Index
- Acheson, Dean, 586
- Agency for International Development (AID):
- Air Force, Vietnamese:
- Algeria, 674
- An, Col., 273
- Anderson, Bumett, 354, 672n
- Anderson, Brig. Gen. Norman J., 74
- Anthis, Brig. Gen. Roland H., 15–16, 189n, 268–269
- ANZUS Council meeting Oune 1963), 358–359
- Ap Bac, battle of, 1–3, 98
- Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN):
- Arnett, Peter, 470, 471
- ARVN. See Army of the Republic of Vietnam.
- Arzac, Daniel N., 404n
- Australia:
- Bagley, Lt. Cmdr. Worth H., 30–32, 84n
- Baker, Col. Basil L., 68, 622
- Ball, George W.:
- Buddhist crisis, 432, 451–452
- Coup against Diem:
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 215–216, 259
- Lodge’s appointment as ambassador, 415–416
- Lodge’s relations with Washington officials, 604
- Martial law, 604–605
- Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. demand for, 627, 628–629
- Nolting, meeting with, 466–467
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 313
- Bandaranaike, 392n
- Barnes, Gen., 186n
- Barnett, Leo, 148n
- Barnett, Robert W., 259n, 280n
- Barwick, Sir Garfield, 358
- Beech, Keyes, 113, 170, 530
- Belgium, economic assistance to Vietnam, 25
- Bell, David E., 29
- Bigart, Homer, 170
- Blick, Milton H., 333n
- Boggs, J. Caleb, 68n
- Bowles, Chester A.:
- Brent, Joseph L., 156, 186, 225, 254
- Browne, Malcolm, 370, 374n, 470, 471, 472–473, 540
- Brubeck, William H., 237n
- Brui, 106
- Buddhist crisis:
- Agreement of June 16 (see also Conciliatory policy of government below; Negotiations below):
- Background report on, 366
- Buddhist motives and tactics, 365, 378–379, 476–477
- Buddhist request for U.S. assistance, 492, 493n
- Buddhist request for U.S. protection, 478–479
- Burial of Buddhist martyr, 391n, 393–394, 396, 425
- Cambodian-Vietnamese relations and, 375
- Cambodia’s position, 392, 404, 560
- CIA assessments of, 344–346, 424–425, 473–478, 481
- Commission on (see also Negotiations below), 338, 339, 372, 561n, 563–564
- Communist involvement issue, 379, 429
- Communist propaganda re, 346
- Conciliatory policy of government, 348, 376–377, 525, 526
- Conciliatory speech by Diem, 479–480
- Control operations by government (see also
Pagodas, raids on below; Poison gas issue below), 311–312
- Arrests of demonstrators, 426
- Leaflet dropping, 367–368, 370
- Repressive measures, 277–278, 343–344, 346–347, 494n
- Repressive measures, halt to, 546
- Repressive measures, resumption of, 553
- Security measures, focus on, 368
- Special forces for, 376
- U.S. arms used in, 342–343
- U.S. assessment of, 379–380
- U.S. blamed for, 650n
- U.S. involvement in, 351–352, 367
- Counterinsurgency operations, impact on, 460–461, 496, 551–552, 661
- Coup against Diem and, 405, 406–408, 473–476, 483–485, 523–524, 554–555
- Decree Law 10 issue, 357, 364, 371–372, 388, 391n, 397
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 340–341, 429, 492, 493
- Demonstrations by students, 396–397
- Diem’s assessments of, 314, 445–446
- Diem’s efforts to keep his promises, 661–662
- Diem’s meetings with Buddhists, 340, 342, 345, 356, 526
- Diem’s speeches on (see also Conciliatory speech by Diemabove), 360
- Divisions among Buddhists, 423n, 430–431
- Exploitation by government opponents, 337–339, 342
- Five demands (see also Negotiations below), 287–288
- Flag law, 278n
- Hughes’ assessment of, 405–409
- Krulak’s assessment of, 460–461
- Madame Nhu’sattacks on Buddhists, 553, 556–557, 559n
- Media coverage of, 370, 488, 492
- Military’s attitude toward, 345, 377–378, 596
- Negotiations:
- Nhu’smeeting with Buddhists, 350
- Nolting’s assessments of, 487–488, 662–663
- Nolting’s personal involvement, Vietnamese desire for, 449–450
- Nolting’s statement on religious persecution, 550
- Pagodas, raids on:
- Buddhist anticipation of, 478–479
- Defense Intelligence Agency reports on, 600–601
- Diem’s decision to undertake raids, 595–597, 616
- Don’s account of, 616, 617–618
- Military’s loyalty oath re, 614
- Nhu’srole in, 612, 613, 616, 620
- Nhu’sthreats re, 553, 554, 556
- Nolting’s assessment of, 662–663
- Report for Kennedy on, 597–598
- State Department reports on, 598–599
- U.S. response to, 599
- VOA broadcasts on, 618, 619, 629n, 635, 636
- Poison gas issue, 348n
- Political motives of Buddhists, 365, 476–477
- Radicals and activists in leadership
- roles, 493–494
- Refugee priests issue, 599, 610–611, 618
- Religious freedom issue, 335–337
- Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommendations reI 335-336, 364–365, 380, 381–383, 517–518, 521–523
- Truce agreement of June 5, 356–358, 359–360
- United Nations and, 392n, 560
- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese policy, threatened, 442–443, 452, 553, 559–560, 565
- U.S. officials’ contacts with Buddhists, 547
- “Vacation” for Diem and, 565
- VOA broadcasts on, 618, 619, 629n, 635, 636, 651–652
- Women’s Solidarity Movement resolution on, 362–364, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 397
- Bui Dinh Dam, Lt. Col., 576, 580
- Bui Van Luong:
- Bunce, Ralph, 672n
- Bunce, W. Kenneth, 144n, 152n
- Bundy, McGeorge, 142n, 221, 447n, 660, 665n
- Buddhist crisis, 451–452
- Counterinsurgency operations, 189n
- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Generals’ plan, 664, 667n, 675n
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 237n, 245n, 274n
- Krulak report, 455n
- Media coverage of Vietnam, 531n
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 28
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 263n
- U.S. official visits to Vietnam, 63
- Vietnam, Republic of, change of government, possible, 481, 518
- Bundy, William P., 638
- Buddhist crisis, 432
- Commercial Import Program, 283n
- Counterinsurgency operations, 189n
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 226n, 232n
- Montagnards, arming and training of, 104
- RVNAF paramilitary force levels, 131–132
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 103, 104, 315
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam:Funding for, 275n, 333n
- Burchinal, Lt. Gen. David A., 74
- Burma, 190, 673
- Buu, 58
- Buu Du, Dr., 370
- Buu Hoi, 273, 314, 546, 547, 666
- Ca MauPeninsula operation, 12
- Cambodia:
- Cao. See Ngo Dinh Can.
- Canada (see also International Control Commission), economic assistance to Vietnam, 25
- Cao. See Huynh Van Cao, Gen.
- Cao Van Vien, Col., 579, 656, 669
- Cao Xuan Vy, 613
- Carroll, Lt. Gen. Joseph H, 600–601
- Carter, Lt. Gen. Marshall S., 638, 659, 675n
- Central Intelligence Agency, U.S. (CIA):
- Buddhist crisis, assessments of, 344–346, 424–425, 473–478, 481
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group program, 62
- Communist insurgency, assessment of, 20–21
- Counterinsurgency operations, assessments of, 19–20, 551–552
- Coup against Diem:
- Montagnards, disarming of, 6
- Political reforms, assessment of, 423–425
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Force reductions, proposed, 246–247
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Central Intelligence Organization, Vietnamese, 238
- Ceylon, 560, 674
- Chapman, Lt. Col. Harry M., 74
- Chau, Col., 353
- Chieu, Lt. Col., 525
- Chieu Hoi (Call to Return) program. See Communist surrender programitem.
- China, People’s Republic of, 71–72
- China, Republic of, economic assistance to Vietnam, 25
- Chuong. See Tran Van Chuong.
- CINCPAC. See Felt, Adm. Harry D.
