Index

• Abrams, Gen. Creighton W., 679n
• Agency for International Development (AID), 3, 431–432, 513, 533, 600, 624
• Air Support Operations Center (ASOC), 270, 385
• Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 3, 31, 36, 74, 279, 287, 313, 430, 496
  • B–52s, 465–467, 477, 494, 572, 597–598, 631, 634, 636–637, 642
  • Civilians in Laos, use of U.S., 90–91, 94–95, 105
  • C–123s, 206, 208, 219
  • Coordination of, overall, 493–495
  • Counter-insurgency mission, 652–657
  • Cuba, electronic countermeasures on U–2s over, 82
  • Defoliants, 372, 413–414, 427
  • Effectiveness of, 784–786
  • Embassy Laos assessments, 268–269, 365–366, 569–573
  • First proposals for, 240–241
  • F–100s, 19–20, 22, 23
  • Friendly and unauthorized targets hit, 445, 448
  • Ho Chi Minh Trail, inability to locate, 371–372
  • Illustrative military moves to demonstrate U.S. intentions, 131–132
  • Joint Chiefs of Staff, 245, 284–286, 308–309
  • Laotian pilots replacing Thai pilots, 528–530
  • MCNaughton-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 474
  • Napalm, 245, 415–417, 427, 446, 451–452
  • Navigational aids, 421, 445, 559–560, 572, 581–582, 589–590, 593–594
  • Northeast Monsoon Plan, 774–775
  • Operations:
    • Barrel, Roll, 311–312, 315–316, 339, 765
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 347–348, 354–356
    • Restrictions, 701, 709–710
    • U.S. position, 316–317, 350–353, 356–358
    • Commando Lava, 580–581, 613
    • Cricket Operation, 476
    • Dye Marker, 613, 615, 618–621
    • Popeye, 492, 545–553, 572
    • Practice Nine, 578n , 579
    • Shining Brass, 388–391, 436–438, 468–469, 495, 499–501, 534–540, 557–558, 560–562
    • Steel Tiger, 352–358
    • Tiger Hound, 432–434
  • Press, 319–320, 417–418, 427
  • Problems and possibilities, 255–257
  • Propeller vs. jet aircraft, 621, 640–641, 645–647, 659–661
  • Reconnaissance over Laos, photographic, 16, 27, 30, 42, 79–80, 82–83, 139–140, 167, 186–187, 195
    • Military air escorts, 144–152, 181–182
    • Press, handling the, 170–171, 175–176
    • RF–8 jet shot down, 141–144, 147–148
  • Reconnaissance over North Vietnam, photographic, 92–93
  • Restrictions, Sharp’s request for less, 555–556
  • Resupply aircraft, interception of hostile, 372–374, 397–400
  • Royal Lao Air Force, 28–31
  • Rules of engagement, 265–266
  • Search and rescue missions, 355, 357
  • SLAM concept, 493, 496–497, 576–577
  • Southeast Asia Coordinating Committee, 313–315
  • Souvanna Phouma’s parameters, 369–370
  • Strike resources, 725–729
  • Symington, concerns about, 434–436
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 19–20, 22, 23
  • Trilateral Vientiane-RLG-Saigon talks, 411–412
  • T–28s, 19, 28–29, 31, 87, 89, 126, 136, 182, 192, 242, 322
    • Civilians in Laos, use of U.S., 90–91, 105, 107, 200–201, 213, 400
    • Helicopter incident in Laos, 253–254
    • Search and rescue missions, 258–263
    • Triangle Operation, 201, 208, 219, 233
  • U.S. planes, using, 154, 162, 172, 184, 109, 150–166, 171, 180–181, 183
  • U.S. position, 266–267, 281–282, 309–310, 557–558
  • Westmoreland assessments, 263–264
• Akalovsky, Alexander, 300, 304
• Aldrich, George H., 399n , 456n , 464n
• Alexander, Clif, 93–94
• Allgemeine Zeitung, 319
• Alphand, Hervé, 68n
• Alsop, Stewart, 10
• Amkha, Gen., 87
• Andrews, Gen., 680
• Anthis, Gen. Rollen, 6n , 21
• Armour, Norman, 454, 508, 511
• Armstrong, Oscar V., 534n
• ARVN. See Vietnam, Republic of.
• Arzac, Daniel, 557n
• Asian Development Bank, 376, 475, 514
• Ausland, John C., 611n
• Australia, 18, 51, 53, 100, 126, 227, 311, 326–327
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 90, 107, 116, 120
• Ayub Khan, Muhammad, 438n
• Ball, George W., 44, 83, 121n , 185, 207n , 218, 244, 254n , 308n , 309, 313, 335, 358, 414n , 465n
  • Civilian pilots in Laos, use of U.S., 90–91
  • Coup d’état in Laos, 46–48, 328–329
  • Resupply aircraft, interception of hostile, 399–400
• Barbis, George, 8, 38n , 44, 237n , 252n , 273n , 277n , 316n , 328n , 340n , 350n , 356n , 358n , 397n , 413n , 427n , 459n
• Barnett, Bob, 139
• Barrell Roll. See Operations under Air war in Laos.
• Bell, David E., 139, 170, 186, 410–411, 431–432
• Berger, Samuel D., 454, 522n
• Blackburn, Col., 388
• Blouin, Rear Adm. F. J., 356n , 451n , 459n , 473
• Board of National Estimates, 245
• Bohlen, Charles E., 377, 652, 749
• Bond, Gen., 525
• Boon Choo, 322
• Bounleut Saycocie, 326, 328, 335–337, 526
• Boun Oum, Prince, 59, 336, 471, 521, 525–526, 544
• Bounpone, Gen., 521, 525, 736, 737
• Bowman, R. C., 455–456
• Boyce, Alice, 258
• Brown, Gen. George S., 733–735
• Brown, Harold, 749, 784–786
• Bundy, McGeorge, 6, 8n , 13, 22, 28, 33n , 38, 55n , 68n , 75, 78, 83, 89n , 120, 121, 129, 134n , 170, 186–187, 200n , 207n , 218, 233n , 262n , 278, 281, 311–313, 316n , 325n , 401, 441n
  • Air war in Laos, 319–320, 352n , 434n
    • U.S. planes, 154, 164–165, 170–171, 176, 184
  • Coup d’état in Laos, 44–46, 47n , 56
  • Defuzing Laos, 172–176
  • Helicopter incident in Laos, 253–254
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, photographic, 93–94, 140, 142
  • Triangle Operation, 211–212, 230, 232, 251
  • Vietnam, Laos situation related to, 291–293
• Bundy, William, 21, 33n , 38n , 65n , 68n , 78, 88n , 103n , 104n , 117n , 128, 139, 148, 152, 161n , 175, 185, 194n , 200n , 207n , 233n , 237n , 254n , 266n , 281, 308n , 309, 320n , 328n , 340n , 347n , 364n , 399n , 502n , 517, 611n , 631n , 716, 748
  • Air war in Laos, 90–91, 170–171, 240–241, 413–414, 468–469, 654
    • Barrel Roll activities, 701, 709–710
    • U.S. planes, using, 155, 156, 313
  • Assistant Secretary of State, designated as, 31
  • Cambodia, conference on, 362, 363
  • Conference on Laos, another international, 312, 362–363
  • Congressional resolution on Southeast Asia, 130
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 679, 682, 718n
  • Coup d’état in Laos, 47, 55–56, 64–65, 329n
  • Eastern Laos, operations in, 72–74
  • Highway project on Route 9, 294–296
  • Infiltration routes in Laos, 83, 310
  • Morale in South Vietnam, 110
  • Nixon, Souvanna Phouma’s reaction to, 755–756
  • North Vietnam, reconnaissance flights over, 92–93
  • North Vietnam, U.S. military action against 106–109
  • Operations, 613, 700
  • Triangle, 212–218, 232, 239–241
  • Pathet Lao, 186–187
  • Politico-military scenarios, U.S., 138–139
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, photographic, 82, 150
  • Route 12-a, 76–77
  • Rules of engagement, 464
  • South Vietnam, 110, 573
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 22, 31, 91, 116–117, 140
  • U.S. military action in Laos, 114, 242–243, 418–420, 487n , 574
• Bunker, Ellsworth, 611
• Burchinat, David A., 448
• Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), 1–5, 78n , 221–227, 323–324
• Butler, Richard A., 115, 243, 244, 397
• Calhoun, John A., 713
• Cambodia, 28, 110, 305, 393, 520
  • Conference on neutrality/territorial integrity of:
    • Bundy (William) assessments, 362–363
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 365–366
    • Embassy South Vietnam assessments, 365n
    • Embassy Thailand assessments, 365n
    • Harriman assessments, 368–369
    • Thomson assessments, 367–368
    • U.S. position, 364–365
  • McNamara-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 408–409
  • Neutrality issues, 8, 14
• Canada, 89n , 151, 154, 161, 167–168, 215, 428
  • Triangle Operation, 217, 220, 230, 231
• Cao Dai, 96
• Cao Van Vien, Gen., 553n
• Carroll, George, 401
• Carroll, Joseph F., 287
• Carter, Chester C., 454
• Carter, Gen. Marshall S., 121, 142n , 152, 154, 160, 675n
• Cater, Douglass, 170, 175, 186
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 6, 32, 59, 81, 91, 110, 251, 701, 738, 742–743, 776n
  • Brown (George) as Commander of 7th Air Force, 734–735
  • Communists, 97–98, 104, 747–748
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand 682–693
  • Covert paramilitary program supported by, 3, 130, 132–133
  • Nam Bac, Laotian forces defeated at, 649–650
  • National Assembly in Laos, 486, 498–499, 541–542
  • Pathet Lao (PL), 484–485, 608, 610
  • Phou Pha Thi, 664–665
  • Polish proposal on Laos, 117–119
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 585, 591–592
