Sources

The editors of the Foreign Relations series have complete access to all the retired records and papers of the Department of State: the central files of the Department; the special decentralized files (“lot files”) of the Department at the bureau, office, and division levels; the files of the Department’s Executive Secretariat, which contain the records of international conferences and high-level official visits, correspondence with foreign leaders by the President and Secretary of State, and memoranda of conversations between the President and Secretary of State and foreign officials; and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. When this volume was being compiled, the Department of State records consulted were still under the custody of the Department, and the footnotes citing Department of State files suggest that the Department is the repository. By the time of publication, however, all the Department’s indexed central files for these years had been permanently transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (Archives II) at College Park, Maryland. Many of the Department’s decentralized office (or lot) files covering this period, which the National Archives deems worthy of permanent retention, are in the process of being transferred from the Department’s custody to Archives II.

The editors of the Foreign Relations series also have full access to the papers of President Johnson and other White House foreign policy records. Presidential papers maintained and preserved at the Presidential libraries include some of the most significant foreign affairs-related documentation from the Department of State and other Federal agencies including the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

In preparing this volume, the editor made extensive use of Presidential papers and other White House records at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library. Numerous White House memoranda, including memoranda to the President, testify to President Johnson’s concern with issues relating to Africa, especially the maintenance of personal ties with various African leaders. The bulk of the foreign policy records at the Johnson Library are in the country files and other component parts of the National Security File.

The Department of State has arranged for access to the many audiotapes of President Johnson’s telephone conversations that are held at the Johnson Library. The original manuscript for this volume had been completed when most of these audiotapes became available in 1995 and 1996. Two transcripts of the President’s conversations related to Africa were subsequently added to the volume. With the exception of the Congo, which is covered in a separate volume, very few of these taped conversations deal with Africa.

Second in importance only to the White House records at the Johnson Library were the records of the Department of State. The Department’s central files contain the cable traffic recording U.S. diplomatic relations with Africa, memoranda of diplomatic conversations, and memoranda proposing action or providing information. Some important documents are found only in the Department’s lot files. The Conference Files maintained by the Executive Secretariat contain briefing materials as well as records of conversations. Documentation on initiatives that were not approved is often found only in desk or bureau files. The Rusk Files contain records of Secretary Rusk’s telephone conversations.

The Central Intelligence Agency provides access to Department of State historians to high-level intelligence documents from those records in the custody of that Agency and at the Presidential libraries. This access is arranged and facilitated by the History Staff of the Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, pursuant to a May 1992 memorandum of understanding. Department of State and CIA historians continue to work out the procedural and scholarly aspects of identifying the key portions of the intelligence record.

This volume includes a limited number of intelligence records. Among the intelligence records reviewed for the volume were files of the Directors of Central Intelligence, especially John McCone, 303 Committee records, the CIA Registry of National Intelligence Estimates and Special National Intelligence Estimates, and the Department of State’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research Historical Files.

Almost all of this documentation has been made available for use in the Foreign Relations series thanks to the consent of the agencies mentioned, the assistance of their staffs, and especially the cooperation and support of the National Archives and Records Administration.

The following list identifies the particular files and collections used in the preparation of this volume. The declassification and transfer to the National Archives of these records is in process, and many of them are already available for public review at the National Archives. The declassification review of other records is going forward in accordance with the provisions of Executive Order 12958, under which all records over 25 years old, except file series exemptions requested by agencies and approved by the President, should be reviewed for declassification by 2000.

Unpublished Sources

Department of State

Central Files. See National Archives and Records Administration below.

Lot Files. See also National Archives and Records Administration below.

INR/IL Historical Files

Files of the Office of Intelligence Coordination, containing records from the 1940s through the 1970s, maintained by the Office of Intelligence Liaison, Bureau of Intelligence and Research.

S/S Files: Lot 68 D 451

Minutes of meetings and memoranda of the Special Group, Counterinsurgency, for July-December 1964, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S–NSC Files: Lot 72 D 318

National Security Council files for 1966–1968, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State

Subject-Numeric Indexed Central Files

AID PORT, Aid, general policy, plans, and coordination, Portugal

AID (US) BIAFRA, general policy, U.S. aid to Biafra

AID (US) LIBYA, general policy, U.S. aid to Libya

AID (US) MOR, general policy, U.S. aid to Morocco

AID (US) TUN, general policy, U.S. aid to Tunisia

AID (US) 8 MOR, grants and technical assistance, U.S.-Morocco

AID (US) 9 TUN, U.S. loans to Tunisia

AID (US) 15 MOR, PL 480, Food for Peace Program, Morocco

AID (US) 15–4 ALG, PL 480 agreements, U.S.-Algeria

DEF 1–1 LIBYA, contingency planning, The Congo

DEF 1–1 ZAMBIA, contingency planning, Zambia

DEF 7 GHANA–US, visits and missions, Ghana-U.S.