- Civil Guard:
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIOG) program (Switchback), 21, 36, 37, 38, 134
- Clifton, Maj. Gen. Chester V., 2, 606
- Co Son Mon sect, 409–410, 411–412
- Coffin, Frank M., 201, 315
- Colby, William, 327, 569, 660
- Collins, Gen. J. Lawton, 143n, 623
- Commercial Import Program (CIP), 360–362, 544
- Communist insurgency (see also
Counterinsurgency operations):
- Aerial flights, 168
- Ap Bac, battle of, 1–2
- Attacks in 1963, number of, 568
- Buddhist crisis and, 346
- Casualties, 20
- Chinese policy on, 80, 421–422
- CIA assessment of, 20–21
- Coup against Diem, possible response to, 407
- Decline in activity, 119, 150
- Front groups, use of, 109
- Future developments, 108–109
- Helicopters used in, 199
- Infiltration, evidence of, 104, 111–112, 202–203
- Infiltration capabilities, 90–91, 109–110
- Infiltration routes, 30–31, 51, 454–455, 463
- Laos, drive to conquer, 327–330
- Massive intervention, possible, 112, 137–138
- Military development, 21–22, 50–51
- Mobile warfare, 20
- Montagnards and, 166–167
- Morale problems, 104
- NIE on, 233
- Political activities, 21, 239
- Sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia, 92
- Shortages of food and medicine, 80–81
- Sophisticated weaponry, 168
- Soviet policy on, 421–422
- Special forces, 327–328
- Strategic hamlets, targeting of, 439
- Strategy changes, 71
- Terrorism, 200
- Thompson’s assessment of, 199
- Troop strength, 5–6, 20, 51, 194, 464
- Villagers’ attitudes toward, 51–52, 53
- Villages controlled by, 21
- Communist surrender (Chieu Hoi) program, 55, 390
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam (CPSVN):
- Conein, Col. Lucien, 642, 643, 653–654
- Congress, U.S.:
- Conlon, Thomas E, 589–590
- Cooper, Chester L., 202
- Council on Foreign Relations, 467
- Counterinsurgency operations (see also
Civilian Irregular Defense Group program; Communist insurgency; Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam; Crop
destruction program; Defoliant
operations; Joint Counterinsurgency
Fund; Strategic hamlet program; U.S. military assistance to Vietnam; U.S. military involvement in Vietnam), 291n
- Air power used in (see also
Farmgate operation), 4
- Anthis assessments of, 189n, 268–269
- Bombing of populated places, 131
- Casualties caused by, 249–250, 253
- Country Team assessment of, 247–253
- Flare missions, 268–269
- Harkins’ assessment of, 186–189
- Helicopter operations, support for, 10–11
- National Campaign Plan and, 33, 146
- Political consequences, 56–57
- Pros and cons of, 175–177, 188, 250–252
- State Department assessment of, 173–178
- Strikes, types of, 15
- Tactical missions, 195, 200
- Target selection, 15, 248–249, 251–252
- Airlift and air logistics, 87–88, 92
- Ap Bac, battle of, 1–3, 98
- Attacks in 1963, number of, 568
- Border control and surveillance, 167–168, 267
- Buddhist crisis, impact of, 460–461, 496, 551–552, 661
- Ca Mau Peninsula operation, 12
- “Cautious” approach of Vietnamese, 113
- CIA assessments of, 19–20, 551–552
- CINCPAC control of, 7–8, 11
- Civilian casualties, 174, 175, 177, 187, 249–250, 253
- Clear and hold operations, 9, 12, 21, 55
- Communications system, 61–62, 297
- Economic and social projects, funding for (see also Joint Counterinsurgency Fund), 280–281, 289–290
- Explosion Plan. See National Campaign Plan below.
- Government’s hindrance of, 21
- Guerrilla tactics, 191
- Harkins’s assessments of, 118–122, 186,-189, 296–300
- Hit and withdraw operations, 55
- Infiltration, actions against, 110–111, 112
- Thompson’s assessment of, 201
- Intelligence capabilities, 296–297
- Krolak’s assessment of, 103–104
- Large-scale operations, 56
- Long-range patrolling, 56, 202
- Mackaday Zone 0 operations, 14
- “Maginot Line” defensive measure, 225
- Martial law and, 608
- Mekong Delta situation, 584, 589–590
- Military and civilian activities, coordination of, 55
- Mobility concerns, 297
- Movement and population control measures, 129–130, 141–142, 194, 568
- Napalm use, 12–13
- National Campaign Plan (NCP), 13, 16, 118, 120, 121, 134, 267, 552
- NIE on, 233–234
- Overall plan, lack of, 53–54
- Patrol-type operations, 460
- Plei Mrong operation, 14
- Political activities, 20–21
- Progress made by, 49–50, 306–307
- “Security for villages” strategy, 189–192
- Strategic concept of, 52–53
- Success, measurement of, 202
- Sweep-type operations, 4, 12
- Tactical operations, 459
- Task Force assessment of, 568–569
- Tay Ninh operations, 12, 14
- Thompson’s assessments of, 199, 201
- Timespan for, 70
- Typical operation, 8–9
- Victory, prospects for, 608–609
- Weapons captured and lost, 20, 50, 568–569
- Weapons systems for, 298
- Air power used in (see also
Farmgate operation), 4
- Coup against Diem (see also
Change of government, possible under Vietnam, Republic of):
- Assassination as element of, 583
- Buddhist crisis and, 405, 406–408, 473,-476, 483–485, 523–524, 554–555
- Chuong’s position, 143, 665–666
- CIA assessments of, 473–476, 575–583, 602–603
- Civilian plan for, 658
- Communist response, possible, 407
- Generals’ plan, 474, 475, 491,
653–655,
658
- CIA reports on, 614–620, 633–634, 642–643, 647, 653–655, 671
- Combat, possibility of, 671
- Don’s account of, 618–620
- Forces in Saigon area for, 667, 668–670
- Lodge-Harkins position, 664, 667, 668–670
- Military support for, 663–664
- Reliability and alignment of military leaders, 640, 646, 648, 650–651, 656–657, 660
- Stalemate, possible outcome of, 667, 670
- Success, chances of, 663, 664–665, 667, 668
- Successor question, 641, 646, 648, 654, 657
- Unpreparedness of Generals, 647, 649
- U.S. assistance to Generals’ families in case of failure, 647, 655
- U.S. contacts with Generals, 642–643, 647, 653–655
- U.S. “direct support” issue, 629, 640, 646, 648, 656
- U.S. evacuation planning, 648, 655
- U.S. role, concealment of, 664, 672
- U.S. support for, question of, 628–631, 633–635, 638–641, 657–660, 663–665, 667–670, 675
- Inevitability of, 671–672
- Loyalties of the armed services and, 475–476, 574–578
- Nhu as planner of, 488–491, 572
- Nhu’sexpectation for, 603
- People involved in, CIA assessment of, 582–583
- Tuyen group, 474–475
- U.S. evacuation planning, 560, 648, 655
- U.S. policy re, 322, 449, 452–453, 523–524, 528, 529, 555
- U.S. prevention of, proposed, 192
- U.S. response:
- Vietnamese public support for, 650n
- Coup against Diem (1960), 480
- Couve de Murville, Maurice, 215
- Crop destruction program (see also
Defoliant operations):
- Authority over, 164, 242, 245–246, 274
- Chemicals used in, 226
- Compensation program, 239–240
- Continuation of, U.S. decision re, 241–243, 245–246
- Future operations, 163–164
- Guidelines for, 274–275
- Military effectiveness of, 238–239, 241–242
- Political repercussions, 164, 231, 239–241, 242
- Reductions in, proposed, 304
- Results, reports on, 149–150, 162–163, 164–165, 230–232, 548
- State Department assessment of, 237–243
- Target selection, 231
- Test operations, 226
- Thompson’s assessment of, 199
- U.S. information policy on, 144–145, 240–241
- Vietnamese requests re, 403
- Dang, Province Chief, 278, 284, 285, 286, 311
- Dang Duc Khoi, 471, 530, 572
- De Gaulle, Charles, 392n
- Defense, U.S. Department of (see also Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S.; McNamara, Robert S.; Military Assistance Command, Vietnam):
- Defoliant operations (see also
Crop destruction program):
- Authority over, 164, 242, 245–246, 274n
- Chemical warfare issue, 272–274
- Chemicals used in, 226
- Compensation program, 239–240
- Continuation of, U.S. decision re, 241–243, 245–246
- Future operations, 163–164
- Guidelines for, 274–275
- Military effectiveness of, 237–238
- Political repercussions, 164, 231, 239–241, 242
- Railroad security and, 231
- Reductions in, proposed, 304
- Results, reports on, 149–150, 162–163, 164–165, 230–232, 548–549
- State Department assessment of, 237–243
- Target selection, 231
- Test operations, 206–207, 226
- Thompson’s assessment of, 199
- U.S. information policy on, 144–145, 240–241
- Denney, George C., 434–441
- Diem. SeeNgo Dinh Diem.
