and confusion among Roman population evident and I have been told that because of relatively large number civilian casualties reported (over 700 so far according to official figures) there is now some popular feeling in Rome against British and Americans in particular and foreigners in general. Loss of cherished illusion that Rome would never be bombed is perhaps contributing factor to this state of mind. There are other reports that here and there among crowds in bombed areas imprecation against regime and monarchy could be heard. On the whole I should say that Romans may be counted on to show comprehension in long run provided bombs are reserved in future for military objectives. [Tittmann.]
Harrison
  1. For text of the Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See, signed February 11, 1929, see British and Foreign State Papers, vol. cxxx, p. 791.