  • Road development in Laos, Communist, 422–424, 713–714, 726–727
  • South Vietnam and Laos, program for, 95–98
  • Successes in Laos, 606–610
  • Sullivan-Helms meeting, 378–379
  • Trucks damaged/destroyed, North Vietnamese, 637–638
  • U.S. military action in Laos, 484–489
• Chadbourn, Philip H., 127
• Chayes, Abram, 103n
• China, People’s Republic of, 92, 184n , 192, 245–246, 312, 428, 442, 509, 605, 721
  • Bureau of Intelligence and Research assessment, 223, 224, 227
  • Cambodian neutrality, 8, 14
  • Embassy Laos assessments, 532–533
  • India, relations with, 376–377
  • Johnson-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 511, 514–515
  • Laos, objectives in, 777, 778–779
  • McNamara-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 407, 408–409
  • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 119, 120, 122, 123
  • Road development in Laos, 59, 775–776
  • Southeast Asian, objectives, U.S. concerns about, 62–63
  • Souvanna Phouma trip to, 35–36, 40
  • Soviet Union avoiding flights over, 503, 505
  • Special National Intelligence Estimate 10–65, 330–334
  • U.S. military action in laos, 394–395
• Chou En-lai, 289, 376
• Christian, George, 632n , 634, 702, 710n
• Clay, Brig. Gen. Lucius D., Jr., 8, 9, 21, 104n , 127
• Cleland, Col. John R.D., 316n
• Cleveland, J. Harlan, 185
• Clifford, Clark, 702, 716, 765n
• Cline, Ray S., 78, 79, 422
• Cobb, Adm. J. O., 659–661
• Colby, William E., 8n , 21, 46, 78, 83, 109n , 111, 121n , 129, 131, 139, 140, 142, 152, 170, 175, 177, 185n , 186, 378, 608n
  • Air war in Laos, 79–801 309–310
  • CLA program for Laos and South Vietnan1, 95–98
  • Contingency planning for enemy action in Laos, 187
  • Infiltration routes in Laos, 83–84
  • Southeast Asia, stabilizing the situation in, 11–12
  • Sullivan-Helms meeting, 378–379
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 9–10
• Communists (see also Air war in Laos; Pathet Lao (PL); Triangle Operation; Vietnam, Democratic Republic of), 11, 42, 442
  • CIA assessments, 747–748
  • CIA program for Laos and South Vietnam, 95–98
  • Concessions, 292–293
  • Conference on Laos, 99–102, 362–363
  • Dry season gains, 598–600, 643–644, 647–648, 670–671, 731
  • Geneva Accords of 1962-Southeast
  • Asia, 13, 15
  • Hilsman’s view of 7–8, 14–15
  • Illustrative military moves to demonstrate U.S. intentions, 131–132
  • Kosygin-Rusk meeting, 124–125
  • Military buildup, significant, 318, 323–324, 330–334
  • Plain of Jars area, 22, 79, 318
    • Bureau of Intelligence and Researchassess111ent, 222, 225
    • CIA positions, 97–98, 104
    • Civilian pilots in Laos, use of U.S., 94–95
    • Conference on Laos, 114–115
    • Contingency plans for U.S. military action, 186–187
    • Defuzing Laos, 168, 172, 176–177
    • Emmbassy Laos assessments, 84–86
    • Military air escorts, 144–152
    • North Vietnam, U.S. military action against 106–111
    • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 123–124
    • RF–8 jet shot down, 141–144, 147
    • U.S. position, 88–90
  • Politico-military scenarios, U.S., 134–139
  • Road development in Laos, 422–424, 713–714, 726–727
  • Special National Intelligence Estimates:
    • SNIE 10–10–65, 392–396
    • SNIE 58–1–68, 757–764
    • SNIE 58–65 383–384
    • SNIE 58–68, 674–678, 682
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 116–117
  • U.S. military actions in Laos, 197–198
• Conference on Laos. See under Geneva Accords of 1962 Southeast Asia.
• Conservative forces (see also d’etat under Souvanna, Government of National Unity under; Forces Armees du Royaume(FAR ); Kouprasith, Gen. Abhay; Phoumi Nosavan, Gen.), 59–61
• Cooper Chester L., 111, 152, 170, 175, 185, 186, 229, 251, 308n , 310–312
  • Action course in Laos, 188–191
  • Air war in Laos, 318–320
  • CIA program for Laos and South Vietnam, 95–98
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, rumors of, 377–378
• Corcoran, Thomas J., 294
• Cornford, F.M., 179
• Coup d’etat in Laos. See under Souvanna, Government of National Unity.
• Cowherd, Col. Robert, 464n , 468n
• Cuba, 82
• Cunningham William J., 297
• Czechoslovakia, 746
• Davis, Adm. J. W., 203–206
• Davis, Richard H., 246n , 289n
• Dawee, Marshall, 95, 322
• Defended Village Operation, 12
• Defense, U.S. Department of (DOD), 6, 413, 573, 702n , 745
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand,
  • Popeye Operation, 545–553
  • Shining Brass Operation, 534–540, 562n
• Defense Intelligence Agency(DIA), 635
• De Gaulle, Gen. Charles, 7, 9, 14–15, 238, 272–273
• Denney, George C., 20, 323
• Denson, J. B., 66, 87
• DeSeabra, Jose, 405
• DeSilva, Peer, 378
• Dexter,John B., 289n , 294n , 356n , 372–374
• Dillon, C. Douglas, 83, 170, 175, 218
• Directorate of National Coordination (DNC) (see also Forces Armee du Royaume (FAR), 3, 4, 40n
• Dobrynin Anatoily, 65, 300, 586, 686
  • Conference on Laos, 289–291
  • Rusk, meeting with, 23, 61–64, 342–346, 652
  • Soviet démarche on Laos, 563–565
• Donnelly, Dixon, 499
• Drozniak, Edward, 194
• Dungan, Ralph, 300n
• East Asian and Pacific Interdepartmental Regional Group, 739–741
• Easterbrook, Gen. Ernest F., 255
• Electronic countermeasures (ECM), 82
• Ewing, Richard T., 78n , 427–429, 477n
• Fedorenko, Nikolai, 300, 586
• Feldman, Mark B., 566n
• Fitch, Alva R., 42
• FitzGerald, Desmond, 378
• Flott, Fred, 438
• Forces Armées du Royaume(FAR) (see also 29–30, 98, 427–428, 485, 599, 639, 731–732, 752
  • Corruption in ranks, 736–737
  • Directorate of National Coordination, 3–4, 40n
  • Ground forces employed in Laos, 269–271
  • Nam Bac, defeat at, 649–650
  • North Vietnamese military actions in Laos, 447, 449, 450
  • Phoumi Nosavan as head of, 2, 4
  • Prasane Operation, 477–478
  • Special National Intelligence Estimates:
    • SNIE 58–1–68, 764
    • SNIE 58–65, 383, 384
• Forrestal, Michael V., 38, 65n , 78, 83, 120, 128–129, 147, 152, 167n , 175, 185–186, 218, 229, 233n , 281, 308n , 309, 311
  • Air strikes in Laos using U.S. pIanes, 154, 156, 163–165, 180–181
  • Coup d’état in Laos, 57–58
  • Cross-border operations, 75n
  • Defuzing Laos, 172, 176
  • Harriman, interaction with, 58, 163–164
  • Infiltration routes in Laos, 80–81
  • North Vietnam, reconnaissance flights over, 93
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, 89n , 141–142, 146, 148
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 8n , 9
• France, 14, 51, 53, 190, 359, 396, 720
  • Conference on Laos, 100, 101, 103
  • Pathet Lao, cooperation with, 272–273
  • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 120, 122
  • Souvanna Phouma’s trip to, 375–377
  • Triangle Operation, 215, 231
• Fraser, J.M., 472
• Friedman, Alvin, 397
• Gaud, William S., 121n , 139, 186, 540
• Gell-Mann, Murray, 518
• Geneva Accords of 1962-Southeast Asia (see also Poland’s proposal on Laos), 13, 54, 60, 105, 172, 223, 295, 563, 777
  • Air strikes in Laos using U.S. planes, 157, 162, 163
  • Conference on Laos, 15–16, 99–103, 106, 173, 241, 745
    • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 685–686, 690–691
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 365–366
    • Embassy Thailand assessments, 348–350
    • Khrushchev-Johnson communications, 252–253
    • Pathet Lao-French cooperation, 272–273
    • Phoumi’s trip to Washington, 282–283
    • Preconditions, 243, 244, 312, 362–363
    • Rusk assessments, 174
    • Soviets and Western powers, differences between, 237–241
    • Soviet-U.S. relations, 124–125, 246–248, 289–291, 304–305, 346
    • U.K.-Soviet relations, 63, 320–321
    • U.S. position, 114–115, 367
    • Vietnam, Laos situation related to, 291–293
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 718, 719, 721
  • Kosygin-Rusk meeting, 124–125
  • Pathet Lao, 7, 62
  • Protocol to the Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos, 566–567, 587
  • Reassessment of U.S. policy for Laos, 704, 718
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, photographic, 151–152
  • Rusk-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 628–629
  • Soviet-U.S. relations, 23, 194–196, 343
  • Triangle Operation, 208, 213
  • Tripartite Government of National Union, restoration of, 340–342
  • United Nations, 297–300
• Giap. See Vo Nguyen Giap, Gen.