- Dingeman, Maj. James W., 30, 105, 151,
- 203, 280, 316, 390
- Dinh. See Ton That Dinh, Brig. Gen.
- Dinh Trinh Chinh, 582
- Do Cao Tri, Brig. Gen., 490, 582, 616
- Do Khac Mai, Lt. Col., 377
- Dobrynin, Anatoly, 140
- Don.See Tran Van Don, Maj. Gen.
- Drachnik, Capt., 265
- Duc Ngiep, bonze, 391, 430, 616
- Dulles, John Foster, 586
- Dungan, Ralph A., 28, 66
- Duong Van Minh, Maj. Gen., 608
- Durbrow, Elbridge, 480n
- Dutton, Frederick G., 124
- Economic assistance to Vietnam. See Third country economic assistance to Vietnam; U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam.
- Eisenhower, Dwight D., 137, 586, 587
- Ely, Gen. Paul, 137
- Engle, Byron, 107n
- Ethnic specialist teams, 203–204
- Farmgateoperation:
- Felt, Adm. Harry D.
(CINCPAC), 3n, 509, 632
- Air Force, Vietnamese, training for, 293
- Ap Bae, battle of, 3
- Buddhist crisis, 352n
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group program, 330–333
- Communist insurgency, 330
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam, 35–37
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Generals’ plan, 630, 631, 639, 648
- Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 32–33
- Honolulu Conference, 267
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 215
- Laos, communist drive to conquer, 330
- MACV, command autonomy for, 7–8, 196
- Martial law, 601, 607
- Press briefings issue, lOIn
- RVNAF force stnlcture, 267
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam:
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Flowerree, Charles C., 375n
- Forrestal, Michael V., 94–95, 97–98, 112n, 193, 431n, 569n, 665n
- Buddhist crisis, 432, 451–452
- Chuong and, 142–143
- Counterinsurgency operations, 189n
- Coup against Diem:
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 149–150, 226, 245–246, 274n
- Krulak report, 455n
- Martial law, U.S. response to, 601–602
- Nhu’sremoval from power, U.S. demand for, 625, 627, 628n, 634–635
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 103, 150, 201, 279, 315, 389
- Trueheart, attitude toward, 482
- U.S. ambassadorship, 291
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 128n
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Vietnam visit, 3n, 11, 14, 49–62
- Wheeler Mission, 63–64
- Forsythe, Col. George I., 74
- Fowler, James, 259n
- France, 220
- Frankel, Max, 393n
- Gard, Richard A., 366
- Garvey, Paul, 173
- General Accounting Office (GAO), report
- on Vietnam, 161–162
- Germany, Federal Republic of:
- Gilpatric, Roswell L., 2
- Gore, David Ormsby, 198
- Greenfield, James L., 144
- Gregory, Gene and Ann, 410n
- Gullion, Edmund A., 133, 140
- Halberstam, David, 329n, 335n, 470, 472–473, 530, 557, 584, 589, 622, 638
- Hannah, Norman B., 122n
- Harkins, Gen. Paul
D.:
- Air Force, Vietnamese, training for, 298
- Ap Bac, battle of, 2–3
- ARVN reorganization, 119–120
- Buddhist crisis, 352n
- Civil Guard, 266, 297
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group program, 298, 330
- Command autonomy for, 7–8, 11, 95, 97, 113n, 114, 195–196
- Communist insurgency:
- Communist surrender program, 266
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam, 37–38
- Congressional testimony, 280
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Air power used in, 186–189, 247n
- Assessments of, 118–122, 186–189, 296–300
- Border control and surveillance, 267
- Ca MauPeninsula operation, 12
- “Cautious” approach of Vietnamese, 113
- Clear and hold operations, 12
- Communications system, 297
- Intelligence capabilities, 296–297
- Napalm use, 12–13
- National Campaign Plan, 13, 118, 120, 121, 267, 328, 329, 468, 470
- Victory, prospects for, 608–609
- Weapons systems, 298
- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Generals’ plan, 642, 648, 655–657, 668–670, 675
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 163, 164
- Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 33
- Honolulu Conference, 265, 266, 267
- Initiative, lack of, 9–10
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 186,
- 214, 301
- Laos, reconnaissance missions into, 12
- Martial law, 607–610
- Press briefings issue, 101n
- Press relations, 90, 533
- Rowny’s assessment of, 9–10
- RVNAF paramilitary forces, training for, 266
- Self Defense Corps, 266, 297–298
- Strategic hamlet program:
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, 225
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam:
- U.S. medical program for Vietnam, 266
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, jets, provision of, 26n, 27
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Vietnamese officials, relations with, 87
- Harriman, W. Averell, 112–113
- ANZUS Council meeting, 358–359
- Buddhist crisis, 432, 451–452
- Chuong and, 142, 143–144n
- Communist insurgency:
- Counterinsurgency operations, 189n
- Coup against Diem:
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 149, 232n, 237n, 274n
- GAO report on Vietnam, 161
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 221
- Lodge’s relations with Washington officials, 604
- MACV, command autonomy for, 113n, 195–196
- Mansfield report, 68–69, 70
- Martial law, 604n
- Media coverage of Vietnam, 34n
- Diem’s relations with press, 193
- Nhu’sremoval from power, U.S. demand for, 625, 627, 628n
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 201, 279, 315, 389
- Strategic hamlet program, 130
- Thompson, meeting with, 193–195, 205
- U.S. ambassadorship, 133
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 96, 169
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, jets, provision of, 26, 27n, 28n, 260n
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, 117n
- U.S. official visits to Vietnam, 63
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Harwood, Ralph, 256
- Heavner, Theodore J. C.:
- Buddhist crisis:
- Commercial Import Program, 281–283
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem:
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 237n, 274n
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 185n, 195n
- RVNAF, political tendencies within, 262–263
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 315
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 116n, 125n, 313n
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 102n, 197n
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Heinz, Rear Adm. Luther C.:
- Helble, John J.:
- Helms, Richard, 279, 569, 638, 659
- Herald Tribune, 566n, 567n
- Herz, Gus, 130
- Hieu. See Ngo Trong Hieu.