DEF 7 S AFR–US, visits and missions, South Africa-U.S.

DEF 12 AFR, armaments, Africa

DEF 12 TUN, armaments, Tunisia

DEF 12–5 ETH, procurement and sale of armaments, Ethiopia

DEF 12–5 GHANA, procurement and sale of armaments, Ghana

DEF 12–5 NIGERIA, procurement and sale of armaments, Nigeria

DEF 12–5 RHOD, procurement and sale of armaments, Rhodesia

DEF 12–5 S AFR, procurement and sale of armaments, South Africa

DEF 15 ETH–US, bases and installations, Ethiopia-U.S.

DEF 15 LIBYA–UK, bases and installations, Libya-U.K.

DEF 15 LIBYA–US, bases and installations, Libya-U.S.

DEF 15 S AFR–US, bases and installations, South Africa-U.S.

DEF 15–10 MOR–US, establishment, construction, and termination of bases

DEF 15–4 LIBYA–US, agreements and leases, Libya-U.S.

DEF 18–9 MEDIT, demilitarized and nuclear-free zones, Mediterranean

DEF 19 US–ETH, military assistance, U.S.-Ethiopia

DEF 19 US–MOR, military assistance, U.S.-Morocco

DEF 19 US–TUN, military assistance, U.S.-Tunisia

DEF 19–3 US–ETH, defense organizations and conferences, U.S.-Ethiopia

DEF 19–6 USSR-SOMALI, Communist bloc assistance, U.S.S.R.-Somalia

DEF 19–8 US–ETH, defense equipment and supplies, U.S.-Ethiopia

DEF 19–8 US–MOR, military equipment and supplies, U.S.- Morocco

DEF 19–8 US–PORT, defense equipment and supplies, U.S.-Portugal

DEF 19–8 US–TUN, military equipment and supplies, U.S.-Tunisia

FSE 12 GHANA, fuels and energy, electric power, Ghana

FT 11–2 RHOD, foreign trade, boycotts, Rhodesia

FT 18 S AFR, foreign trade, munitions control, South Africa

FT 18 S AFR–US, foreign trade, munitions control, South Africa-U.S. installations

IT 7–16 TANZAN–ZAMBIA, inland transport, highways, transportation network, Tanzania-Zambia

ORG 7 S, organization and administration, visits

OS 12–12 TANZAN, ocean shipping, movement of vessels, Tanzania

PET 17–2 RHOD, petroleum imports, Rhodesia

POL AFR, political affairs and relations, Africa

POL AFR, political affairs and relations, Africa

POL AFR–PORT, political affairs and relations, Africa-Portugal

POL AFR–US, political affairs and relations, Africa-U.S.

POL ALG–US, political affairs and relations, Algeria-U.S.

POL ARAB–ISR, political affairs and relations, Arab-Israeli dispute

POL BIAFRA–NIGERIA, political affairs and relations, Biafra-Nigeria

POL ETH–SOMALI, political affairs and relations, Ethiopia-Somalia

POL ETH–US, political affairs and relations, Ethiopia-U.S.

POL GHANA–US, political affairs and relations, Ghana-U.S.

POL LIBYA–US, political affairs and relations, Libya-U.S.

POL MOR–US, political affairs and relations, Morocco-U.S.

POL MOZ–TANZAN, political affairs and relations, Mozambique-Tanzania

POL NIGERIA–US, political affairs and relations, Nigeria-U.S.

POL PORT–US, political affairs and relations, Portugal-U.S.

POL RHOD–UK, political affairs and relations, Rhodesia-U.K.

POL RHOD–US, political affairs and relations, Rhodesia-U.S.

POL RHOD–ZAMBIA, political affairs and relations, Rhodesia-Zambia

POL SOMALI–US, political affairs and relations, Somalia-U.S.

POL TUN–US, political affairs and relations, Tunisia-U.S.

POL TUN–US, political affairs and relations, Tunisia-U.S.

POL UK-US, political affairs and relations, U.K.-U.S.

POL 1 AFR–US, general policy and background, Africa-U.S.

POL 1 ALG, general policy and background, Algeria

POL 1 ANG–US, general policy and background, Angola-U.S.

POL 1 ETH–US, general policy and background, Ethiopia-U.S.

POL 1 GHANA, general policy and background, Ghana

POL 1 GHANA–US, general policy and background, Ghana-U.S.

POL 1 MOR–US, general policy and background, Morocco-U.S.

POL 1 NIGERIA–US, general policy and background, Nigeria-U.S.

POL 1 PORT–US, general policy and background, Portugal U.S

POL 1 S AFR–US, general policy and background, South Africa-U.S.