• Ginsburgh, Robert N., 698–699
• Glenn, Edmund, 297
• Godley, G. McMurtrie, 741, 788
• Goldberg, Arthur J., 586
• Goldwater, Barry, 144
• Goodpaster, Lt. Gen. Andrew J., 129, 139, 170, 175, 186
• Green, Marshall, 8–10, 20, 21n , 47n , 102–103, 129, 231n , 237n , 252n , 258, 262n , 271n , 277–278, 328n , 358n
• Greene, Gen. Wallace M., Jr., 141
• Greenfield, James L., 309, 310
• Gromyko, Andrei, A., 241, 298, 574–575
  • Rusk, meetingm with, 342, 343, 586–588
  • Soviet démarche on Laos, 574–575
  • United Nations, 300–302
  • U.S.-Soviet relations, 304–305
• Grout, Lt. Col. Gilbert, 464 462
• Habib, Philip C., 589n , 601, 611–613, 618n , 696, 709n
• Hamilton, William C., 374n , 459–460, 477n , 508, 515n , 522n , 534n , 545n , 557n , 589n
• Hand, Lloyd, 441n
• Hannah, Norman B., 8
• Harkins, Gen. Paul D., 6
• Harriman, W. Averell, 13n , 20, 33n , 58, 78–79, 83, 88n , 91, 120, 121, 139, 140, 148–149, 152, 161n , 170, 175, 218, 245, 282n , 366, 649
  • Air strikes in Laos using U.S. planes, 153–154, 156–159, 163–165
  • Asia, tour of, 441n , 454–455
  • Cambodia, conference on neutrality/territorial integrity of, 368–369
  • North Vietnam, reconnaissance flights over, 92–93
  • Objectives in Laos, perceived, 228–229
  • Pushkin, meetings with, 566–567, 575, 587
  • Souvanna Phouma, meetings with, 375–377, 438–441, 506–508, 628n
  • Soviet démarche on Laos, 564–566
• Harris, Gen. Hunter, 559
• Helms, Richard, 104, 142n , 378–379, 585, 634, 702, 710n , 748
• Helmsman, Dick, 608n
• Henry, David Howe, II, 61n , 289n , 320n
• Herz, Martin F., 651, 654–656, 679–680, 700n , 709n , 711, 714, 716n
• Hilsman, Roger, Jr., 6n , 7–8, 13–17, 20, 31
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 9–10, 21–22
• Ho Chi Minh, 407, 514
• Ho Chi Minh Trail (see also Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle)), 26, 110, 240, 488, 583, 635
  • Embassy Laos assessments, 424–425
  • Inability to locate, 371–372
  • Reassessment of U.S. policy for Laos, 705–707
• Holbrooke, Hichard C., 631n
• Home, Alexander Frederick 114
• Hopson, D.C., 239
• Hornig, Donald F, 492
• Hughes Thomas L., 117–119, 658–659
• Humphrey,Hubert H., 454–455
  • Souvanna Phouma, with, 401–405, 441–443, 628n
• Hurwitch, Robert A., 639–640, 722, 725–726, 729–732
• Hwa people, 96
• Hyland, Adm., 723n
• India, 159n , 162, 215, 630
  • China, People’s Republic of, relations with, 376–377
  • Triangle Operation, 220, 230–231
• Indonesia, 408, 409, 630
• Inpeng Suryadhay 533
• International Bank for Reconstruction and (IBRD), 475
• International Control Commission (ICC), 23, 73, 225, 290, 363, 376, 575, 720
  • Air strikes in Laos U.S. 154, 162, 172
  • Failure of, 157, 195, 302, 304
  • Pathet Lao and North Vietnam, 26, 428
  • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 119, 120, 215
  • Reassessment of U.S.Policy for Laos, 706–707
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos,
  • photographic, 82, 83
  • Soviet-U.S. relations, 343–344
  • Termination procedures, 428–429
  • Triangle Operation, 215–216
• International Monetary Fund(IMF), 540
• Izvestin, 62–63
• Jackson, Col., 8
• Jaeger,George W., 194n
• Japan, 630, 720
• JASON Group, 517–520
• Johnson, Gen., 309, 312, 620
• Johnson, B., 28, 38, 58n , 134n , 148, 218, 254n , 278, 300, 303, 313, 325n , 376n , 543, 619, 632, 643, 654, 715
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 279, 374, 434n , 634, 710n
    • Operations, 352n , 492, 619–620, 765n
    • U.S.planes, 156–160, 165–166
  • Conference on Laos, 114–115, 246–248, 252–253
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 44–47, 57, 68
  • Criticisms of on Laos U.S., 178–179
  • Graduated military pressure, controlled program of, 245–246
  • Humphrey-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 403, 405, 441–443
  • Khamking Souvanlasy,meeting with, 454–455
  • Khrushchev’s communications with, 246–248, 252–253
  • North Vietnam, U.S, military action against, 111–113
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, Photographic, 79, 142, 143, 146n , 147–148
  • Souvanna Phouma, 307n , 468
    • Meeting with, 511–515, 624–628
    • Washington, trip to, 504–506, 622–623
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 31, 243
• Johnson, Robert 294n
• Johnson Tom, 634, 702, 710n
• Johnson, U, Alexis, 47n , 83, 121n , 139, 144n , 147, 148, 155, 161n , 170, 175, 185, 200n , 255, 445, 465n , 487n
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 244, 617, 619, 631
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 245, 448, 553n , 581, 727, 729
    • Barrel Roll activities, 351, 357, 701
    • Propeller vs.jet aircraft, 645–647, 659–661
    • Shining Brass Operation, 500, 534
    • Steel Tiger Operation, 353, 357
  • Contingency planning for enemy action in Laos, 768–771
  • Cross-border operations, 284–286, 384–386
  • Documents:
    • CM 2876–68, 645–647
    • DJSM 360–66, 448
    • JCSM 129–68, 659–661
    • JCSM 195–68, 697–698
    • JCSM 215–67, 537–568, 584
    • JCSM 216–66, 455
    • JCSM 374–68, 727–729
    • JCSM 475–65, 384–386
    • JCSM 479–64, 132–133
    • JCSM 561–64, 203–204
    • JCSM 565–64, 204–206
    • JCSM 777–64, 265–266
    • JCSM 799–64, 269–271
    • JCSM 870–64, 284–286
    • JCSM 1050–64, 307–309
    • JCSM 7484, 352
  • Forces Armees du Royaume, 269–271
  • Graduated military pressure controlled program of, 244–245
  • Neutralist ground forces employed in Laos, 269–271
  • North Vietnam, graduated military pressures on, 307–309
  • North Vietnam, U.S. military action against, 112
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 567–568, 584–586, 592, 617, 695
  • Reassessment of U.S. policy for Laos, 697–698
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, photographic, 141–143
  • Royal Thai Army Special Forces, 133
  • Rules of engagement, 265–266
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 9, 29n , 94, 132–133
  • Triangle Operation, 203–206, 211, 213, 236, 270
  • U.S. military action in Laos, 455–456
• Jorden, William John, 229, 451n
• Jordon Report, 179n
• Kaplan, Harold, 534n
• Katzenbach, Nicholas deB., 522, 534, 564, 573, 590, 611, 618n , 623n , 631n , 716, 718
• Kennedy, John F., 628
• Kennedy, Robert, 83, 139, 140, 142–144, 170, 175
• Kent, Sherman, 211n
• Khamchan Pradith, 297
• Khamchan Souvouovong, 328
• Khamking Souvanlasy 454, 460, 506–508, 511
• Khamouane Boupha, 222
• Khampan, Prince, 401, 405
• Khanh, Gen. Nguyen, 33, 36n , 41, 51, 61, 73, 110, 113
• Kha peoples, 3, 5, 72–73, 77
• Khiem, Gen., 32
• Khrushchev, Nikita S., 113, 172, 241, 244, 333, 628
  • Johnson (Lyndon), communications with, 246–248, 252–253
• Kirnassovsky, Boris Yefimovich, 468, 532, 640
• Kistiakowsky, 518
• Kohler, Foy D., 292, 300, 563, 611n , 613
  • Popeye Operation, 545–553
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 590–593
• Kong Le, Gen., 2, 5, 71, 89, 110, 149, 167, 233, 272, 383, 443, 447n , 460, 526
  • Bureau of Intelligence and Research assessment, 221, 222
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 45, 51, 53, 336, 377
  • Overthrow, efforts to, 515–516, 599
  • Thailand, departure tO, 527–528, 531
• Kornienko, C.M., 246n
• Kosygin, Aleksey N., 124–125
• Kouprasith, Gen. Abhay, 43, 65, 167, 168, 233, 471, 528, 533, 542, 553, 593, 736, 742
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 49, 50, 59, 326
  • Power, loss of, 543–544
  • Royal Lao Air Force, mutiny within, 521, 525, 526, 531
• Kramer, Col. F. E., 280n
• Krusmann, Lt. C. F., 146
• Lao, Gen., 438
• Laos (see also Air war in Laos; Communists; Forces Armees du Royaume(FAR ); Geneva Accords of 1962-Southeast Asia; Neutralist forces (FAN); Poland’s on Laos; Souvanna listings; Triangle Operation):
  • Agency for International Development, 431–432
  • Barrier across, 473–474, 517–520, 570, 573
  • Bombing pause in North Vietnam,
  • U.S., 723–725
  • Checklist of developments in, 427–429
  • Chinese road building in, 59, 161–163, 775–776
  • CIA assessments, 110, 606–610, 742–743
  • CIA program fOr, 95–98