- Higgins, Marguerite, 566n, 567n
- Hill, Amb., 566
- Hilsman, Roger, Jr., 112n, 235n, 527, 529, 569, 661n
- Buddhist crisis, 342n, 366, 432, 451–452
- Agreement of June 16, 426n
- Background report on, 366n
- Cambodia’s position, 404n
- Control operations by government, 553n
- Coup against Diem and, 554–555
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 348n
- Madame Nhu’sattacks on Buddhists, 557n, 564n
- Nolting’s statement on religious persecution, 550
- Poison gas issue, 349n
- Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommendations re, 381n
- Truce agreement of June 5, 356, 359
- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese policy, threatened, 433n, 443n, 448
- Women’s Solidarity Movement resolution on, 363n
- Communist insurgency:
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem:
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 237n, 274n
- Honolulu Conference, 265n
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 185n, 195n, 215, 259n
- Mansfield report, Vietnamese reaction to, 124
- Martial law:
- Montagnards, disarming of, 6–7
- Nhu’sremoval from power, 611n, 613n, 625, 627, 628n, 640
- Strategic hamlet program, 4, 7
- Thompson and, 205
- U.S. ambassadorship:
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam:
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 169n, 313n
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, jets, provision of, 197, 260–261
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- U.S. official visits to Vietnam, 63n
- Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, possible U.S. attacks on, 191–192
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Vietnam visit:
- Buddhist crisis, 342n, 366, 432, 451–452
- Hilsman-Forrestal Report, 49–62
- Ho Chi Minh, 156, 271, 418
- Ho Tan Quyen, Capt., 475, 577, 580
- Ho Tieu, Maj., 579, 582
- Hoang Van Lac, Col., 257
- Holyoake, Keith, 358
- Honolulu Conference (May 1963), 264–270
- Hughes, Thomas L., 405–409, 614n, 633n, 647n
- Huyen Quang, bonze, 391
- Huyhn Van Le, bonze, 553n
- Huynh Huu Hien, Col., 580
- Huynh Ngoc Diep, Maj., 579
- Huynh Van Cao, Brig. Gen., 573, 576, 580, 584, 654
- India (see also International Control Commission), 674
- International Control Commission (ICC), 197, 260
- Iran, 674
- Italy:
- Jackson, Rear Adm. Andrew McG., 73
- Janow, Seymour J., 25, 107, 150, 201, 283, 301–303
- Jantzen, 279
- Japan:
- John XXIII, Pope, 364
- Johnson, Robert H., 390n
- Johnson, U. Alexis, 26n
- Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC), 85–86
- Joint Chiefs of Staff (OCS):
- Ap Bac, battle of, 2
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group program, 330
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam, 35, 37n
- Crop destruction and defoliation:
- Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 32, 33, 145–147
- MACV, command autonomy for, 113n
- RVNAF paramilitary force levels, 131–132
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam:
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Wheeler Mission report, 73
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund:
- Compromise agreement, 254–256, 259
- Diem’s reconsideration of, 216–218, 227–228
- Diem’s rejection of, 183–184, 207–213
- Expenditures, 158
- Fund Agreement, 157–158
- Implementing agreements, 158
- Negotiations, 185, 186, 195
- NSC meeting on, 221
- Priority Piaster Program, 159–161
- Sources of financing, 157, 236
- U.S. initial proposal, 156–161
- Vietnamese contribution, 159, 180
- Vietnamese control, proposed increase in, 216, 219
- Joint Operations Center (JOC), 76
- Jorden, William, 104, 201, 271n, 354
- Judd, Walter, 137
- Junior Country Team, 6
- Junk Force, Vietnamese, 131–132, 265
- Kalischer, Peter, 472–473
- Karamessines, 150
- Kattenburg, Paul M., 517n, 522n, 523n, 527–528, 529n, 553n, 554n, 557n, 564n, 568–569, 620n, 661n
- Kaysen, Carl, 132, 142n
- Kennedy, John E, 94, 97, 264
- Ap Bac, battle of, 2
- Buddhist crisis, 451–452, 559
- Cambodia’s position, 392, 404
- Counterinsurgency operations, impact on, 496
- Diem’s efforts to keep his promises, 661
- Media coverage of, 472
- Nolting’s statement on religious persecution, 550n
- Pagodas, raids on, 597
- Poison gas issue, 352n
- Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommendations re, 386n
- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese policy, threatened, 447
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Generals’ plan, 628n, 631, 634, 638, 639, 640, 641, 649, 658, 663, 664, 665
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 149, 199, 226, 245
- Diem, foreign critieism of, 672
- Hilsman-Forrestal Report, 49
- Krulak report, 455n
- Lodge, briefing for, 567
- Martial law, 606, 608n, 610, 626
- Media coverage of Vietnam, Manning’s report on, 531
- Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. demand for, 625, 627, 634, 640
- Nolting attitude toward, 453
- Nolting’s return to Vietnam, 486n
- Thompson, meeting with, 198–200, 204–205
- U.S. ambassadorship, 291
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 66
- “Confiding in newsmen” policy, 263n
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 185n
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- U.S. official visits to Vietnam, 63
- U.S. policy in Vietnam:
- Vietnam, Republic of, commitment to, 503, 504
- Wheeler Mission, 63, 73n
- Kennedy, Robert F., 103, 117n, 201, 279, 315, 389, 659
- Kent, Col.J. R., 148n, 235n, 259n, 275n, 333n
- Khiem. SeeTran Thien Khiem, Gen. Khmer tribe, 250
- Khoi. See Dang Duc Khoi.
- Khrushchev, Nikita S., 454n
- Kim. See Le Van Kim, Brig. Gen. Kirk, Alan G., 196
- Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 673
- Korea, Republic of, 673
- Koren, Henry L. T., 26n, 28, ISO, 185n, 201, 279, 315, 389, 390, 404n
- Krulak, Maj. Gen. Victor H., 263, 569n
- Buddhist crisis, 460–461, 661
- Communist insurgency:
- Communist surrender program, 461–462
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Generals’ plan, 630–631, 633n, 638, 647n, 675n
- Honolulu Conference, 270, 279
- Martial law, 601–602
- Media coverage of Vietnam, 465
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 150, 279, 315, 389
- Strategic hamlet program, 457–458
- Thuan, meeting with, 463–464
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 333n
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Vietnam visit, report on, 455–465
- Wheeler Mission, 73
- La. See Nguyen Van La, Maj. Gen. Lam Son. See Phan Dinh Thu, Col. Lansdale, Maj. Gen. Edward G., 527–528, 647n
- Laos:
- Chinese policy toward, 420–421
- Communist drive to conquer, 327–330
- Communist infiltration through, 30–31, 166, 454–455, 463
- Communist sanctuaries, 92
- Partitioning of, proposed, 519–521
- Reconnaissance missions into, proposed, 12, 94
- Soviet policy toward, 420, 421
- Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, and, 417, 420–421
- Vietnam, Republic of, relations with, 326
- Le Nguyen Khang, Lt. Col., 579
- Le Quang Tung, Col., 224, 376, 580, 597, 606, 617, 654, 657, 669, 671
- Le Van Kim, Brig. Gen.:
- Le Van Ty, Gen., 468, 469
- Lebanon, 674
- Lend-Lease program for Vietnam, proposed, 501–502
- Levy, Col. Robert M., 74
- Liem, Lt. Col., 352
- Lockhart, Frank P., 34n
- Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 467
- Appointment as ambassador, 414n, 415, 416, 453
- Arrival in Vietnam, 606n
- Buddhist crisis, 611
- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Generals’ plan, 628, 634–635, 642, 646, 650–651, 668–671
- Diem, initial meeting with, 644–645, 649
- Kennedy’s briefing for, 567
- Mansfield’s support for, 585
- Martial law:
- Mau’s resignation, 610
- Nhu, initial meeting with, 651–653
- Nhu’s removal from power, 611–612, 613–614, 621, 627, 636–637
- Press relations, 623–625
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, 544
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam:
- Washington officials, relations with, 604
- Loikow, Sgt. Maj. George E., 74
- Luong. See Bui Van Luong.
- Luu Van Tinh, 582
- Ma Viet Bang, Capt., 580
- Mackaday Zone D operations, 14
- Macmillan, Harold, 392n
- Maechling, Charles, Jr., 17n, 129n, 201, 315
- Mai Huu Xuan, Brig. Gen., 580–581, 616
- Malaya, 673
- Manell, Abram E., 116n, 152, 308n, 313n, 522n
- Manfull, Melvin L., 247n, 375n
- Manhart, Maj. Gen. A. H., 206–207
- Manning, Robert J., 66, 152n
- Mansfield, Mike (see also Mansfield report), 68n, 136, 564n
- Mansfield report, 68–69
- Marine Corps, Vietnamese, 77–78, 576
- Martial law:
- Control of government issue, 602, 604–608, 609, 614–615, 620–621, 626, 628
- Counterinsurgency operations and, 608
- Declaration of, 595–597, 600, 616
- Diem’s justification for, 645
- Don’s assessment of, 608
- Harkins’ assessment of, 607–610
- Military chain of command, 616–617
- Nhu’s strategy re, 612
- Reports for Kennedy on, 610, 626
- U.S. response to, 601–602
- Martin, Edwin M., 330
- Martin, Pepper, 530
- Martin, Robert, 170
- Mat Hien, bonze, 288
- Mat Nguyen,bonze, 286, 288, 383n
- Mau. See Vu Van Mau.