POL 1 US–VIET S, general policy and background, U.S.-South Vietnam

POL 2 ETH, general reports and statistics, Ethiopia

POL 3 OAU, regional alignments and groupings, Organization of African Unity

POL 7 ALG, visits and meetings with Algerian officials

POL 7 ETH, visits and meetings with Ethiopian officials

POL 7 GHANA, visits and meetings with Ghanaian officials

POL 7 LIB, visits and meetings with Liberian officials

POL 7 LIBYA, visits and meetings with Libyan officials

POL 7 MOR, visits and meetings with Moroccan officials

POL 7 NIGERIA–US, visits and meetings, Nigerian-U.S. officials

POL 7 RWANDA, visits and meetings with Rwandan officials

POL 7 S AFR, visits and meetings with South African officials

POL 7 SOMALI, visits and meetings with Somali officials

POL 7 TUN, visits and meetings with Tunisian officials

POL 7 US/BALL, visits and meetings of George W. Ball

POL 7 US/HARRIMAN, visits and meetings of W. Averell Harriman

POL 7 US/HUMPHREY, visits and meetings of Vice President Humphrey

POL 7, NIGERIA, visits and meetings with Nigerian officials

POL 9 ALG–US, intervention, Algeria-U.S.

POL 9 EUR W–TANZAN, intervention, Western Europe-Tanzania

POL 10 PORT, colonialism and imperialism, Portugal

POL 10 PORT/UN, colonialism and imperialism, Portugal-U.N.

POL 12 ANG, political parties, Angola

POL 12 GHANA, political parties, Ghana

POL 12 THE CONGO, political parties, The Congo

POL 13 AFR, political organizations in Africa

POL 13 ETH, non-party blocs, Ethiopia

POL 15 NIGERIA, Government, Nigeria

POL 15 PORT, Government, Portugal

POL 15 SOMALI, Government, Somalia

POL 15–1 GHANA, Ghanaian Head of State, Executive Branch

POL 15–1 LIBYA, head of state and executive branch, Libya

POL 15–1 MOR, Head of State and Executive Branch, Morocco

POL 15–1 NIGERIA, Head of State and Executive Branch, Nigeria

POL 15–1 SOMALI, Head of State and Executive Branch, Somalia

POL 15–1 TUN, Head of State and Executive Branch, Tunisia

POL 15–1 US/Johnson, visits and meetings of President Johnson

POL 16 ALG, independence and recognition, Algeria

POL 16 CHICOM, recognition, People’s Republic of China

POL 16 GHANA, independence and recognition, Ghana

POL 16 RHOD, independence and recognition, Rhodesia

POL 16 RHOD/UN, independence and recognition, Rhodesia-UN

POL 17 ETH–US, diplomatic and consular representation, Ethiopia-U.S.

POL 17 LIBYA–US, diplomatic and consular representation, Libya-U.S.

POL 17 MOR–US, diplomatic and consular representation, Morocco-U.S

POL 17 US–AFR, diplomatic and consular representation, U.S.-Africa

POL 17 US–ALG, U.S. diplomatic representation in Algeria

POL 17 US–S AFR, diplomatic and consular representation, U.S.-South Africa

POL 19 ANG, government of dependencies, Angola

POL 19 PORT, government of dependencies, Portugal

POL 19 PORT/UN, government of dependencies, Portugal/U.N.

POL 19 RHOD, government of dependencies, Rhodesia

POL 19 SW AFR, government of dependencies, South West Africa

POL 19 SW AFR/UN, government of dependencies, South West Africa/UN

POL 23 ALG, internal security and counter-insurgency, Algeria

POL 23 TUN, internal security and counter-insurgency, Tunisia

POL 23–8 ALG, demonstrations, riots, and protests, Algeria

POL 23–9 ALG, rebellions and coups, Algeria

POL 23–9 GHANA, rebellions and coups, Ghana

POL 23–9 MOZ, rebellions and coups, Mozambique

POL 23–9 NIGERIA, rebellions and coups, Nigeria

POL 24 S AFR, sanctions, South Africa

POL 25 ALG, demonstrations and protests, Algeria

POL 27 ARAB–ISR, Arab-Israeli military operations

POL 27 BIAFRA–NIGERIA, military operations, Biafra-Nigeria

POL 27 VIET S, military operations, South Vietnam

POL 29 S AFR, political prisoners, South Africa

POL 29 SW AFR, political prisoners, South West Africa

POL 29 SW AFR/UN, political prisoners, South West Africa/U.N.