  • Conglressional commitment to troops in, U.S., 144
  • Contingency planning for enemy action in, 186, 242–243, 748–749, 766–771, 786–787
  • Contigency study on, 679–680, 682–684
    • Deterrent actions, possible, 685–690
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 711–712
    • Political attitudes, 684–685
    • Status report, 718–721
  • Cooper’s assessments, 188–191
  • Country Team assessments, 771–773
  • Criticisms of on, US., 177–179, 185
  • Cross-border operations, 42, 282, 360–361, 384–386, 457–458
  • Declaration on the Neutrality of, 89n
  • Defended Village Operation, 12
  • Defuzing, 167–169, 172–177
  • Division of country, de facto, 532
  • Embassy Laos assessments on, 24–27
  • Graduated millitary pressure, controlled program of 311–312
  • Gromyko-Rusk meeting, 586–588
  • Highway project on Route 9, 294–296
  • Illinois City Operation, 601–602
  • Illustrative military moves to demonstrate U.S. intentions, 131–132
  • Infiltration routes in, 80–81, 83–84, 227
  • Interdiction operations Route 7, 279–280
  • Luang Prabang, neutralization/demilitarization of, 43, 59
  • Military Action (U.S.) to Strengthen the Situation in Laos, 125–128
  • Negotiating position U.S., 777–779
  • North Vietnamese military actions in, 443–444, 446–447, 449–450, 454–455, 482–483, 489–491
  • North Vietnamese road building in, 422–424, 713–714, 726–727
  • Paramilitary forces, 3, 96–97, 132–133, 733–735
  • Phou Pha Thi, 651, 658–659
    • CIA assessments, 664–665
    • Fall of, 665–669, 693–694
    • Navigational aids, 651, 653, 658
  • Political situation:
    • CIA assessments, 486, 498–499
    • Corruption in military, 736–737
    • Depressed national mood, 745–746
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 470–472, 475–476, 530–533, 572–573
    • Hurwitch assessments, 729–731
    • Kong Le, efforts to overthrow, 515–516, 527–528, 531
    • Kouprasith’s loss of power, 543–544
    • Morale of the troops, 452–453
    • National Assembly, 486, 498–499, 541–542
    • National Intelligence Estimate 58–67, 577–578
    • Royal Lao Air Force, mutiny within, 459–463, 521–528
    • Souvanna Phouma-Harriman-Unger meeting, 507–508
    • Tripartite Government of National Union, 250, 505, 533
  • Politico-military scenarios, U.S., 134–139, 227
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 612, 623
    • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 690, 692
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 568–569, 614–616, 780–784, 788
    • Expanding the program, 698–700
    • Joint Chiefs of Staff, 567–568, 584–586, 592, 617, 695
    • Kohler assessments, 590–593
    • SLAM concept, 576–577
    • U.S. position, 631, 678n , 696
    • Warnke assessments, 616–617
  • Reassessment of U.S. policy, 715, 739–741
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 702–707
    • Joint Chiefs of Staff, 697–698
  • Route 12-a, 76–77
  • SEATO Plan 6, 662–663
  • Situation report, 750–754
  • Southeast Asia Coordinating Committee, 672–674
  • South Vietnamese troops in, 32–37, 573, 596, 611–612, 617, 619–621, 708–709, 713–714
  • Soviet demarche, 563–566
  • Soviet-U.S. relations, 124–125
  • Special National Intelligence Estimates:
    • SNIE 10–10–65, 392–396
    • SNIE 58–65, 380–384
  • Stevenson assessments, 191–192
  • Subcommittee on United States support of paramilitary forces, 1–5
  • Terrorism against Americans, 599–600
  • Thai involvement, 256, 571, 322, 687–689, 692
  • Thirty Day Action Operation, 303
  • Tribal paramilitary forces (see also Prairie Fire Operation above), 3, 96–97, 132–133, 383, 733–735, 764
  • Unger assessment on operations in eastern, 72–74
  • United Nations, 110, 300–302
  • U.S. economic aid to, 402–403, 408, 410–411, 428, 505, 513, 533, 540–541, 600, 624–625
  • U.S. military action in, 474, 574
    • Casualty statistics, 478–481
    • CIA, 484–489
    • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 687–688
    • Covert vs. overt military actions, 338–339
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 387–391, 481–483, 569–573, 663–664
    • Escalation of activities, 418–420
    • Green’s (Marshall) assessments, 277–278
    • Haymaker Battalion, 708–709, 713–714
    • Joint Chiefs of Staff, 455–456
    • North Vietnam, Thai troops across Laos to attack, 439–441
    • Prasane Operation, 477–478
    • Rules of engagenlent, 464–465
    • Shining Brass, 388–391, 436–438
    • Souvanna Phouma’s request for more bombing, 722
    • Special National Intelligence Estimate 10–10–65, 393–394
    • Sullivan-Souvanna meeting, 306–307
    • U.S. position, 196–200, 778
  • U.S. military aid to, 27, 386, 404, 408, 442, 473
  • Vietnam, Laos situation related to U.S. next moves on, 109, 228n , 533, 631
• Laos Foreign Operations Fund (FEOF), 540
• Lapin, Sergey Grigor’yevich, 320
• Law, Col. William, 255, 280n , 461, 736
• Le Duan, 705
• LeMay, Gen. Curtis E., 132–133, 141, 160, 288–289, 307–309
• Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman L., 425
• Le Monde (Paris), 319
• Lemos, Adm. William E., 589n
• Leonard, James F., 468n
• Leuam Insisiengmay 463, 472, 542
• Locke, Eugene M., 620–621
• Lodge, Henry Cabot, 6n , 32, 47n , 79, 113, 194
• Luang Prabang, neutralization demilitarization of, 43, 59, 63
• Lucet, Charles, 756
• Ma, Gen. Thao, 377
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 87, 256, 370–371, 411, 421
  • Royal Lao Air For,ce, 459–463, 521–528, 531, 543–544
• McCain, Adm. John S., Jr., 780–783, 786–787
• McCone, John A., 8n , 11, 21, 44n , 46, 58n , 78, 83, 95n , 111–112, 129, 139, 147, 148, 170, 174–175, 185, 185n , 186, 211n , 218, 244n , 245n , 278, 308n
  • Air strikes in Laos, 154, 171
• McConnell, Gen. John P., 656–657, 765
• McCormack, John W., 142
• McCrea, Col., 8
• MacDonald, 143, 308n , 566
• McIntyre, Stuart H., 300
• McNamara, Robert S., 6n , 17, 19–21, 28, 38, 42n , 58n , 78–79, 82–83, 88n , 1n , 121, 126, 129, 144n , 152, 175, 186, 207n , 245n , 278, 280, 632n , 637n
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 397, 430n , 597, 620, 656, 727
    • Popeye Opearation, 492, 553n
    • Propeller vs. jet aircraft, 640–641, 647n , 659
    • U.S. 153–164, 170–171, 176
  • Congressional resolution on Southeast Asia, 193
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 45, 46, 69–70
  • Defuzing Laos, 172, 173, 175, 176
  • North Vietnam, U.S. militaty action against, 110, 112
  • Pathet Lao-North Vietnam military offensive in Laos, 288–289
  • Poland’s proposal on laos, 187, 193
  • Politico-military scenarios, U.S., 134n
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, photographic, 109, 139, 141–143, 147–150, 187
  • Rules of engagement, 266
  • South Vietnam, 33, 244
  • Souvanna Phouma,meeting with, 405–409
  • Thailand, U.S.militay deployment in,243
  • Triangle Operation, 211, 218
• McNaughton, John T., 65n , 68n , 78, 83, 88n , 104n , 121n , 129, 139, 147, 132, 170, 175, 186, 200n , 207n , 218, 232, 233n , 243, 258, 266n , 280–281, 308n , 309, 316n , 517
  • Search and rescue missions, 260–261
  • Sullivan, meeting with, 472–474
• Manila Pact, 686
• Manning, Robert J., 129, 130, 147, 148, 152, 161n , 170, 171, 175, 185
• Mansfield, Mike, 9, 165–166
• Martin, Graham A., 69n , 87, 121, 126, 199, 255, 256, 322, 348–350, 434n , 552, 612, 615n , 618
• Meo forces, 3, 5, 71, 214, 737, 761
• Methven, Stuart 734–735
• Michalowski,Jerzy, 439–440
• Military Action (U.S.) to the Strengthen the Situation in Laos, 125–128
• Military Assistance Command, Studies and Observation Group(MACSOG), 678–679
• Military Assistance Command Vietnam(MACV), 81, 255, 436–438
• Miller, Capt.John M., 356n , 456n
• Millet (French), 66, 67, 100
• Milton, Gen. Theodore R., 125–126, 199
• Mobley Col. J. H., 459n , 472n , 473, 695n
• Momyer Gen. William, 493, 693, 734
• Montagnard peoples, 96
• Moore, Gen. Joseph H., 199, 434n
• Morse, Wayne 171
• Moua Chong Capt., 737
• Maune, Princess, 623, 756n
• Moyers, Bill D., 28, 362, 499, 501
• Muong Soui. See Triangle Operation.