- Maynard, Len, 256
- McCloskey, Robert J., 34n, 116n
- McCone, John A., 189n, 625
- McGann, Eleanor G., 550n
- McHugh, Gen. Godfrey T., 2
- McNamara, Robert S.:
- Air Force, Vietnamese, training for, 268
- Buddhist crisis, 600
- Communist surrender program, 266
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam, 133
- Counterinsurgency operations, 189n
- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for Generals’ plan, 640, 641, 659, 660, 664, 665, 667n
- Crop destruction and defoliation:
- Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 145
- Honolulu Conference, 264–270
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 302
- Krulak report, 455n
- Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. demand for, 640
- Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces:
- Thompson and, 205
- U.S. medical program for Vietnam, 266
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam:
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Vietnam, Republic of, economic situation, 270
- Mecklin, John, 10, II, 144n,
173, 374n, 511
- Buddhist crisis, media coverage of, 471
- Coup against Diem, 642
- Manning’s attitude toward, 537 Mansfield report, Vietnamese reaction to, 152–156
- Media coverage of Vietnam:
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam:
- U.S. Lend-Lease program, proposed, 502
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, 117n
- Media coverage of Vietnam (see also
U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam;
under
Buddhist crisis):
- Ap Bac, battle of, 2–3, 98
- “Bad rumors,” sources of, 498, 499–500
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 240–241
- Diem’s assessment of, 511–514 Diem’s press relations, 58, 193, 326, 532, 535
- Editorials, 170–171
- Expulsions of reporten, 506–507, 508, 535, 540
- Government’s press relations, 89–90, 93, 99–100, 101
- Harassment campaign against reporters, 470–473, 504–505, 513, 539–540
- Helicopters, rules of engagement for, 117n
- Jorden’s assessment of, 169–171, 203
- Krulak’s assessment of, 465
- Lodge’s press relations, 623–625
- Manning’s report on, 531–543
- Mekong Delta situation, 584, 589–590
- Nhu’s assessment of, 498–501, 505–508
- Nhu’s press relations, 505–506, 508, 535–536, 540
- Nolting’s assessments of, 34–35, 98–102
- Political perspective on, 503–504, 510, 511–512
- Reporters, caliber of:
- Reporters’ suspicions re U.S. officials, 533
- U.S. combat activities, 101n, 116, 128–129
- U.S. officials’ attitudes toward reporters, 536–537
- U.S. public opinion, impact on, 89
- Vietnam story, approach to, 98–99
- Wheeler’s assessment of, 113
- Mekong Delta military situation, 584, 589–590
- Melvin, George, 256
- Meyers, Howard, 17n
- Michaud, 370
- Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), 85, 92, 246
- Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) (see also
Harkins, Gen. Paul
D.; U.S. military assistance to
Vietnam; U.S. military involvement in
Vietnam):
- Buddhist crisis, control operations by government, U.S. involvement in, 351, 352n
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group program, 330, 332–333
- Command autonomy for, 7–8, 11, 95, 97, 113n, 114, 195–196
- Command control situation, 85–86, 92
- Counterinsurgency operations, air power used in, 251–252
- Credibility crisis, 622
- Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 4, 32–33
- Press briefings, 100–101
- Public Information personnel, 172
- Research and development, control of, 93, 94
- Military assistance to Vietnam. See Third country military assistance to Vietnam; U.S. military assistance to Vietnam.
- Miller, R. H., 247n
- Momyer, Maj. Gen. William w., 74
- Montagnards, 250
- Montgomery, James M., 17n, 259n, 262, 274n, 280n
- Moore, Daniel E., 96
- Murrow, Edward R.:
- National Campaign Plan (NCP). See under Counterinsurgency operations.
- National Intelligence Estimates:
- National Security Action Memoranda: 217 (Jan. 25, 1963), 63
- National Security Council (NSC) meetings:
- April 10, 1963, 221
- Navy, Vietnamese, 77, 298
- Nepal, 560
- New York Times, 240, 335, 393, 510n, 557n, 558“, 565, 584, 589, 622, 635
- New Zealand:
- Newsweek, 506
- Nghe, Gen., 328
- Nghiep, bonze, 492
- Ngo Dinh Can:
- Ngo Dinh Diem (see also
Coup against Diem; Change of government,
possible under Vietnam, Republic of):
- Advice from Americans, problems with, 154–155
- Buddhist crisis:
- Agreement of June 16, 398, 411–412, 422, 477
- Assessments of, 314, 445–446
- Commission on, 353
- Conciliatory policy of government, 377n, 525, 561, 563–564, 565–566
- Conciliatory speech, 479–480, 494–495, 514–515
- Control operations by government, 367–368, 546
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 386
- Five demands, 309, 310
- Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, 560–561, 562, 563
- Media coverage of, 471n, 512, 513
- Meetings with Buddhists, 340, 345, 356, 526
- Negotiations, 389n
- Nolting’s personal involvement, Vietnamese desire for, 449–450
- Pagodas, raids on, 595, 596, 616
- Personal impact, 487
- Promises to U.S., efforts to keep, 661–662
- Kesolution of crisis, U.S. recommendations re, 335n, 385–386
- Speeches on (see also Conciliatory speech above), 360
- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese policy, threatened, 433, 446–447
- Women’s Solidarity Movement resolution on, 363n, 367, 369, 371, 372
- Chuong’s assessment of, 143
- Communist surrender program, 18–19, 229
- Counterinsurgency operations, 14
- Crop destruction program, 403n
- Death, possible consequences of, 321–322
- “Defeats,” attitude toward, 9
- Delegation problem, 13, 58
- Elections, 229
- Foreign criticism of, 672–675
- Hilssman, meeting with, 14
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund:
- Lodge, initial meeting with, 644–645, 649
- Manning, meeting with, 511–514 Mansfield report, reaction to, 124, 154
- Martial law:
- Media coverage of Vietnam:
- Madame Nhu:
- Montagnards, 14
- Nhu, relationship with, 615, 663
- Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. demand for, 640
- Nolting’s departure, 566
- Personal life, 615
- Political prisoners, 229
- Political reform and, 234–235, 262n, 411, 427–428
- Province committees for dispensing of government funds, 217–218
- Provincial tours, 306–307
- Retirement, possible, 320
- Strategic hamlet program, 209, 438
- Thompson’s assessment of, 198, 202 Tung and, 224
- U.S. ambassadonhip, Lodge’s appointment to, 414
- U.S. contacts with opposition parties, 106
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, 228
- U.S. loss of confidence in, 444
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- U.S. military officials, relations with, 87
- U.S. “Protectorate” concern, 208, 212
- Ngo Dinh Nhu, 58
- Advice from Americans, problems with, 154–155
- Buddhist crisis, 356
- Agreement of June 16, sabotage of, 409–410, 411, 429, 431, 433, 444, 446, 448, 450–451, 452, 477
- Conciliatory policy of government, 526, 556
- Conciliatory speech by Diem, 494
- Control operations by government, 553
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 652
- Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, 556–557, 561
- Meeting with Buddhists, 350
- Pagodas, raids on, 553, 554, 556, 595, 597, 612, 613, 616, 620
- VOA report on, 651–655
- Can and, 573–574
- Chuang’s assessment of, 143
- Communist insurgency, 327–329
- Communist leader, contacts with, 327
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem:
- Diem, relationship with, 615, 663
- Diem’s death, possible response to, 321, 322
- Don’s opposition to, 619
- Educational system in Vietnam, 223
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 184, 208
- Lodge, initial meeting with, 651–653
- Manning, meeting with, 496–510
- Mansfield report, reaction to, 124, 153
- Martial law, 605, 610, 612, 615, 626, 628
- Media coverage of Vietnam, 101
- Military’s attitude toward, 573
- Presidency for, possible, 262, 320, 321, 323–324, 485
- Psychological and political warfare consciousness, 223
- Public relations policies, 497–500, 502
- Removal from power:
- “Revisionist” thinking in government, 222
- Strategic hamlet program, 5, 257, 464, 652, 653
- Tung and, 224
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam:
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- U.S. officials, cooperation with, 329
- U.S. “Protectorate” concern, 224
- Vietnamese self-sufficiency, promotion of, 324–325
- Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame,
58, 89, 153
- Buddhist crisis:
- Can and, 573
- Coup against Diem, expectation for, 603
- Diem, relationship with, 615
- Diem’s defense of, 644
- Diem’s reprimand of, 612 Nolting’s assessment of, 466
- Press relations, 535
- Secret police squad, 563
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, criticism of, 225–226, 228
- U.S. removal of, possible, 452
- U.S. reporters, attacks on, 377
- Women’s Solidarity Movement and, 225, 228, 427–428
- Ngo Trong Hieu, 18, 309, 310, 340, 369, 372, 376n, 530, 538
- Nguyen Cao ky, Lt. Col., 580
- Nguyen Dinh Thuan:
- Buddhist crisis, 311, 337–338, 486
- Agreement of June 16, 409–410, 413–414, 422, 429–430, 441–442, 477
- Commission on, 339, 353, 372
- Communist involvement issue, 351, 429
- Conciliatory policy of government, 376–377, 525
- Conciliatory speech by Diem, 479–480, 494, 495
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 370, 372, 386, 493
- Diem’s meetings with Buddhists, 340, 526
- Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, 561, 562–563
- Media coverage of, 370, 471n, 525–526
- Negotiations, 383–384, 388–389, 391, 395
- Nhu’s meeting with Buddhists, 350
- Nolting’s personal involvement, Vietnamese desire for, 449–450
- Pagodas, raids on, 595
- Poison gas issue, 350–351, 352
- Truce agreement of June 5, 356–358, 359–360
- U.S. officials’ contacts with Buddhists, 547
- Women’s Solidarity Movement resolution on, 362, 371, 372
- Change of government and, 581
- Communist insurgency, 327
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Elections in Vietnam, 414
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 156, 159n
- Krulak, meeting with, 463–464
- Nhu’s removal from power, position on, 611–612
- Political reforms in Vietnam, 401
- Province committees for dispensing of government funds, 217–218
- U.S. ambassadorship, Lodge’s appointment to, 414
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 26, 103, 115
- U.S. military officals, relations with, 87
- Buddhist crisis, 311, 337–338, 486
- Nguyen Khanh, Maj. Gen., 609
- Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Lt. Col., 579, 582
- Nguyen Ngoc Le, Maj. Gen., 491, 616, 653
- Nguyen Ngoc Tho:
- Buddhist crisis, 309, 339–340, 350, 486
- Coup against Diem, 654, 657, 670–671
- Diem’s death, possible response to, 321
- Laos, proposed partitioning of, 520
- Mansfield report, reaction to, 124
- Nhu’s quest fOf presidency and, 571, 572
- Political reforms in Vietnam, 400–401
- Presidency fOf, possible, 323–324, 394, 407–408, 467, 474–475, 532, 574–575
- Regional programs, 325–326
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam, 326
- Nguyen Ton Hoan, 184, 618
- Nguyen Van Ba, Maj., 579
- Nguyen Van Binh, Paul, 396
- Nguyen Van La, Maj. Gen., 657, 669
- Nguyen Van Thien, Col. (Buddhist), 57
- Nguyen Van Thien, Col. (Catholic), 58
- Nguyen Van Tinh, Capt., 580
- Nhu. See Ngo Dinh Nhu.