POL 30 MOR, defectors and expellees, Morocco

POL 30–2 ANG, exile political activities, Angola

POL 30–2 ETH, exile political activities, Ethiopia

POL 30–2 MOZ, exile political activities, Mozambique

POL 31–1 ETH–SOMALI, air disputes and violations, Ethiopia-Somalia

POL 32–1 ALG–MOR, Algerian-Moroccan boundary disputes

POL 32–1 ANG–ZAMBIA, Angola-Zambia boundary disputes

POL 32–1 ETH–SOMALI, Ethiopia-Somalia boundary disputes

POL 32–1 KENYA–SOMALI, Kenya-Somalia boundary disputes

SOC 14 S AFR/UN, human rights, race relations, South Africa-U.S.

SOC 14–1 S AFR, South Africa general policy in human rights

SOC 14–1 S AFR/UN, general policy, human rights and race relations, South Africa/UN

SP 15 S AFR–US, space vehicle tracking, South Africa-U.S.

STR 6–3 MOR, Presidential determinations, Morocco

Lot Files

Rusk Files: Lot 72 D 192

Files of Secretary of State Dean Rusk, 1961–1969, including texts of speeches, miscellaneous correspondence files, White House correspondence, chronological files and memoranda of telephone conversations.

S/P Files: Lot 72 D 139

S/P and S/PC Country Files; W. Rostow and H. Owen memoranda.

S/S Files: Lot 65 D 330

Memoranda of the Secretary’s and Under Secretary’s conversations for 1961–1964, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S Files: Lot 70 D 217

White House and executive departments’ memoranda and letters to the Secretary of State and Under Secretary of State for the years 1963–1966.

S/S Files: Lot 67 D 262

Correspondence of the President and the Secretary of State with various foreign statesmen for 1966, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S Files: Lot 70 D 263

Senior Interdepartmental Group (SIG) Memos, Agendas, Record Agreements and Policy Documents, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S Conference Files: Lot 66 D 110

Records of official visits by heads of government and foreign ministers to the United States and international conferences attended by the President, the Secretary of State, and other U.S. officials for 1961–1964, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S Conference Files: Lot 66 D 347

Records of official visits by heads of government and foreign ministers to the United States, and international conferences attended by the President, Vice President, or Secretary of State for 1965, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S Conference Files: Lot 67 D 586

Collection of documentation on visits to the United States by ranking foreign officials and on major conferences attended by the Secretary of State, October 1966–May 10, 1967, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S Conference Files: Lot 68 D 453

Official International Conference chronologies of visits of U.S. officials abroad, foreign heads of state and government, and ranking foreign officials, May 10, 1967–January 11, 1968, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S–NSC Files: Lot 70 D 265

Master set of papers pertaining to National Security Council meetings, including policy papers, position papers, and administrative documents, 1961–1966, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

S/S–NSC Files: Lot 72 D 316

Master file of National Security Action Memoranda for 1961–1968, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

Williams Records

Records of the Bureau of African Affairs: Files of G. Mennen Williams, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, 1961–1966.

Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C.

DCI/McCone Files: Job 80–B01285A

ODDI Registry of NIEs and SNIEs: Job 79–R01012A

Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C.

Harriman Papers

Special files of W. Averell Harriman, Public Service, Kennedy and Johnson administrations.

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland

Record Group 218, Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

842/534 (12 Sep 68) TR 5077, Sec. 1

9118.3 (25 Jan 65)

9118.4 (16 Feb 66) IR 5630, Sec. 1A

Record Group 330, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 68 A 306

Secret and lower-classified general files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1964.

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 68 A 4023

Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1964.

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 70 A 3717

Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1965.

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 71 A 4546

Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1967.

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 72 A 1499

Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1967–1968.

OSD Files: FRC 69 A 7425

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Special Assistants, 1964.

OSD Files: FRC 70 A 1266

Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Special Assistants, 1965.

OSD Files: FRC 70 A 4443

Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Special Assistants, 1966.

OSD Files: FRC 70 A 4662

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Special Assistants, 1966.

OSD Files: FRC 71 A 6489

Miscellaneous files and records of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and their assistants, 1951–1966.

OSD Files: FRC 72 A 2467

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Special Assistants, 1967.

OSD Files: FRC 72 A 2468

Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Special Assistants, 1967.

OSD Files: FRC 73 A 1250

Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense, and Special Assistants, 1968.

Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas

Papers of Lyndon B. Johnson

National Security File

Country File

Files of Edward Hamilton

Files of Harold H. Saunders

Files of McGeorge Bundy

Files of Robert W. Komer

Files of Walt W. Rostow

Haynes Files

International Meetings and Travel File

Special Head of State Correspondence File

Memos to the President

Name File

National Security Action Memorandums

National Security Council Histories

NSC Meetings File

Recordings and Transcripts of Telephone Conversations and Meetings

Special Files

Meeting Notes File

President’s Daily Diary

White House Central Files

Confidential File

Other Personal Papers

George Ball Papers

Tom Johnson’s Notes of Meetings

Franklin H. Williams Papers