• Murphy, James P., 545n
• Mustin, Adm., 308n , 309, 316n , 356n , 451n , 571
• Myers, 8, 10
• Nam Ngum Dam project, 376
• Napalam, 205, 237, 245, 415–417, 427, 446, 451–452
• Nasser, Gamel A., 438n
• National Army Revolutionary Committee (NARC), 43, 66–68
• National Intelligence Estimates (see also Special National Intelligence Estimates), 577–578
• National Council (NSC):
  • Action memoranda, 6, 11
  • Meetings:
    • April 19,1964, 44–46
    • 528th, 22,1964, 64–65
    • April 29 1964, 78–80
    • 533d, June 6,1964, 141–144
    • June 29, 1964, 218
    • 531st, May 5, 1964, 82, 83–84
• Nehru, Jawaharlal, 124n , 125
• Nelson, William E., 733, 738
• Nes, David, 73
• Neubert, Joseph W., 7n , 8, 10, 13n
• Neutralist forces (FAN) (see also Kong Le, Gen.; Souvanna Phouma), 2, 528, 764
  • Bundy’s (William) assessments, 213–214
  • Conservatives, cooperation with, 4, 39, 599
  • Coup d’etat by rightists, 59–61
  • Joint Chiefs of Staff assessment, 269–271
• New Zealand, 18, 90, 107, 116–117,312
• Ngon Sananikone, 533, 542
• Nitze, Paul H., 657n , 695, 748, 784
• Nixon, Richard M., 144, 755–756
• Norasing, Gen., 462
• North Vietnam, Democratic Republic of.
• Noun Qum, Prince, 463
• Nouphet Col., 371, 462, 521
• Operations:
  • Arc Light, 465–467, 477, 494, 597–598, 636, 687
  • Barrell Roll. See under Air war in Los:Operations.
  • Commando Lava, 580–581, 613
  • Cricket, 476, 493–495, 524
  • Delaware, 700, 714–715
  • Duck Soup, 374, 397–400
  • Dye Marker, 578n , 613, 615, 618–621
  • Hardnose, 77, 126, 132
  • Illinois City, 597, 601–602
  • Leaping Lena, 256
  • Popeye, 492, 545–553, 572
  • Practice Nine, 578–579
  • Prairie Fire, 567–569, 576–577, 585, 590–593, 595–596, 612, 614–617, 631, 673, 678n , 690, 692, 695–696, 698–700, 780–781, 783, 788
  • Shining Brass, 388–391, 424, 436–438, 468–469, 495, 499–501, 534–540, 557–558, 560–562
  • Southpaw 595, 596–597, 616–617
  • Steel Tiger, 352–358, 427, 433, 494, 687
  • Switchback, 81, 96
  • Tiger Hound, 432–434, 436, 493–495
  • Triangle, 201–202, 205, 207–211, 213–214, 218–220, 229–237, 241, 245, 248–251, 341
  • Victorious Arrow, 323–324
• Ou Neua, 461
• Quane Rathikoun,Gen., 327, 336, 459, 461, 462, 521, 533, 542, 544
• Oudom Souvannavong, 471, 486
• Oudone Sananikone, 531, 553–555, 736
• Oun Sananikone, 274, 275–276, 334, 336, 460
• Pakistan, 630
• Pathet Lao (PL) (see also Communist Triangle Operation), 7, 43, 45, 62, 143, 176, 189, 344, 402, 406, 474, 746
  • Bureau of and Research assessing, 78n , 221, 222, 224, 225–226
  • CIA assessments, 484–485, 608, 610
  • Conference on Laos, another international, 272–273
  • Contingency plans for U.S. millitary action, 186–187
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 53–55, 65–66, 68n , 682–693
  • Dry season gains, 639–640
  • Highway project on Route 9, 294–296
  • International Control Commission, 26, 428
  • Morale of the troops, 452–453
  • Non-Communist Lao rivalry with, 4–5
  • North Viehlanlese actions in Laos, 288–289, 449, 450
  • Operation Hardnose, 77n , 132–133
  • Rusk-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 509, 629
  • Souvanna Phouma, 36n , 130, 358n , 506, 508
  • Special National Intelligence Estimate 58–65, 383
  • Tripartite Government of National Union, restoration of, 340–341
  • Unified administration agreement, 40–41
• PAVN. See Vietnam, Democratic Republic of. Peace offensive, U.S., 438–439
• Pham Van Dong 40–41, 439n , 514
• Phasouk Somly, Gen., 59, 444, 460, 526, 533, 542, 544, 737, 741–742
• pheng Phongsavan, 49
• Philippines, 18, 107, 117, 120, 227
• Phillips, Richard I., 183n
• Phoui Sananikone, 128, 274–276, 334, 336–337, 460, 471, 533, 542
• Phoumi Nosavan, Gen., 2, 4–5, 39, 59, 63, 74, 137, 221, 280, 297, 377, 404, 460, 462, 605, 746
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 43, 50, 60, 65, 327–329, 330n , 334, 336
  • McNamara-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 407–408
  • Renewal of powers to Souvanna’s government, 274–276
  • South Vietnamese covert operations in Laos, 32, 33, 35, 37
  • Special National Intelligence Estimate 58–65, 381
  • Unified administration agreement, 40–41
  • U.S. military aid to Laos, 27
  • Washington, trip to, 282–283
• Phou Pha Thi. See under Laos.
• Plain of Jars area. See under
• Communists. Poats, Rutherford M., 21, 65n
• Poland’s proposal on Laos, 140, 191, 209, 215
  • Central Intelligence Agency, 117–119
  • Defuzing Laos, 167–169, 173
  • McNamara’s assessments, 187, 193
  • Politico-military scenarios, U.S., 120–121, 135–137
  • Soviet-U.S relations, 194–196
  • U.S. position, 122–124
• Polansky, Sol 237n
• Praseuth, 39n
• Pushkin, M., 566–567, 575, 587
• Quan, Gen. 736, 737
• Quinim Pholsena, 59, 305, 588
• Rapacki, Adam, 194, 438n , 440
• Reconnaissance over Laos, photographic. See under Air war in Laos.