- Niebuhr, Reinhold, 430n
- Nitze, Paul H., 275, 333–335
- Nolting, Frederick E., Jr., 4, 5, 112n, 203
- Ball, meeting with, 466–467
- Buddhist crisis:
- Agreement of June 16, 466, 486
- Assessments of, 487–488, 662–663
- Buddhist request for U.S. assistance, 492
- Commission on, 546–547
- Conciliatory policy of government, 525, 528–529, 556, 561, 563–564, 565–566, 662
- Conciliatory speech by Diem, 494–496, 515–516, 522
- Control operations by government, 311–312, 546
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 310–311, 492, 493
- Diem’s assessment of, 314
- Diem’s efforts to keep his promises, 661–662
- Diem’s meetings with Buddhists, 526
- Five demands, 309–310
- Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, 556–557, 560–563
- Media coverage of, 512–513, 525–526
- Pagodas, raids on, 556, 662–663
- Personal involvement, Vietnamese desire for, 449–450
- Radicals and activists in leadership roles, 493–494
- Religious persecution, statement on, 550
- Resolution of crisis, U.S. proposals for, 521–522
- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese policy, threatened, 433n, 448
- U.S. officials’ contacts with Buddhists, 547
- VOA broadcast on, 652
- Cambodia, 6, 13
- Communist insurgency:
- Communist surrender program, 18–19
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam, 36, 38
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem:
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 162–165, 548–549
- Departure from Vietnam, 566
- Diem’s delegation problem, 13
- Diem’s press relations, 58
- Diem’s provincial tours, 306–307
- Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 32–33
- GAO report on Vietnam, reaction to, 161–162
- Honolulu Conference, 269
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund:
- Kennedy’s endorsement of, 453
- Madame Nhu, assessment of, 466 Mansfield report, Vietnamese reaction to, 153
- Martial law, U.S. response to, 601
- Mau and, 326–327
- Media coverage of Vietnam, 34–35, 58, 98–102, 511
- Montagnards, disarming of, 6
- Nhu and, 324–325 Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. demand for, 665
- Press relations, 623–624
- Replacement as ambassador, 61, 64, 133, 140, 291,
414n, 415
- Request for replacement, 196
- Return to Vietnam, 432, 448, 453, 486n
- Rowny’s assessment of, 10
- Strategic hamlet program:
- Tho and, 325–326
- Thompson’s U.S. visit, 203
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam:
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 67, 69, 100–102
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam:
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Nuttle, Dave, 203
- Oai. See Tran Tu Oai, Gen. Odom, Maj. Louie W., 74
- “Open arms” amnesty program. See Communist surrender program.
- Operation Farmgate. See Farmgate operation.
- Operation Sunrise, 8, 457
- Operation Switchback. See Civilian Irregular Defense Group program.
- Pakistan, 674
- Parker, Lt. Gen. Theodore W., 73
- Pell, Claiborne, 68n
- Perruso, Dolores P., 657n
- Perry, John, 256
- Pham Huy Quat, 581
- Pham Khac Suu, 582
- Pham Ngoc Thao, Lt. Col., 474
- Pham Van Binh, 474
- Pham Xuan Chieu, Gen., 653
- Phan Dinh Thu, Col., 581, 582
- Phan Van Tao, 18, 154, 471
- Philippines, 673
- Phillips, Richard I., 651
- Phillips, Rufus, 10, II, 62, 113, 255n, 256–258, 301, 611–612, 613–614
- Pike, James A., 430n
- Plei Mrong operation, 14
- Poats, R., 235n, 259n
- Press problem. See Media coverage of Vietnam; U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam.
- Province rehabilitation program. See Strategic hamlet program.
- Pushkin, Georgi M., 31
- Quang Due, bonze, 374n, 375
- Radford, Adm. Arthur w., 137
- Radhakrishnan, 392n
- Ranger Companies, 297, 576
- Read, Benjamin H., 531n
- Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF)
(see also Air Force,
Vietnamese; Army of the Republic of
Vietnam; Marine Corps, Vietnamese; Navy, Vietnamese):
- Buddhist chaplains, 364
- Command and control situation, 86
- Criticisms of, 1
- Force structure, 40–42, 76, 267
- Intelligence program, 78–81, 92
- Joint Operations Center, 76
- Leadership, quality of, 78
- Multiplicity of separate annies, 54–55
- National Campaign Plan and, 468–469
- Paramilitary forces. See Civil Guard; Civilian Irregular Defense Group program; Self Defense Corps.