• Rice, Edward E., 40–41
• Rielly, John, 401
• Rockefeller, Nelson, 144
• Ropa, D. W., 527–528
• Rostow, Walt W., 170, 175, 185, 467n , 481n , 483–484, 543, 564, 631n , 632–634, 671, 680, 710n , 748
  • Criticisms of U.S. policy on Laos, U.s., 177–179
  • Dry season gains for Communists, 643–644
  • Souvanna Phouma’s trip to Washington, 504–506, 622–623
  • U.S. economic aid to Laos, 540–541
• Rowan, Carl, 21, 83, 121n , 170, 171, 174
• Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF), (see also Air war In Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle); Triangle Operation) 145, 203, 270, 285
  • Barrel Roll/Steel 355, 357
  • Command change in, 459–463
  • Embassy Laos assessments, 28–31
  • Mutiny within, 521–528, 531, 543–544
  • Special National Intelligence Estimate 58–65, 382–383
• Royal Thai Army (RTA) Special Forces 133
• Rusk, Dean, 13, 20, 21n , 28, 38, 53n , 58n , 68n , 88n , 117n , 138, 139, 161n , 170, 175, 185, 194n , 207n , 218, 233n , 245n , 246n , 254n , 273n , 277n , 278, 281, 313, 340n , 502n , 632n , 702, 709n
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 266–267, 281–282, 451–452, 634
    • Barrel Roll activities, 317, 350–353, 356–358, 710n
    • Marker Operation, 618–620
    • Navigational aids, 581–582, 589–590
    • Popeye Operation, 545, 551n
    • Shining Brass Operation, 557–558
    • Steel Operation, 356–358
    • U.S. planes, using, 161–163, 171
  • Cambodia, conference on neutrality/territorial integrity of, 364–365
  • Communists, 88–90, 323
  • Conference on Laos, another international 115, 367–368
    • Krchrushchev-Johnson communications, 248, 252–253
    • Soviets-Western powers, differences, 237–240
    • Soviet-U.K. relations, 320–321
    • Soviet-U.S. relations, 289–291, 304–305
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 47n , 49–52, 61–69
  • Defuzing Laos, 172–176
  • Dobrynin, meeting with, 23, 342–346, 652
  • Geneva Accords of 1962-Southeast Asia, 297–300
  • Gromyko, communications with, 574–575
  • Gromykyo, meeting with, 342, 343, 586–588
  • Highway project on Route 9, 294–296
  • Kong Le, efforts to overthrow, 515–516
  • Kosygin, meeting 124–125
  • New Delhi trip 159n
  • North Vietnam, U.S. mi1ilitary action against, 109–112
  • Poland’s trip to Washington, 282–283
  • Phou Pha Thi, 658
  • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 120, 140, 194–196
  • Politico-military scenarios, U.S., 134n
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 700
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, photographic, 82, 142–145
  • Search and rescue missions, 262
  • South Vietnam as lynch-pin in Southeast Asia, 109
  • South Vietnamese troops in Laos, 33–34, 619–620
  • Souvanna Phouma’s,meeting with, 508–510, 628–631
  • Souvanna Phouma’s Washington D.C.trip, 358n
  • Soviet demarche on Laos, 563n , 565n , 574–575
  • Soviet support for Souvanna Phouma, 23, 532
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment, 8n
  • Triangle Operation, 201–202, 207–211, 219–220, 233–235
  • Tripartite Government of National Union, restoration of, 340–342
  • United Nations, 300–302
  • U.S. military action in Laos, 200, 418–420
• Russell, Richard E., 144
• Ryan, Gen. John D., 723n
• Saintery, Jean, 472
• Salans, Carl F, 237n , 320n
• Saltonstall, Leverett, 144
• Samlith 297
• Sang, Gen., 328
• Sato Eisaku, 438n
• Savang Vatthana, 33, 43n , 64, 230, 467–468, 471, 486, 498, 525, 720
• Schultz, Charles B., 541n
• Scott, Joseph W., 1–5
• Seaborn (Canadian), 154
• Sharp, Adm.Ulysses S. Grant, 476, 725
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 351, 534, 555–556, 559–560, 581
  • SLAM concept, 496, 576–577
  • Bombing pause in North Vietnam, U.S., 723–725
  • Coordinabon of forces, 493–495
  • Dry season gains of Communists 647–648
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 585, 615, 698–700
  • Steel Tiger Operation, 356
• Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 438n
• Shullaw, J. Harold, 289n
• Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 8, 14–15, 366, 377, 393, 408
• Sihanouk Trail, 583
• Siho, Gen. Lamphouthacoul 4, 59, 65, 137, 140
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 43, 49, 50, 53, 60–61, 330n , 334, 336
  • Defuzing Laos, 167, 168
• Sing Col., 446
• Sisouk na Champassak, 381, 382, 401, 405, 428, 462, 477, 507, 508, 511, 533, 542, 623, 736n , 746
• Sisoumang Sisaleumsak, 522
• Slutz, Robert F., 271n , 397n , 451n , 477n , 511n , 534n , 624n , 628n , 696n , 709n
• Smirnovskiy, Mikhail N., 300
• Smith, Bromley 79n , 82, 83, 109n , 152, 160, 170, 175, 244n
• Smith, W. Y., 93–94
• Solbert, Peter, 8, 9, 19
• Soldatov, Aleksandr, 586
• Souphanouvong, Prince, 239, 27, 358n , 381, 474
• Sourith Don Sasorith, Gen., 459–462, 526, 736
• Southeast Asia, the situation in, 11–12, 13–17
  • China, U.s. concerns about People’s Republic of, 62–63
  • CongreSSIOnal resolution on Southeast Asia, 175, 186, 193
  • Defuzing Laos, 167–169, 172–174, 176–177
  • North Vietnam, U.S. concerns about, 62–63
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 19–20
  • U.S. Postion, 18–19
• Southeast Asia Coordinating Committee(SEACOORD), 338, 359–360, 388, 612, 618n
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 313–315
  • Summary of recommendations, 672–674, 681
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 18, 72, 86, 113, 126
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 684, 691
  • Plan 6, 662–663
  • Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, 143–144
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 87, 89–90
• South Vietnam. See Vietnam, Republic of.
• Souvanna, Government of National Unity under, 4–5, 273–276, 306–307
  • Coup d’etat, 43, 53, 57–58, 221, 275
    • Bundy’s (William) trip to Southeast Asia, 47, 55–56, 64–65
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 53–55, 70–72, 335–337
    • McNamara’s recommendations, 69–70
    • Rightists, demise of the, 329–330, 334–335
    • Rumors of a, 377–378
    • Rusk-Dobrynin talks, 61–64
    • Rusk-Unger meeting, 49–52
    • Sullivan’s part in stopping, 325–328
    • U.S position, 44–48, 52, 65–69
• Souvanna Phouma, 18, 27, 59, 110, 130, 189, 228, 240, 307n , 364, 454, 745
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 105, 182, 268–269, 429, 552
    • Barrel Roll activities, 354, 710
    • B–52s, 634, 642
    • Defoliants, 372, 413
    • Dye Marker Operation, 619–620
    • First Proposals for, 240–241
    • Napalm, 415, 427, 446, 451–452
    • Navigational aids, 582n , 589–590, 593–594
    • Parameters, setting, 369–370
    • Practice Nine Operation, 578n , 579
    • Resupply aircraft, interception of hostile, 373–374, 397
    • Shining Brass Operation, 500, 501, 538–539
    • U.S. planes, using, 154, 156, 159, 162
  • Bombing pause in North Vietnam U.S., 743–744
  • Bureau of Intelligence and Research assessing, 223–225
  • China, trip to People’s Republic of 35–36, 40
  • Chinese road building crews, 59, 775–776
  • CIA assessments, 486, 610
  • Conference on Laos, another international, 99–100, 102n , 103, 106, 114–115, 140
    • Johnson-Khrushchev communications, 252–253
    • Pathet Lao-French cooperation, 272–273
    • Preconditions, 289–293, 312, 362
    • U.K.-U.S. relations, 238–239
  • Contingency study on, 684–685
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 685–686, 719, 720
  • Embassy Laos assessments, 25–26, 250–251, 472, 532, 605
  • France, trip to, 375–377
  • Harriman, meeting with, 375–377, 438–441, 506–508, 628n
  • Humphrey, meeting with, 441–443
  • International Control Commission, 73, 82
  • McNamara, meeting with, 405–409
  • Military Action (U.S.) to Strengthen the Situation in Laos, 125–128
  • National Intelligence Estimate 58–67, 578
  • Nixon, reaction to 755–756
  • North Vietnam, trip to, 35–36, 40–41
  • North Vietnamese military actions in Laos, 446, 447, 449
  • Peace offensive, U.S., 438–439
  • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 118, 120, 122–124
  • Political situation, 2, 38–39, 43, 68, 85, 453, 462n , 471, 498, 525, 746
    • Defuzing Laos, 167–169, 172–173
    • Hurwitch’s assessments, 730–731
    • Ministry of Defense/General Staff, reorganizing, 716–717
    • National Assembly, 531, 542–544
    • U.S. assessment of politico-military scenarios, 135, 138–139
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 592
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, photographic, 83, 141, 144n , 151, 167, 181–182
  • Rusk, meeting with, 508–510, 628–631
  • South Vietnamese troops in Laos, 33, 34–37, 256
  • Soviet Union, 343
    • China, Soviet flights over, 503, 505
    • Support from, 23, 532
    • Visit to, 467–468
  • Special National Intelligence Estimate 58–65, 380–381
  • Sullivan, meeting with, 306–308, 439–441
  • Triangle Operation, 201–202, 207, 209, 214, 219–220
  • Tripartite Government of National Union, restoration of, 340–341
  • Unger, meeting with, 86–87, 507–508
  • U.S. military action in Laos, 474, 480, 663–664, 722
  • Washington, trip to, 358, 401
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 502–503
    • Harriman, meeting with, 506–508, 628n
    • Humphrey, meeting with, 401–405
    • Johnson (Lyndon) with, 511–515, 624–628
    • Johnson(Lyndon) Rostow briefing, 504–506, 622–623
    • McNamara, meeting with, 405–409
    • Rusk, meeting with, 508–510, 628–631
    • Unger, meeting with, 86–87, 506–508
• Soviet Union, 74, 222, 224, 245, 298, 333, 376, 474, 511, 777
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 318–319
  • China, avoiding flights over People’s Republic of, 503, 505
  • Conference on Laos, another international, 237–241, 312, 320–321, 745
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 686, 720, 721
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 54, 61–64
  • Demarche on Laos, 563–566, 574–575
  • Harriman-Pushkin meeting, 566–567
  • International Control Commission, 23, 428
  • Izvestia 62–63
  • Khrushchev, 113, 172, 241, 244, 333, 628
    • Johnson (Lyndon), communications with, 246–248, 252–253
  • Laos, objectives in, 777, 778
  • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 117–119, 123, 194–196, 215
  • Rusk, meetings with:
    • Dobrynin, 342–346, 652
    • Gromyko, 342, 343, 586–588
    • Souvanna Phouma, 508–510, 628–631
  • Savang Vatthana’s trip to, 467–468
  • Souvanna Phouma:
    • Harriman and Unger meeting with, 506–507
    • Soviet trip, 467–468
    • Support for, 23, 532
  • Triangle Operation, 217, 220
  • U.K., relations with, 63, 363
  • United Nations, 300–302
  • United States, relations with, 124–125, 246–248, 289–291, 304–405
  • U.S. military action in Laos, 395–396
• Special Air Warfare (SAW), 203
• Special Group (5412), 1–2
• Special Group (Counterinsurgency), 2
• Special National Intelligence Estimates (see also National Intelligence Estimates);
  • SNIE 10–10–65, 392–396
  • SNIE 10–65, 330–334
  • SNIE 50–2–64, 112
  • SNIE 53–2–64, 286
  • SNIE 58–1–68, 757–764
  • SNIE 58–65, 380–384
  • SNIE 58–68, 674–678, 682
• Starbird, Gen., 517, 573
• Steadman, Richard C., 557n , 573, 601–602, 618n , 744
• Stevenson, Adlai E., 120, 191–193
• Stieglitz Perry L, 756n
• Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., 586
• Stoneman, Walter G., 186
• Sukarno, 377
• Sukhodrev, Victor, 300, 586
• Sullivan, William H., 13n , 20, 78, 110, 128n , 129, 130, 138, 152, 154, 161n , 170, 175, 185, 468, 483, 555n , 603, 623n , 755
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 240–241, 263–264, 315–316, 372, 418, 430, 445, 556
    • Barrel Roll activities, 347–348, 354–356, 765
    • B–52s, 636–637, 642
    • Conmmando Lava Operation, 580–581
    • Coordination, overall, 493–495
    • Counter-insurgency mission, 653, 654–656
    • Ho Chi Minh Trait inability to find, 371–372
    • Lack of sufficient air strike assets, 656, 657
    • Laotian pilots replacing Thai pilots, 528–530, 415, 416, 446
    • Navigational aids, 559–560, 593–594
    • Popeye Operation, 492
    • Practice Nine Operation, 578n , 579
    • Resupply aircraft, interception of hostile, 373–374, 397–398
    • Shining Brass 537–539, 560–562
    • Souvanna Phouma’s parameters, 369–370
    • Symington(Stuart),meeting with, 434–436
    • Tiger Hound Operation, 432–434
    • Trilateral Vientiane-RLG-Saigon talks, 411–412
    • U.S. planes, 436–438
  • Ambassador to Laos, appointment as, 299–300
  • Amphibious invasion of North Vietnam, 425–426, 436
  • Barriers across Laos, 517–520
  • Bombing pause in North Vietnam, U.S., 649, 743–744
  • Chinese road building crews in Laos, 775–776
  • Contingency planning for enenmy action in Laos, 766–767
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 679, 711
  • Country Team assessment of Laos, 771–773
  • Covert vs. overt military actions in Laos, 338–339
  • Cross-border operations, 360–361, 464
  • Diplomacy vs. military operations, 365–366
  • Dry season gains of Communists, 598–600, 670–671
  • Helms, meeting with, 378–379
  • McCain, communications with 780–781
  • McNaughton, meeting with, 472–474
  • Military Assistance Command, Studies and Observation Group, 678–679
  • Military leaders visiting U.S., Laotian, 741–742
  • Military officials, at odds with U.S., 604–606
  • North Vietnamese military actions in Laos, 443–444, 447, 449–450, 489–491
  • Phou Pha Thi, 665–669, 693–694
  • Political situation in Laos, 745–746
    • Corruption in the military, 736–737
    • Coup d’etat, 325–328, 335–337
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 530–533
    • Kouprasith’s loss of power, 543–544
    • Ministry of Defense/General Staff,reorganization ot 716–717
    • Morale of the military, 452–453
    • Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF), 459, 462–463, 521, 525–527
    • Tripartite Government of National Union, restoration of, 340–342
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 592–593, 614–616, 678n , 698, 783–784, 788
  • Rainy season, 583–584
  • Reassessment of U.S. policy for Laos, 702–707, 715–716
  • Rules of engagement 457–458
  • Situation report on Laos, 750–754
  • South Vietnamese troops in Laos, 612, 708–709
  • Souvanna Phouma, 375n , 439–441, 502–503
  • Trucks damaged/destroyed, North Vietnamese, 632–633
  • U.S. military action in Laos, 387–391, 480
    • Limitations facing, 569–573
    • Souvanna Phouma, meeting with, 306–308
    • Souvanna Phouma’s position, 663–664
  • U.S. military action in Southeast Asia, 359
  • Vang Pao, meeting with, 737–738
  • Westmoreland, communications with, 715
• Swank, Emory C., 421, 470–472, 475–476, 481–483, 553–555
• Sylvester, Arthur, 315, 478–481
• Symington, James W., 454
• Symington, Stuart, 144, 434–436
• Taiwan, 41, 532
• Tay Keolunagkhot, 533
• Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 6–12, 17, 19, 78–81, 104n , 111, 121, 129, 172, 186–187, 245, 654
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 241, 255–257
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 45, 46
  • Military Action (U.S.) to Strengthen the Situation in Laos, 126, 127
  • Southeast Asia Coordinating Committee, 313–315
• Test Ban, 344
• Thailand, 126, 227, 303, 388, 533, 618
  • Conference on laos, another international, 348–350
  • Contingency study on, 679–680, 682, 683, 685–690
    • Embassy Laos assessments, 711–712
    • Political attitudes, 684–685
    • Status report, 718–721
    • U.S. commitments and assurances, 683–684
  • Humphrey-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 404–405, 442
  • Laos, loaning planes to, 322
  • Laos, Thai troops in, 256, 571, 687–689, 692
  • Laotian pilots replacing Thai pilots, 528–530
  • McNamara-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 407–408
  • Regional cooperation between U.S. and, 16, 18
  • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 87, 89–90
  • U.S. military deploynlent in, 12, 31, 90–91, 94, 140, 243, 689–690
    • Aircraft, 19–20, 22, 23, 107
    • Bundy’s (William) recommendations, 116–117
    • Hilsman’s recommendations, 8n , 9–10, 16–17, 21–22
    • Joint Chiefs of Staff, 29n , 132–133
    • North Vietnam, Thai troops crossing Laos to attack, 439–441
    • Poland’s on Laos, 120, 123–124
    • Special National Intelligence Estimate 10–10–65, 393