- Political tendencies within, intelligence re, 262–263
- Psychological and political warfare consciousness, 223
- Ranger Companies, 297, 576
- Training for, 42–44, 47, 76
- Republican Youth Organization, 194, 409, 425, 427, 428, 613
- Rice, Edward E., 26n, 102n, 128n, 130n, 169n, 185n, 195n, 197n, 235n, 243n, 260n, 271n, 283n, 342n, 393n, 402n, 415n, 488–489, 517n, 522n
- Richardson, John H., 327, 329
- Riddleberger, James W., 23
- Riley, Adm. Herbert D., 630, 631
- Robinson, James, 506, 508, 530, 535, 540
- Rostow, Walt W., 390n, 454–455
- Rowny, Maj. Gen. Edward L., 7–11
- Rusk, Dean:
- Buddhist crisis, 342–343
- Background report on, 366
- Burial of Buddhist martyr, 393–394
- Conciliatory speech by Diem, 518
- Control operations by government, 342–343
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 283, 348
- Madame Nhu’s attacks on Buddhists, 564–565
- Negotiations, 393
- Poison gas issue, 349
- Political motives of Buddhists, 365
- Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommendations re, 335–336, 364–365, 381–383, 517–518
- “Vacation” for Diem and, 565
- Women’s Solidarity Movement resolution on, 363–364
- Communist insurgency, 454
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam, 148–149
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem:
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 214–215, 403
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund:
- Mansfield report, 122–123
- Martial law, 606
- Mau, meeting with, 219–220
- Media coverage of Vietnam, 34–35, 220
- Nhu’s removal from power, U.S. demand for, 637n, 640
- SEATO Ministerial meeting, 215
- Thompson and, 205
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 96, 169n
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 26, 102–103
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Buddhist crisis, 342–343
- Russell, Bertrand, 240
- Salinger, Pierre, 65, 66, 144, 263n, 531n
- Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 133
- Self Defense Corps:
- Sheehan,Neil, 2, 370, 377, 470, 472–473
- Shepard, Capt. Tazewell T., 226n
- Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 153, 326
- Silver, Solomon, 156n
- Smith, Benjamin A., 68n
- Smith, Lt. Col. Bill G., 73
- Smith, Bromley, 221, 226n, 659
- Sorensen, Thomas C., 144n
- Southeast Asia, regional programs in, 325–326
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Ministerial meeting (April 1963), 215
- Souvanna Phouma, 30–31, 220
- Soviet Union:
- Special Forces, U.S., 246–247
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency:
- Special National Intelligence Estimates:
- Springsteen, George 5., 466
- Sprouse, Phillip D., 392n
- Stephens, Orem, 672n
- Stoneman, Walter G., 129n, 148n, 195n, 235n
- Strategic hamlet program, 49, 134, 194, 652, 653
- Administration of hamlets, 130
- Communist reaction, 438–439, 440
- Corruption in, 209
- Cost of, 130–131
- Democratization plans and, 427–428
- Denney’s assessment of, 434–441
- Elections in hamlets, 82
- Funding for (see also Joint Counterinsurgency Fund), 213–214, 301–303
- Government’s approach to, 257–258
- Growth of, 118, 315–316
- Harkins’ assessment of, 298–299
- Inadequacies of, 4, 54
- Interministerial Committee on Strategic Hamlets, 464
- Krulak’s assessment of, 457–458
- Local control issue, 438
- Military funds shifted to, proposal for, 214
- Montagnards and, 440 Nhu’s support for, 5
- Origins and development of, 437–438
- Police forces, 4, 7, 54
- Political impact of, 82
- Strategic hamlet program-Continued
- Progress reports on, 256–258, 267, 439–440, 457–458
- Reinforcement for hamlets under attack, 57
- Serong’s assessment of, 315–316
- Strategic hamlet kits, 42
- Strategy of, 39–40, 435
- Sunrise operation, 457
- Typical hamlet, 436–437
- U.S. direction of, 6
- U.S. economic assistance, 458
- Villagers’ attitudes toward, 51–52, 53
- Wheeler’s assessment of, 113
- Sullivan, William H., 193
- Sully, Francois, 535
- Sunrise, Operation, 8, 457
- “Surrender” policy. See Communist surrender program.
- Switchback, Operation. See Civilian Irregular Defense Group program.
- Sy, Maj., 284–285, 311
- Sylvester, Arthur, 66, 144n, 263n
- Szulc, Tad, 557, 565
- Tam Chau, bonze, 391, 474, 478–479, 550n
- Tao. See Phan Van Tao.
- Tay Ninh operations, 12, 14
- Taylor, Barney, 128
- Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 30
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam, JCS assessment of, 133–136
- Counterinsurgency operations, 84n
- Coup against Diem, U.S. support for
- Generals’ plan, 628n, 631, 639, 640, 641, 648, 655, 658, 664, 667n, 675
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 230–232
- Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 145–147
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 221 Krulak report, 455n
- MACV, command autonomy for, 195–196
- Martial law, 606–607
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 28, 30, 103, 150, 201, 279, 280, 315, 389
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam, 26
- U,S. military involvement in Vietnam:
- Thailand:
- Thien Hoa, bonze, 359
- Thien Minh, bonze, 356, 357, 358, 359, 368, 383n, 391, 474
- Thien Sieu, bonze, 288
- Thiet, Maj., 370
- Third country economic assistance to Vietnam, 23–26, 29
- Third country military assistance to Vietnam:
- Thompson, Brig. Robert G.
K., 185
- Communist insurgency, 199
- Communist surrender program, 18n, 194, 200
- Counterinsurgency operations, 199
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 199, 241
- Diem, assessment of, 198, 202
- Diem’s press relations, 193
- Harriman, meeting with, 193–195, 205
- Kennedy, meeting with, 198–200, 204–205
- Montagnards, 194
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, meeting with, 201–202
- Strategic hamlet program, 5, 194
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, 193, 201
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Thuan. See Nguyen Dinh Thuan.
- Thuong, Lt. Col., 310–311
- Tien Hoa, bonze, 391
- Tien Khiet, bonze, 359, 550n
- Time magazine, 558
- Times of Vietnam, 433n, 441, 450, 477, 480, 559n
- Ton That Dinh, Brig. Gen., 603, 606, 669
- Ton That Xung, Col., 576
- Tran Kim Phuong, 582
- Tran Kim Tuyen, 474, 475, 580, 583, 603, 611
- Tran Le Quang, 582
- Tran Le Xuan. See Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame.
- Tran Quoc Buu, 581, 658
- Tran Son, Gen., 328
- Tran Thien Khiem, Gen., 327
- Tran Trung Dung, 581
- Tran Tu Oai, Gen., 18, 612, 653
- Tran Van Chuong, 142–143, 561n, 619, 665–666
- Tran Van Dinh, 666
- Tran Van Don., Maj. Gen., 223, 606, 634
- Buddhist crisis:
- Cabinet “house cleaning,” 632
- Coup against Diem, 474, 491, 583, 607
- Diem’s personal life, 615
- Martial law, 608
- Nhu, opposition to, 619
- Officers’ loyalty to, 613–614
- Tran Van Huu, 220
- Tran Van Khiem, 563
- Tran Van Lam, 581
- Tran Van Minh, Maj. Gen., 580, 581
- Tran Van Tu, 617
- Tri Quang, bonze, 284, 285–286, 288, 341, 344, 347, 383, 431, 473–474, 476, 618
- Trueheart, William C., 4
- Buddhist crisis:
- Agreement of June 16, 398–399, 400, 409–414, 422, 429–430, 431, 441–442, 446, 450–451
- Background report on, 366n
- Buddhist motives and tactics, 378–379
- Buddhist request for U.S. protection, 478–479
- Commission on, 338, 339, 353, 372
- Communist involvement issue, 351, 429
- Conciliatory policy of government, 376–377
- Conciliatory speech by Diem, 479–480
- Control operations by government, 343–344, 346–347, 367–368, 370, 379–380
- Control operations by government,U.S. involvement in, 351–352, 360
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 340–341, 367, 370, 372, 374, 375–376, 386, 429, 430
- Demonstrations by students, 396–397
- Diemls assessment of, 445–446
- Diem’s meetings with Buddhists, 340
- Divisions among Buddhistsl 430-431
- Exploitation by government opponents, 337–339
- Media coverage of, 370, 470–471
- Military’s attitude toward, 377–378
- Negotiations, 383–384, 387–389, 391, 395, 396
- Nhu’s meeting with Buddhists, 350
- Nolting’s personal involvement,Vietnamese desire for, 449–450
- Pagodas, raids on, 595–597
- Poison gas issue, 350–351, 352
- Refugee priests issue, 599
- Religious freedom issue, 336–337
- Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommendations re, 380, 385–387
- Truce agreement of june 5, 356–358, 359–360
- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese policy, threatened, 433, 442–443, 446–447
- Women’s Solidarity Movement resolution on, 362–363, 367, 369, 371, 372
- Commercial Import Program, 360–362
- Communist insurgency:
- Counterinsurgency operations:
- Coup against Diem, 642
- Honolulu Conference, 267
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 254
- Martial law, 595–597
- Montagnards, disarming of, 6
- Praise from superiors for, 482
- Strategic hamlet program, 6, 267
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 125
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Buddhist crisis:
- Truman, Harry S., 586
- Trumbult Bob, 170
- Truong Buu Khanh, 497, 511
- Truong Vinh Le, 571
- Tu Dieu, 474
- Tuch Khiet, bonze, 383n, 391, 396
- Tull, james N., 34
- Tung. See Le Quang Tung, Col.
- Tuong Van, bonze, 288
- Tuthill, John W., 23
- Tuyen. See Tran Kim Tuyen.
- Ty. See Le Van Ty, Gen.