• Thanat Khonlen, 68n , 69n
• Thanom, 69n , 319–320, 322
• Thieu, 553n
• Thompson, Llewellyn E., 83, 289n , 320n , 342, 586
• Thomson, James C., 47n , 236–237, 258, 367–368, 429
• Thongphanh Knoksy, Col., 737
• Tito, Josip B., 438n
• Tong Lit, 53
• Touby Lyfong, 3
• Toumanoff, Vladimir I., 252n , 289n
• Toumayan, Alex, 508n , 511n , 624, 627, 628n
• Tran Van Do, 407
• Trevelyan,Sir Humphrey, 320
• Triangle Operation, 218, 232, 234, 251
  • Bundy’s (McGeorge) assessments, 211–212
  • Bundy’s (William) assessments, 212–217, 239–241
  • Canada, 217, 220, 230, 231
  • Contingency planning for enemy action in laos, 242–243
  • Embassy Laos assessments, 248–250
  • International Control Commission, 215–216
  • Joint Chiefs of Staff, 203–206, 211, 213, 216, 236, 270
  • Napalm, 205, 237
  • Neutralist forces in Muong Soui, 213–214
  • Souvanna Phouma’s proposal for, 201–202
  • Thomson’s assessments, 236–237
  • U.S. position, 201–202, 207–210, 219–220, 233–235
• Tribal paramilitary forces (see also Prairie Fire Operation under Laos), 3, 5, 96–97, 132–133, 383, 733–735, 764
• Trueheart, William C., 38n , 65n , 68n , 194n , 200n , 233n , 237n , 246n , 252n , 262n , 271n , 277n , 291–293, 309, 316n , 320n , 328n , 340n , 352n , 358n , 364n , 397–399, 451n , 459n , 464n , 468n
• Ttoglith, Col., 326
• Tyler, Willianl, 300
• Tyrell, Robert L. F., 255
• Unger, Leonard, 40n , 68n , 121, 137, 300, 316n , 320n , 340n , 350n /352n , 368, 397n , 399n , 401, 413n , 451, 464n , 470, 472, 511, 515n , 530, 573
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 268–269, 284
    • Civilian piolots in laos, use of U.S., 94–95, 105
    • Search and rescue missions, 258–260
    • Shining Brass 499–501, 534–540
    • U.S.using, 153, 156–158, 160–164, 170–171
  • Communists, assessing the, 22, 84–86
  • Conference on Laos, another international, 99–103
  • Coup d’etat in laos, 64, 67n
    • Reconmmendations, 53–55, 70–72
    • Rusk meeting with, 49–52
  • Eastern Laos, views on operations in, 72–74
  • Forces Armees du Royaume, 40n , 269–271
  • Graduated military pressure, controlled program of, 245–246
  • Helicopter incident in Laos, 253–254
  • Neutralist ground forces employed in Laos, 269–271
  • Reconnaissance flights over Laos, photographic, 79, 144n , 150–152
  • Royal Lao Air Force, 28–31, 459
  • South Vietnamese covert operations in Laos, 34–37
  • Souvanna Phouma assessing, 25–26, 251
  • Souvanna Phouma, meeting with, 86–87, 506–508
  • Triangle Operation, 205, 211, 213, 214, 230, 248–250
  • Tripartite Government of National Union, restoration of, 250
  • U.S. military actions in Laos, 196–199
  • U.S. military aid to Laos, 26
  • U.S. objectives, determing, 24–25
• United Kingdom (U.K.), 18, 51, 53, 63, 126, 151, 161, 215, 227, 396, 416
  • Conference on Laos, another international, 100, 114–115, 243–244
    • Soviet-U.K. relations, 320–321
    • Soviet-Western powers, differences between, 237–241
  • Contigency study on Laos/Thailand, 719–720
  • Defuzing Laos, 167–168
  • International Control Commission, 363, 428
  • Soviet demarche on Laos, 566
  • Thailand, U.S. military deployment in, 90, 107, 116, 120
  • Triangle Operation, 217, 220, 230
• United Nations, 103, 110, 113, 124, 137, 502n , 691
  • Geneva Accords of 1962-Southeast Asia, 297–300
  • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 122–124
  • Soviet-U.S. relations, 300–302
• U.S. Intelligence Board, 88
• Valenti, Jack, 78, 83, 120, 441n
• Vance, Cyrus R., 83, 147, 148, 186, 218, 254, 254n , 308n , 309, 590
• Vang Pao, Gen., 3, 5, 32, 377, 443, 488, 544, 607, 651
  • Royal Lao Air Force, 460, 526
  • Sullivan, meeting with 737–738
  • U.S. visit, 741–742
• Viet Cong/Minh. See Vietnam, Democratic Republic of.
• Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (see also Communists; Pathet Lao (PL)), 51, 82, 126, 179, 190, 192, 303, 305, 312, 406, 435, 519, 610, 774
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 245–246
  • Amphibious invasion of, 425–426, 436
  • Bombing pause, U.S., 627–628, 649, 723–725, 739, 743–744
  • Bureau of Intelligence and Research assessment, 222, 224
  • CIA psychological warfare, 97–98
  • Contigency planning for enemy action in Laos, 768–771, 786–787
  • Contingency study on Laos/Thailand, 682–693, 719, 720
  • Covert vs. overt military actions in Laos, U.S., 338–339
  • Dry season gains, 599, 600, 639–640
  • Graduated military pressure, controlled program of, 307–309
  • Highway project on Route 9, 10, 294–296
  • International Control Conmission, 26, 428
  • Johnson-Souvanna Phouma meeting, 511–515
  • Kitty Hawk offshore near Hanoi, 89n , 90
  • Laos, military actions in Laos, 443–444, 446–447, 449–450, 454–455, 482–483, 489–491
  • Laos, objectives in, 777, 778
  • Peace offensive, U.S., 438–439
  • Phou Pha Thi, 659, 665–669, 693–694
  • Poland’s proposal on Laos, 120, 122
  • Popeye Operation, 492, 545–553
  • Reconnaissance flights over, U.S., 92–93
  • Road development in Laos, 422–424, 713–714, 726–727
  • Route 12-a from North Vietnam to Muong Phine area, 76–77
  • Rusk-Dobrynin talks, 63–64
  • Rusk-Souvanna Phouma 509, 510n
  • Situation report on Laos, 750–754
  • Southeast Asian objectives, U.S. concerns about, 62–63
  • South Vietnamese military actions against, 113
  • Souvanna Phouma, 35–36, 40–41, 506, 544n
  • Soviet-U.S. relations, 343, 345–346
  • Special National Intelligence Estimates, 330–334, 383
  • Thai troops in, 439–441
  • Trucks danlaged/destroyed, 632–633, 635, 637–638
  • United Nations, 113, 302
  • U.S. military action against, 106–113, 192
  • U.S. military action in Laos, 393–394, 487–489
• Vietnam, Republic of, 109, 126, 179, 227, 228n , 244, 298, 311, 440, 520
  • Air war in Laos {North/Northeast and Panhandle}, 255, 256
  • CIA program for, 95–98
  • Coup d’etat in Laos, 54–55, 66
  • Covert operations in Laos, 32–37, 42
  • Cross-border operations, 360–361
  • Forces Armes du Royaume, 270–271
  • Laos, South Vietnamese troops in, 32–37, 256, 573, 596, 611–612, 617, 619–621, 708–709, 713–714
  • Morale in, U.S. concerns about, 110, 186
  • Neutralist ground forces employed in Laos, 270–271
  • North Vietnam, U.S. military action against, 113
  • Oudone’s request for military aid, 553–555
  • Rusk-Dobrynin talks, 63–64
  • Souvanna Phouma-Harriman meeting, 376
  • Special National Intelligence Estimate 10–65, 332–334
• Vietnam War (see also Vietnam, Democratic Republic of; Vietnam, Republic of), 190, 619, 672
  • Laos situation related to next U.S. moves on, 291–293, 631
  • Locke’s assessments, 620–621
  • Souvanna Phouma-Johnson meeting, 625–626
• Vo Giap, Gen., 40–41, 407, 512, 514
• Walsh, John P, 563n
• Walston, Lord, 472
• Warner, F. A., 532
• Warnke, Paul C., 616–617, 618n , 695, 748–749, 768–771
• Weisner, Jerry, 518
• Weiss, Seymour, 464n , 468n
• Westmoreland, Gen. William C., 194, 271, 356, 360, 385, 425, 434n , 464, 581, 632, 635, 671, 715
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 263–264, 411, 476
    • B–52s, 465–467, 477, 597–598
    • Shining Brass Operation, 495, 500, 534
    • SLAM concept 496–497
  • Coordination of military forces, 493–495, 578–579, 595–597
  • Overt military actions in Laos, 338–339
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 567–568, 585, 595–596, 614–617, 698–700
  • SEATO Plan 6, 662–663
  • South Vietnamese troops in Laos, 611–612
• Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 81, 141, 143, 152, 154, 218, 493n , 632–634, 647, 702, 786
  • Air war in Laos (North/Northeast and Panhandle), 160, 284–286, 710n
    • Propeller vs. jet aircraft, 640, 645–647
    • Strike resources, 727–729
  • Cross-border operations.. 384–386
  • Forces Armees du Royaullle, 269–271
  • Graduated 111ilitary pressure, controlled program of 244–245
  • Neutralist ground forces in Laos, 269–271
  • Prairie Fire Operation, 567–568, 584–586, 590–591
  • Reassessment of U.S. for Laos, 697–698
  • Rules of engagement, 265–266
• Wilson, Donald M., 21, 139, 186, 322
• World Bank, 475
• Marshalt, 681, 744–745
• Yao, 3, 5
• Zhukov, Dmitriy A., 467
• Zinchuk, Alexander I., 342