- U Thant, 392n
- United Kingdom, 204
- United Nations, Buddhist crisis and, 392nl 560
- Unna,Warren, 184, 185, 205, 294, 309
- U.S. ambassadorship:
- U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam (see also Joint Counterinsurgency Fund):
- Advisers:
- Commercial Import Program (CIP), 281–283, 360–362, 544
- Lend-Lease program, proposed, 501–502
- Madame Nhu’s criticism of, 225–226, 228
- Nhu’s assessment of, 223
- Piaster support, 48
- Reassessment of, proposed, 544–546
- Reductions in, proposed, 304
- Rural development program, 62
- Strategic hamlet program and, 458
- U.S. Information Agency (USIA) (see also Voice of America):
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam:
- Balance in stories, emphasis on, 172–173
- Casualty information, handling of, 542
- Chinese People’s Republic-Democratic
- Republic of Vietnam relations, propaganda re, 271–272, 354–355
- Combat activities, media coverage of, 101n, 116, 128–129
- “Confiding in newsmen” policy, 279–280, 313, 529–530
- Credibility crisis, 621, 625
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 144–145, 240–241
- Embassy handling of press, 172, 536–537
- Feature articles, encouragement of, 69
- History of, 531
- Interdepartmental group for public relations, 541
- Jorden’s recommendations, 171–173
- Lodge in charge of official press relations, 567
- Manning’s recommendations, 541–543
- Military-press contacts, 68–69, 100–101, 113, 125–126
- National Campaign Plan and, 126
- Political perspective on media coverage, 503–504, 510, 511–512
- Positive media coverage, methods to obtain, 28–29, 59, 65–67, 102, 507
- Press briefings by officials, 64, 66–67, 96, 313
- Press involvement in reassessment of Vietnam situation, 541–542
- Single spokesman in Vietnam, proposed, 151
- U.S. officials’ press relations, improvement of, 543
- Vietnamese Government’s press relations, efforts to improve, 96, 171, 313, 530
- Vietnamese restrictions on press and, 67–68
- Vietnamese soldiers, improved image for, 126
- U.S. Information Service (USIS):
- U.S. medical program in Vietnam, 29–30, 266
- U.S. military assistance to Vietnam (see also Military Assistance Command, U.S.):
- U.S. military involvement in Vietnam (see also Military Assistance Command, Vietnam):
- Advisers:
- Air interdiction missions (see also Farmgate operation), 175, 177
- Ceiling on forces, 135n, 244–245
- Cost data on, 45–49
- Diem’s endorsement of U.S. presence, 308–309
- Domestic U.S. opposition, 430, 510
- Force reductions, proposed, 243–245, 268, 276n
- Helicopters, rule of engagement for, 88, 117
- Mansfield’s warning about, 587
- Media coverage of combat activities, 101n, 116, 128–129
- Performance of personnel, 93
- Rotation program for personnel, 509
- Vietnamese attitude toward, 175–176
- War footing, possible, 71
- Weapons systems, value of, 265
- Van Thanh Cao, Brig. Gen., 489–490
- Vann, Lt. Col. John P., 1
- Vien. See Cao Van Vien, Col.
- Viet Congo See Communist insurgency.
- Vietnam. See:
- Civil Guard
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group program
- Communist insurgency
- Communist surrender (Chieu Hoi) program
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam
- Coup against Diem
- Crop destruction program
- Defoliant operations
- Farmgate operation
- Martial law
- Media coverage of Vietnam
- Military Assistance Command, Vietnam
- Montagnards
- Self Defense Corps
- Strategic hamlet program
- Third country economic assistance to Vietnam
- Third country military assistance to Vietnam
- U.S.information programs and policies in Vietnam
- U.S.medical program in Vietnam
- U.S.military involvement in Vietnam
- Vietnam, Democratic Republic of
- Vietnam, Republic of
- Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (DRV):
- China, People’s Republic of, relations with, 416–422
- Communist insurgency, support for, 31
- Crop destruction and defoliation, propaganda re, 240, 242
- Diem, criticism of, 673
- Domestic situation, 417
- Laos, policy toward, 417, 420–421
- Soviet Union, relations with, 416–422
- Strategic hamlet program, propaganda about, 438–439, 440
- U.S. attacks on:
- War objectives, 417
- Vietnam, Republic of (see also
Buddhist crisis; Counterinsurgency operations; Martial
law; Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces;
U.S. economic assistance to Vietnam; U.S. military assistance to Vietnam):
- Cabinet “house cleaning,” 632
- Catholics in government, 467
- Change of government, possible (see also
Coup against Diem):
- Bowles’ endorsement of, 482–483, 518–519
- CIA assessment of, 569–583
- Constitutional provisions, 569–570
- Crisis indicators, 319–320
- Nhu as possible successor, 262, 320, 321, 323–324, 485, 571–574, 582
- Nolting’s views on, 466, 467
- Persons likely to be involved, 318–319, 578–583
- Scenarios for, 320–322
- SNIE on, 483–485
- U.S. contingency planning, 262, 316–324, 394–395, 399, 481–482, 555, 574–578
- Civil service personnel, 194
- Defense agreement with U.S., proposed, 293
- Economic situation, 544–545
- Educational system, 83, 223
- Elections, 229, 414, 660
- Foreign policy, 57, 60, 326–327, 375
- Importance to U.S., Mansfield’s assessment of, 585–588
- Imports, 281–283, 360–362
- Kennedy’s commitment to, 503, 504
- Opposition parties, government attitude toward, 220
- Opposition parties, U.S. contacts with:
- Police and security services, 107–108, 577
- Political allegiance of people, development of, 81–83, 193, 234–235
- Political prisoners, 229
- Political situation, 31
- Province chief-government relationship, 222–223
- Province committees for dispensing of government funds, 217–218
- Public relations policies, 497–500, 502
- Regional programs, 325–326
- Religious Council, proposed, 314, 365, 382–383
- Self-sufficiency for, 324–325
- Trade union movement, 106
- U.S. ambassadorship, 414–416, 453, 606n
- U.S. criticism, government reaction to 161-162
- U.S. influence with government officials, 87
- U.S. public attitude toward, 502–503, 504, 509
- Village cult committees, 365
- Vo Van Hai, 620n
- Voice of America (VOA), 241, 354, 355, 561n
- Vu Van Mau, 547
- Washington Daily News, 117n
- Washington Post, 2, 113, 184, 294n, 301, 309n, 558n
- Weede, Maj. Gen. Richard G., 327
- Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 3, 29, 96, 270
- Wheeler Mission, 30, 31–32, 63–64
- White, Lincoln, 367n
- Williams, Ogden, 107
- Wilson, Charles, 137
- Wilson, Donald M., 28, 65–67, 96, 201, 279–280, 315, 672n
- Women’s Solidarity Movement, 194, 225, 228, 427–428 [Page 706]
- Wood, Chalmers B., 129n, 193, 198, 235n, 428n, 429n, 466
- Buddhist crisis, 342n, 442n, 487n, 488n
- Agreement of June 16, 451n
- Background report on, 366n
- Cambodia’s position, 404n
- Demonstrations by Buddhists, 348n
- Media coverage of, 472n
- Negotiations, 393n
- Poison gas issue, 349n
- Religious freedom issue, 335n
- Resolution of crisis, U.S. recommendations re, 381n
- U.S. disassociation from Vietnamese policy, threatened, 433n, 443n
- Women’s Solidarity Movement resolution on, 363n
- Comprehensive Plan for South Vietnam, 148n
- Counterinsurgency operations, 131, 173n
- Crop destruction and defoliation, 150
- Farmgate operation, augmentation of, 32, 34n
- Joint Counterinsurgency Fund, 195n, 212n, 215n, 255n, 259n
- Lodge’s appointment as ambassador, 415n
- Mansfield report, 70–72, 122n
- Media coverage of Vietnam, 34n, 100n
- RVNAF paramilitary force levels, 131n
- Special Group for Counterinsurgency, 28, 103, 201
- Strategic hamlet program, 130–131
- Thompson’s U.S. visit, 203–206
- U.S. information programs and policies in Vietnam, 169n
- U.S.military assistance to Vietnam, provision of jets, 26–27, 102n, 197–198
- U.S.military involvement in Vietnam:
- Vietnam, Republic of:
- Buddhist crisis, 342n, 442n, 487n, 488n
- Woolf, Donald t., 259n
- Wright, Adm. Jerauld, 196
- Wright, Marshall, 497, 511
- Y, Col., 546
- Yuen Tse Kien, 566